See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/368406321

Effect of Biomass Ash Vermicompost on Sweet Sorghum under Hot and Dry
Agro Ecological Condition

Article in Environmental Research and Technology · February 2023

DOI: 10.35208/ert.1226092

CITATIONS READS

2 67

2 authors:

Güldane Aslı Turp Saim Özdemir

Sakarya University Sakarya University
9 PUBLICATIONS 77 CITATIONS 79 PUBLICATIONS 871 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Saim Özdemir on 31 March 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023

Environmental Research and Technology

https://ert.yildiz.edu.tr - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ert
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1226092

Research Article

Effect of biomass ash vermicompost on Sorghum bicolor var.

saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr under hot and dry agro ecological condition
Güldane Aslı TURP* , Saim ÖZDEMİR
Sakarya University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya, Türkiye

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history
Received: 29 December 2022 Generation of the huge amount of bio-waste and their residues, including incineration ash,
Revised: 31 January 2023 is a major technical and sustainability problem. To solve this problem, incorporating nu-
Accepted: 09 February 2023 trient-rich residues into crop production has become an efficient practice to increase crop
production. Vermicomposting of these wastes could be a viable option to manage both bio-
Key words: wastes and their products in an environmentally friendly manner and close the material
Biomass; Biomass ash; Brix; loop in bioenergy production. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate
Sweet sorghum; Vermicompost the effect of vermicompost from biomass ash under hot and dry climatic conditions in sum-
application; Yield mer on growth, yield and yield components of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var. sac-
charatum (L.) Mohlenbr). The high photosynthetic activity of sweet sorghum is important
for biofuel production under conditions of high solar energy and water scarcity. This study
provides a general overview of the feasibility of biomass ash vermicomposting processes and
their potential use as a nutrient source for C4 sorghum under Bitlis ecological conditions
of high solar potential and low water availability. Under Bitlis climatic conditions, the best
yield was obtained when vermicompost was applied with a biomass ash content of 10.0%
(T3). Plant height, plant weight, sugarcane and juice yields were reported as 133 cm, 146 g,
180 kg/da and 105 L/da, respectively.

Cite this article as: Turp GA, Özdemir S. Effect of biomass ash vermicompost on Sorghum
bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr under hot and dry agro ecological condition. Environ
Res Tec 2023;6:1:46–53.

INTRODUCTION ash in a closed-loop system of crop production and ener-

gy generation to reduce waste accumulation, increase crop
The increasing demand for energy from renewable re- productivity, and reduce environmental impacts [2]. Since
sources has led to the expansion of biomass power plants, biomass and biofuel production generate large amounts of
which results in the generation of biomass ash as an end residues, the approach of converting them into biofertiliz-
product that must be properly disposed of according to ers to produce new fuels can overcome the net-zero CO2
the principles of circular economy [1]. Therefore, it is crit- goal for developing a sustainable energy source [3]. In ad-
ical to find new methods to recycle nutrient-rich biomass dition, the trend of global warming combined with chang-

*Corresponding author.
*E-mail address: [email protected]

Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Türkiye

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023 47

ing rainfall regimes and high evapotranspiration for many sweet sorghum is its lower nitrogen requirement due to
cropping practices is destined to adapt more drought tol- its high nitrogen use efficiency under water deficit con-
erant crops that are more efficient in managing nutrients ditions. However, yields can be increased by applying a
and irrigation water under deficient environmental con- balanced nutrient in the form of vermicompost, which
ditions [4]. A variety of waste-based, nutrient-rich organ- copes very well with dry and hot climatic conditions due
ic fertilizers are being developed for recycling purposes to its stress-reducing properties. It is reported that the
and for fertilizing crops. Among them, vermicompost dry biomass of sweet sorghum, grown as an alternative
appears to be the most promising cost-effective method crop for biogas production in drought-prone areas, is
to convert recalcitrant biomass ash into valuable organic 27% higher than that of maize under the experimental
fertilizer for reuse in the production of biofuel feed stocks conditions of severe drought, which is due to the inher-
in closed-loop energy systems. Additionally, composting ently deep and strong root exploitationin the subsoil
of organic waste stream offer the best disposal option es- [16]. On the other hand, a strong response to fertilizers
pecially in mineral resource use for crop production [5]. is also reported. For example, in studying the effects of
For instance, incorporating organic matter into the soil nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on growth parame-
increases soil organic matter [6], increases the soil nutri- ters, it was found that an application of 180 kg urea per
ent pool [7], minimizes soil nutrient depletion [8], acts as hectare at physiological maturity increased stem height
a slow-release fertilizer [9], improves porosity and infil- by 12.65%, stem fresh weight by 24.57%, total weight by
tration [10], microbiological and enzymatic activity [11], 78.22%, and total sugar content by 39.25%. When 50 kg
and thus also improves water use efficiency of plants [12]. of potassium sulfate was applied, the rates of increase
Among biofuels, bioethanol gains great popularity due were as follows: 24.33% in fresh stem weight, 25.44% in
to its numerous advantages. The sorghum plant offers a total weight, and 10.50% in total sugar content [17]. It is
particularly high yield of biofuel under hot and dry cli- also reported that the optimum N fertilization is 59–110
matic conditions [13]. The C4 sorghum plant (Sorghum kg N ha-1 and 200 kg N ha-1 for ethanol and sugar yield,
bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr) is characterized respectively, which in contrast indicates lower sugar
by high photosynthetic efficiency and high dry matter quality and ethanol yield [18].
accumulation rate compared to other crops, especially In recent years, the focus has shifted to the use of feed
under drought stress conditions. Due to its high biomass stocks for biofuels, as food crops can only meet a small
and sugar yield, it is more popular in hot and dry climates portion of the demand for biofuels and require intensive
because it can withstand drought, requires lower water, fertilization [19]. The main problem in biofuel production
fewer cultivation inputs, is easy to cultivate, and has lower is the cost of the feed stock. As an alternative to the high
fuel costs such as sugar syrup, bagasse, and grain yields. demanding biofuel crops, sweet sorghum can serve as a
The potential to produce solid, liquid, and gaseous bio- sustainable biofuel feedstock that requires few inputs, is
fuels under conditions of high solar radiation and water tolerant of environmental changes, and offers versatile
deficit makes sorghum a unique, valuable crop for future processing options. As an alternative to chemical fertiliz-
challenging environmental conditions. Therefore, sweet ers, biofuel yields can be enhanced by sustainable nutrient
sorghum appears to be the most promising energy crop resources such as vermicompost, whose nutrient content
in the hot and drought-prone regions where conventional is enriched by biomass ash produced at biomass power
crops with high water requirements such as corn, sugar plants. Biomass ash contains high levels of most fertiliz-
beets, and sunflowers cannot be grown. Although sugar er nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium. Howev-
content in the plant stem is one of its most important char- er, due to its high pH for agricultural use, it remains in
acteristics, it also produces grains with high starch content the background in agricultural applications. Although
and bagasse with high lignocellulose content [14], which various methods are used to recover the phosphorus con-
can be fermented to produce bioethanol or solid biofuel. tained in biomass ash in the form of apatite, the applica-
Sweet sorghum is a high biomass and sugar yielding tion of vermicompost can be sustainable and provide an
plant belonging to the C4 photosynthetic pathway. It environmentally friendly recovery [20]. Although several
produces plant stems up to 300 cm tall with a sugar con- studies have highlighted the response of some crops to
tent of 16–23% Brix, depending on the variety and agri- vermicompost nutrients [21] the role of biomass ash ver-
cultural inputs used. Unlike other C4 plants, it tolerates micompost in improving biofuel yield of sweet sorghum
dry conditions, requires less fertilizer, and is easy and in hot, dry agroecosystems has not been thoroughly inves-
inexpensive to grow. When integrated into the cropping tigated. The results of this work could show the effects of
system, the application of vermicompost can further im- nutrient-rich biomass ash vermicompost on biomass yield
prove Brix content, sugar and biomass yield under high and feedstock composition of sweet sorghum in Bitlis,
PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) and dry envi- Turkey, which has hot summer climatic conditions with
ronmental conditions [15]. The particular advantage of high sunshine hours.
48 Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023

MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 1. Physicochemical properties of experimental soil and

bio ash [10]
Vermicompost Preparation
Parameter Bitlis soil Biomass ash (BA)
Biomass ash is a rich source of nonvolatile plant macro- and
micronutrients. Similarly, dairy manure consists of volatile pH 7.45±0.04 13.04±0.20
nutrients abundant in nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur, which EC (dS m–1) 0.34±0.02 27.43±0.55
play essential roles in plant nutrition and sugar metabo- Organic matter (%) 1.16±0.03 1.98±0.01
lism. To test the first hypothesis, the possibility of enriching
vermicompost with both volatile nutrients from biowaste Kjeldahl N (%) 0.10±0.07 ND
and non-volatile nutrients from biomass ash was exam- P (mg kg )–1
45.94±1.15 13212±1.56
ined. Therefore, vermicompost was made from a combina- K (mg kg )–1
83.66±2.40 17554±2.56
tion of dairy manure and biomass power plant ash to pro- Ca (mg kg–1) 390.00±8.80 32724±1.23
duce a slow-release organic biofertilizer. The biomass ash
(BA) was obtained from a biomass power plant in Sakarya, Mg (mg kg–1) 180.70±2.10 5385±1.19
Turkey. BA came from sawdust, forest residues, nut shells, Fe (mg kg )–1
29.04±1.25 2563±2.46
and mainly poultry litter. The Turkish compost regulation Mn (mg kg ) –1
32.38±1.87 950±1.09
specifies that the total value for N (Nitrogen), P (Phospho- Zn (mg kg–1) 2.94±0.16 1222±1.62
rus) and K (Potassium) in worm compost must not exceed
7.0%. Considering this limit, the final NPK content in ver- Cu (mg kg–1) 67±0.86
micompost samples was 0.0% (T0 without BA), 3.5% (T1), Values are the mean±standard deviation of three samples, each measured in
7.0% (T2), and 10.0% (T3), respectively [20]. The process triplicate. EC: Electrical conductivity; dS: DeciSiemens; ND: Not detected.
of vermicomposting involves two phases. The first phase
is performed by aerobic microbes that reduce the readily
biodegradable substrate to minimize the negative effects
of toxic and odorous compounds on worms. The second
phase is performed by worms and gut microbes to obtain
a more humified product that helps plants mobilize and
absorb nutrients, but also promotes plant growth and in-
hibits plant pests. After homogeneously incorporating the
calculated amount of BA into the dewatered cattle manure,
the mixture was allowed to ferment for 21 days to prevent
negative effects of volatiles and toxic substances on the ver-
micompost process. The vermicompost-forming materials
were then incubated at room temperature and under humid
conditions by spraying the surface with water in a dark en- Figure 1. Long-term average precipitation, highest and
vironment. Processing was carried out for 60 days to allow lowest air temperatures for the years 1959–2021 in the
the compost to mature [22]. province of Bitlis.

