Atoms
Important formulas and concepts directly from the NCERT-
➢ First model of atom was plum pudding model given by J.J.Thomson acc to which the
positive charge is uniformly distributed throughout the volume of atom and the
negatively charged electrons are embedded in it like seeds in watermelon.
➢ According to rutherford’s nuclear model of atom , the entire positive charge and
most of the mass of atom is concentrated in small volume called the nucleus.with
electrons revolving around the nucleus.
❖ Alpha-Particle and Rutherford’s Scattering model of atom-
➢ Acc to this model, the size of atom is 10,000 to 100,000 times larger than the nucleus.
➢ Most of atom is empty space due to which majority alpha particles pass undeflected
and alpha particles which pass near nucleus, deflects through some angles.
➢ The atomic electrons being so light do not appreciably affect the alpha particles.
➢ The force b/w alpha Particle and nucleus,
F = 1/4πεo (2e.Ze/r2)
Where, r is the distance b/w alpha particle and nucleus.
o Alpha particle trajectory-
▪ Impact parameter is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of
α-particle from the centre of the nucleus.
▪ In case of head on collision, the impact parameter is minimum and α-particle rebounds
back.
▪ For a large impact parameter, the α-particle goes nearly undeviated and has a small
deflection.
o Electron orbits-
▪ Relation b/w orbit radius and electron velocity,
r = e2/4πεo mʋ2
❖ Atomic spectra-
❖ Bohr model of hydrogen atom-
➢ Acc. To electromagnetic theory, an accelerated electron must spiral into nucleus as it
loses energy in form of radiation.
➢ Postulates of bohr model-
1) An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without emission of
energy. These orbits have definite total energy, k/as stationary states of the atom.
2) Electron revolves only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is some
integral multiple of h/2π. Thus the angular momentum of orbital electron is
quantised.
L = nh/2π
3) If an electron makes a transition from orbit of higher energy to lower energy then
a photon is emitted having energy equal to energy diff b/w initial and final states.
The energy of emitted photon,
hν = Ei-Ef
➢ Radius of nth possible orbit,
r = (n2/m)(h2/2π) 4πεo/e2
➢ Total energy of electron in stationary orbits,
E = - (me4/8n2εo2h2)
Or in eV, E = (-13.6/n 2 ) eV
Or in Joule, E = (-2.18×10 -18/n2) J
❖ The line spectra of the Hydrogen atom-k
➢ When electrons jump from higher energy states to a common lower energy state,
they form a series like Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Bracket and Pfund series.
➢ The various lines are produced when electrons jump from higher to lower energy state
and photons are emitted. These spectral lines are called emission lines . but when an
atom absorbs a photon , process is k/as absorption.
❖ De Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation-
➢ For an electron moving in n th circular orbit of radius rn, the total distance is the
circumference of the orbit, thus
2πrn = nλ , n = 1,2,3…
➢ The quantised electron orbits and energy states are due to the wave nature of
electron.
❖ Limitations of Bohr atomic model-
1) It is applicable to hydrogenic atoms (single electronic atoms).
2) It is unable to explain the relative intensities of the frequencies in the spectrum.
This model is unable to account for the intensity variations.
➢ Bohr’s model can’t be used for complex atoms, for them we have to use Quantum
Mechanics.
