ICTE 1043 and 1063
Statistical Analysis with Software Application
Week 2
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Classify data and its sources.
2. Explain the various types of Sampling techniques.
3. Discuss the different types of variables
4. Classify variables into levels of measurement.
Sampling Techniques
The process of selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (sample)
to gain information about the population is called sampling
When gathering data, you will not always have the luxury of collecting all
available data. for example, economists cannot measure the entire
unemployment of the population, so they must take a random sample
instead. Likewise, in a manufacturing facility, quality control managers do
not have the resources to test every product that comes off the line; it is
simply not feasible. instead, they take samples at various points during the
production process to test the quality of the products the firm produces.
Sampling
There are a number of methods employed in sampling data. It is important that
the sampling method fits the application.
Types of Sampling
Random Sampling (Probability) Non-Random Sampling (Non-Probability)
▪ Simple Random Sampling ▪ Convenience
▪ Stratified Sampling ▪ Purposive
▪ Cluster Sampling ▪ Snowball
▪ Systematic Sampling ▪ Consecutive
Random Sampling
each member of a population initially has an equal chance of being selected for
the sample
Simple Random Sampling
❑ Every possible sample of a given size has
an equal chance of being selected
❑ The sample can be obtained using
✓ Lottery Method
✓ a table of random numbers
✓ computer random number generator
e.g. A guidance counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers and then picks
students whose names correspond to the numbers.
Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
❑ Divide population into subgroups (called
strata) according to some common
characteristic
❑ Take a proportionate number of sample
from each subgroup using simple random
sampling
❑ Combine samples from subgroups into one
e.g. We could stratify (group) the college population by department and then choose a proportionate
simple random sample from each stratum (each department) to get a stratified random sample. Those
samples picked from the SABH department, picked from the SEAITE department and so on represent
the members who make up the stratified sample.
Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
❑ Decide on sample size: n
❑ Randomly select a starting point
❑ Select every kth individual thereafter
e.g. Suppose you have to do a phone survey. Your phone book contains 20,000 residence listings. You
must choose 400 names for the sample. Number the population 1 - 20,000 and then use a simple
random sample to pick a number that represents the first name of the sample. Then choose every 50th
name thereafter until you have a total of 400 names (you might have to go back to your phone list)
Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
❑ Divide population into several “clusters,”
each representative of the population
❑ Select a simple random sample of clusters
❑ The sample consists of all members from
selected cluster/s
e.g. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five different high tech companies.
Non-Random Sampling
Convenience Sampling
❑ Choose readily available members of the
population for your sample
e.g. A computer software store conducts a marketing study by interviewing potential customers who
happen to be in the store browsing through the available software.