Plant
summer growing season of 2021. The experimental soil
The sweet sorghum plant is traditionally used as a sugar
was sampled from surface horizons (0–20 cm) for basic soil
crop and is known to adapt well to dry and hot climates due
analysis. Some selected physicochemical properties of the
to its deep proliferated root structure. Therefore, it has been
soil were given in Table 1. The soil was deep silt loam, mild
shown to be competitive with conventional bifofuel crops
in terms of theoretical ethanol and lignocellulosic dry mat- alkaline and low in organic matter.
ter yield. Seeds of the Gulseker Sweet Sorghum variety were
obtained from the Maize Research Institute, Sakarya, Tur- Meteorological Conditions
key. Bitlis province was selected for testing the model plant The experimental area is located in Bitlis province in eastern
because of the high sunshine duration and the fast growth Turkey, where according to the Koeppen classification, the
of the plants thanks to the high photosynthetic capacity of climate is Aas (continental dry and hot in summer), as it has
the sorghum plant. high temperatures, low precipitation and relative humidity
between 33 and 43% during the experimental period. The
Soil Sampling and Characterization summer months are characterized by low precipitation and
The experiment was conducted at directly farmers field lo- relatively longer hours of sunshine (12.2–13.0) per month.
cated in Tatvan district of Bitlis province (GPS 38.509441 The average long-term monthly temperatures and precipita-
N, 42.341652 E, and 1690 m above sea level) in the spring tion for the period from 1959 to 2021 are shown in Figure 1.
Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023 49

Figure 2. Biomass yield parameters of sweet sorghum plant grown in continental climate conditions with BA vermicom-
post application – Height and Weight (T0=0.0%, T1=3.5%, T2=7.0%, T3=10.0% biomass ash and vermicompost, T4=fertil-
izer-free control).

According to the data obtained, the average amount of

precipitation is 1046 mm, with most of it falling in spring
and winter. The average amount of precipitation during the
growing period of sweet sorghum (May-September) was 33
mm. The highest temperature during the growing season
was recorded as 29.3 °C in August [23]. Rainfall during the
growing season was insufficient to meet the plant's water
needs. Therefore, weekly drip irrigation was applied at 10
mm per irrigation cycle.

Treatments and Field Design

Five different fertilization treatments were tested: T0 (ver-
Figure 3. Biomass yield parameters of sweet sorghum
micompost, without BA); T1 (vermicompost with BA, NPK
plant grown in continental climate conditions with BA
content 3.5%); T2 (vermicompost with BA, NPK content
vermicompost application- Brix (%) (T0=0.0%, T1=3.5%,
7.0%); T3 (vermicompost with BA, NPK content 10.0%);
T2=7.0%, T3=10.0% biomass ash and vermicompost, T4=-
and T4 (control, without fertilizer). Seeds were first germi-
fertilizer-free control)
nated in seedling viol, and then the germinated plantlets
were transplanted on the 5×3 m cultivation area at 30 cm
spacing. Vermicompost was applied as basal fertilizer be- weighed. Calculations were made with the help of the follow-
fore sowing along the planting rows. ing formulas (1), (2), (3) with the data at hand [25].

Brix Measurement
After plant harvest, 5 plant stems were pressed to extract
the juice using a sugarcane 2-roller press. Then the Brix (%)
values (Fig. 3) of juice were determined by using a hand-
held refractometer. The Brix counter was set to zero with
distilled water and measured by taking a small amount of
juice into the counter [14]. It was assumed that the sugar
content in juice was equal to 75% of Brix [24].

Calculation of Sweet Sorghum Yield Data Statistical Analysis

Sweet sorghum plants, which were harvested by leaving a Each experiment was performed according to a completely
stubble height of 5 cm from the planting area of the sweet sor- randomized design with three replicates per amendment.
ghum plant, were weighed (Fig. 4), and then the branches and The experimental data are subjected to the analysis of vari-
leaves were separated and the leafless stem weight was noted. ance (randomize complete block design) by using the Stat-
The stem thickness of the plants was measured with the help graphics Centurion version of XVI (Statpoint Technologies
of caliper from a height of 30 cm from the ground and record- Inc., Warrenton, VA, USA). Means that differed significant-
ed. The plant samples brought to the laboratory environment ly are separated by using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Dif-
were dried in an oven at 70 °C and their dry weights were ference (HSD) test at p 0.05 [3].
50 Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023

Figure 4. Biomass yield parameters of sweet sorghum plant grown in continental climate conditions with BA vermicom-
post application- Cane Yield and Juice Yield (T0=0.0%, T1=3.5%, T2=7.0%, T3=10.0% biomass ash and vermicompost,
T4=fertilizer-free control).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ly. Plant height is generally controlled by maturity and
internode length. The longer the plant stays vegetative,
Characterization of Biomass Ash and Experimental Soil the more leaves and height it makes. Typically, the stems
Total elemental composition analysis of biomass ash was contain 12–22% sugar. Although a positive relationship
done by ICP-MS. According to the analysis results, it has been established between height and sugar accumu-
was recorded as 32724, 17554, 13212 and 5385 mg kg-1 lation, studies have shown that high sugar concentration
for calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and is not only proportional to height, but it is possible to
magnesium (Mg), respectively (Table 1). Biomass power breed short and high sugar strains [27].
plant ash includes forest waste, agricultural products and
poultry bedding material as content. In previous studies, Height and Weight
the most abundant elements in biomass ash content were The crop productivity of sweet sorghum plant is relat-
recorded as calcium and potassium. Due to the presence ed to the plant population per unit area. However, wide
of alkaline compounds, the pH value was recorded in or narrow spacing does not have a clear effect on crop
the range of 12–13. The use of ash produced by biomass performance [28]. The height of the sweet sorghum plant
combustion as an additive to the composting process is is mainly estimated from the maturity of the plant and
envisaged as a potential solution to the most common the length between the nodes. Generally, late blooming
critical problems [26]. plants appear to be taller than early blooming plants.
Plant height of sweet sorghum is highly correlated with
Plant Growth Parameters biomass yield [27]. The cluster that emerges while the
As a result of applications made for varying levels of bio- sweet sorghum plant matures stops its lengthening. It
mass ash vermicompost, weight, height, sugar content has been reported that sugar accumulation increases af-
(Brix), cane and fruit juice yield of sweet sorghum plant ter plant height stops [29]. It has been shown that 180
were examined under continental climate conditions. kg ha-1 urea application of the plant at physiological ma-
The averages of the parameters among the BA ratios in turity increased the stem height by 12.65% [17]. Height
vermicompost applications containing BA ash in conti- and weight information of sweet sorghum plant grown in
nental climate conditions are presented (Fig. 2). Brix % Bitlis climate conditions are given in the graphics in the
rates are higher than other applications as T3>T2. The figure. According to the data obtained, when the devel-
Brix ratio of the plant in continental climate was brought opment of sweet sorghum plant is examined according
to the range of 17–18% with BA vermicompost fertil- to the amount of vermicompost applied, the best height
ization. Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (P) fertilized two is 133.33 cm in T3 (10% biomass ash and vermicom-
different varieties (Rio and Keller) sweet sorghum plant post) application. Sweet sorghum length was measured
obtained 18% Brix rates with different amounts of N and as 60.33 cm in T0 (0.0% biomass ash and vermicompost)
P applications [17]. application.
In vermicompost applications containing BA ash, an When the plant weights of the sweet sorghum plant with
increase in plant height was observed regardless of the vermicompost application were examined, the order
ratio. The height of a sweet sorghum plant is directly T3>T2>T4>T1>T0 occurred. Depending on the plant
proportional to its biomass yield. The plant height is be- height, T3 (10% biomass ash and vermicompost) appli-
tween 60–133 cm and it is T3>T2>T4>T1>T0 respective- cation contributed to the plant being heavier.
Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023 51

Brix (%) energy and sustainable development, sweet sorghum of-

Because of the presence of inverted sugars (glucose and fers multiple benefits to both food, feed and energy se-
fructose) the sweet sorghum juice is not commonly used curity and environmental challenges such as water avail-
for crystallized sugar production due to the difficult crys- ability, carbon neutrality and ecosystems sustainability,
tallization. However, fermentable sugars of juice offer an ex- if properly planned and managed. In the present study,
cellent potential for yeast fermentation to produce bioetha- in order to improve the existing production methods, an
nol. It has been reported that sugar accumulation increased alternative solution was proposed in the Bitlis ecological
rapidly after the internode elongation ceased after the sweet conditions.
sorghum plant had clustered. However, the data obtained Biomass ash vermicompost was produced and tested
show that sugar accumulation is dependent on internode as a sustainable fertilizer alternative for sweet sorghum
maturation rather than cluster formation [29]. When grow- production in Bitlis continental climate conditions. As a
ing sweet sorghum, it is important to measure the Brix val- result of the analyzes made on the harvested stems to de-
ue frequently so that the growth trends of the plant can be termine the post-harvest changes, the average best yields
analyzed. It helps us see how the quality of the crop im- of different parameters were listed as T3>T2>T4>T1>T0.
proves during ripening, thus helping to find the right time The plant heights were 60.33, 93, 118, 133.33, and 110
to harvest the crop. Regardless of the ratio, the measured cm for the T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Average
Brix remained in a narrow range of 10–17.6% in the vermi- plant height positively correlated with the plant weights.
composting application prepared with a mixture of biomass
The plant sugar yield and Brix values varied between
at different rates. Although positive results on plant growth
10–17.6% in tested treatments. Although the application
were demonstrated in the previous N fertilization applica-
of fertilizer at high rates shows positive results on sweet
tion, no improvement in Brix ratios was recorded [18].
sorghum plant, the harms of excessive application to the
environment are undeniable. It is promising that biomass
Cane Yield and Juice Yield yield can be improved with the application of BA ver-
The sugar contained in the plant is one of the most import- micompost, which is preferred due to advantages such
ant properties of interest to growers, and research focuses as low input requirements in Bitlis climatic conditions
on sugar accumulation and enzymes. Fermentable sugars, where the amount of dry and water is limited.
mainly including sucrose, glucose and fructose, are the
main ingredient in sweet sorghum stalks for bioethanol In sweet sorghum production, cane yield is 31–180 kg/
production [15]. As a result of a 3-year study to determine da and juice yield is 17–105 L/da. Vermicompost has
the optimum N fertilization rate for the production of two been investigated as an alternate source of convention-
common sweet sorghum varieties, the development of sweet al chemical fertilizer; the results revealed the significant
sorghum was significantly affected by N application [18]. effect of vermicompost on plant growth, yield, and qual-
ity parameters of the products. The vermicompost and
The volume of juice is a function of the stem volume de-
crop growth experiments have shown that it is feasible to
pending on the stem height. Cane yield and juice yield
obtain nutrient-rich vermicompost by adding BA to bio-
yields are also promising in T2 and T3 applications, where
waste cow dung and vermicomposting of those materials
the best yields in height and weight are obtained.
back into the production cycle of biomass energy crops
Transforming BA ash, which has a high plant nutrient con- solves the problem of waste disposal, thus minimizing
tent, into a fertilizer form that can be used by plants by the environmental pollution.
vermicompost method and fertilization at different rates,
the relationship between the amount of fertilizer for the
growth of sweet sorghum plant is evaluated, and T3 and T2 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
applications between cane and fruit juice yields are much The authors confirm that the data that supports the findings
higher than other fertilization amounts. reached of this study are available within the article. Raw data that
When the available data for the sweet sorghum plant, which support the finding of this study are available from the cor-
has the ability to produce high biomass, are examined, the responding author, upon reasonable request.
application of T3 (10% biomass ash vermicompost) is 70% CONFLICT OF INTEREST
higher than the application of T4 (without fertilizer).
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of
CONCLUSIONS this article.

Sweet sorghum plant, which is among sustainable green ETHICS

bioenergy crops, makes a potential contribution to fu- There are no ethical issues with the publication of this man-
ture energy demand. With the interconnection between uscript.
52 Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023

REFERENCES [12] Z. Demir, and C. Gülser, “Effects of rice husk com-

post on some soil properties, water use efficiency
[1] J. Zhai, I. T. Burke, and D. I. Stewart, “Beneficial and tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) yield under
management of biomass combustion ashes,” Renew- greenhouse and field conditions,” Communications
able and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 151, Arti- in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 52(9), pp.
cle 111555, 2021. [CrossRef] 1051–1068, 2021. [CrossRef]
[2] O. H. Dede, and H. Ozer, “Enrichment of poultry [13] R. I. Nazli, “Evaluation of different sweet sorghum
manure with biomass ash to produce organominer- cultivars for bioethanol yield potential and bagasse
alfertiliser,” Environmental Engineering Research, combustion characteristics in a semiarid Mediter-
Vol. 23(4), pp. 449–455, 2018. [CrossRef] ranean environment,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol.
[3] S., Ozdemir, and G. A. Turp, “The impact of the 139, Article 105624, 2020. [CrossRef]
pyroligneous acid-assisted biomass ash vermi-
[14] M. Q. Yue, Z. Wang, B. Q. Dun, F. X. Han, and G.
compost on dry beans through climatic and agro-
Y. Li, “Simplified methods of estimating fermentable
ecosystem changes,” Journal of Material Cycles
sugar yield in sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)
and Waste Management, Vol. 25, pp. 490–500,
Moench] stems.” Industrial Crops and Products,
2022. [CrossRef]
Vol. 169, Article 113652, 2021. [CrossRef]
[4] B. Sen, S. Topcu, M. Turkes, B. Sen, and J. F. Warner,
[15] P. S. da Silva Leite, T. T. Botelho, P. C. de Oliveira
“Projecting climate change, drought conditions and
Ribeiro, R. E. Schaffert, R. A. da Costa Parrella, and
crop productivity in Turkey,” Climate Research, Vol.
J. A. R. Nunes, “Intrapopulation recurrent selection
52(1), 175–191, 2012. [CrossRef]
in sweet sorghum for improving sugar yield,” Indus-
[5] L. Bilgili, and A. Y. Çetinkaya, “Application of life cy-
trial Crops and Products, Vol. 143, Article 111910,
cle assessment of system solution scenarios for mu-
2020. [CrossRef]
nicipal solid waste management in Turkey,” Journal
[16] S. Schittenhelm, and S. Schroetter, “Comparison
of Material Cycles and Waste Management, Vol. 25,
pp. 324–336, 2022. [CrossRef] of drought tolerance of maize, sweet sorghum and
[6] A., Durak, O., Altuntaş, I. K. Kutsal, R. Isık, and F. sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids,” Journal of Agron-
E. Karaat, “The effects of vermicompost on yield and omy and Crop Science, Vol. 200(1), pp. 46 53,
some growth parameters of lettuce,” Turkish Journal 2014. [CrossRef]
of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, Vol. [17] A. Almodares, R. Taheri, M. Chung, and M. Fathi,
5(12), pp. 1566–1570, 2017. [CrossRef] “The effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on
[7] O. Dede, and D. Akbulut, “Analyzing the effects of growth parameters and carbohydrate contents of
biomass and coal ash for the dewatering properties sweet sorghum cultivars,” Journal of Environmental
of sewage sludge,” Sakarya University Journal of Sci- Biology, Vol. 29(6), pp. 849–852, 2008.
ence, Vol. 21(5), pp. 907–914, 2017. [CrossRef] [18] M. J. Maw, J. H. Houx III, and F. B. Fritschi, “Sweet
[8] S. Sonmez, F. Okturen Asri, E. Demir, N. Ozen, and sorghum ethanol yield component response to ni-
E. Kiliç, “Temporal variation of nitrogen and car- trogen fertilization,” Industrial Crops and Products,
bon mineralizations of different organic materials,” Vol. 84, pp. 43-49, 2016. [CrossRef]
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, [19] G. Trouche, D. Bastianelli, T. C. Hamadou, J. Chan-
Vol. 53(15), pp. 1865–1875, 2022. [CrossRef] tereau, J. F. Rami, and D. Pot, “Exploring the vari-
[9] K. Yetilmezsoy, E. Kiyan, F. Ilhan, D. Ozcimen, and ability of a photoperiod-in sensitive sorghum ge-
A. T. Kocer, “Screening plant growth effects of sheep netic panel forstem composition and related traits
slaughterhouse waste-derived soil amendments in in temperate environments,” Field Crops Research,
greenhouse trials,” Journal of Environmental Man- Vol. 166, pp. 72–81, 2014. [CrossRef]
agement, Vol. 318, Article 115586, 2022. [CrossRef] [20] G. A. Turp, S. M. Turp, S. Ozdemir, and K. Yetil-
[10] S. Asghari, M. R. Neyshabouri, F. Abbasi, N. mezsoy, “Vermicomposting of biomass ash with
Aliasgharzad, and S. Oustan, “The effects of four or- bio-waste for solubilizing nutrients and its effect on
ganic soil conditioners on aggregate stability, pore nitrogen fixation in common beans,” Environmental
size distribution, and respiration activity in a sandy Technology & Innovation, Vol. 23, Article 101691,
loam soil,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture and For- 2021. [CrossRef]
estry, Vol. 33(1), 47–55, 2009. [CrossRef] [21] E. Ceotto, F. Castelli, A. Moschella, M. Diozzi, and
[11] I. Uz, and I. E. Tavali, “Short-term effect of vermi- M. Di Candilo, “It is not worthwhile to fertilize
compost application on biological properties of an sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) with
alkaline soil with high lime content from Mediterra- cattle slurry: Productivity and nitrogen-use effi-
nean region of Turkey,” The Scientific World Journal, ciency,” Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 62, pp.
Vol. 2014, Article 39528, 2014. [CrossRef] 380–386, 2014. [CrossRef]
 Environ Res Tec, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 46–53, March 2023 53

[22] S. Ozdemir, S. Ozdemir, and K. Yetilmezsoy, “Agro‐ 3084–3094, 2020. [CrossRef]

economic and ecological assessment of poultry abattoir [26] C. Asquer, G. Cappai, A. Carucci, G. De Gioannis,
sludge as bio‐nutrient source for walnut plantation in A. Muntoni, M. Piredda, and D. Spiga, “Biomass ash
low‐fertility soil,” Environmental Progress & Sustain- characterisation for reuse as additive in composting
able Energy, Vol. 38(6), Article 13225, 2019. [CrossRef] process,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 123, pp. 186–
[23] TR Ministry of Environment Urbanization and Cli- 194, 2019. [CrossRef]
mate Change General Directorate of Meteorology, [27] S. Shukla, T. J. Felderhoff, A. Saballos, and W. Ver-
“Ankara,” http://www.mgm.gov.tr/ Accessed on Feb merris, “The relationship between plant height and
10, 2023. sugar accumulation in the stems of sweet sorghum
[24] C. E. Vlachos, O. I. Pavli, E. Flemetakis, and G. N. (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench),” Field Crops Re-
Skaracis, “Exploiting pre and post harvest metabo- search, Vol. 203, pp. 181–191, 2017. [CrossRef]
lismin sweet sorghum geno types to promote sus- [28] G. L. Sawargaonkar, M. D. Patil, S. P. Wani, E. Pa-
tainable bioenergy production,” Industrial Cropsand vani, B. V. S. R., Reddy, and S. Marimuthu, “Nitro-
Products, Vol. 155, Article 112758, 2020. [CrossRef] gen response and water use efficiency of sweet sor-
[25] C., Adiyaman, E., Erbil, A. Çelik, H., Hatipoğlu, M., ghum cultivars,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 149, pp.
Aksoy, M. Acar, and M. Dok. “Determination of 245–251, 2013. [CrossRef]
some agricultural and technological characteristics [29] P. S. Burks, C. M. Kaiser, E. M. Hawkins, and P. J.
of second product sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor Brown, “Genome wide association for sugar yield in
(L.) Moench] in Sanlıurfa conditions,” Journal of the sweet sorghum,” Crop Science, Vol. 55(5), pp. 2138–
Institute of Science and Technology, Vol. 10(4), pp. 2148, 2015. [CrossRef]

View publication stats