RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 4
RELATION
Definition Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets. A relation
𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Suppose 𝑥, 𝑦 is in 𝐴 × 𝐵. So, 𝑥 is related
to 𝑦 by 𝑅 written
𝑥𝑅𝑦
if and only if 𝑥, 𝑦 is in 𝑅.
RELATION
Example 1 Let 𝐴 = 0,1,2 and 𝐵 = 1,2,3 .
What are elements of the relation 𝑅
defined by “𝑥 is less than 𝑦”?
RELATION
Example 2 Let
𝑅 = {(0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,2), (1,3), (2,3)}
a. What is the domain of 𝑅?
b. What is the range of 𝑅?
RELATION
Exercise 1 Let 𝑋 = 0,1,2 and 𝑌 = 0,1
and suppose the relation 𝑅 from 𝑋 to 𝑌 is
defined as
𝑥+𝑦
is an integer
2
where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 × 𝑌.
a. Find the elements of 𝑅.
b. Is 1𝑅0? Is 2𝑅0? Is 2𝑅1?
RELATION
Exercise 1 Let 𝑋 = 0,1,2 and 𝑌 = 0,1
and suppose the relation 𝑅 from 𝑋 to 𝑌 is
defined as
𝑥+𝑦
is an integer
2
where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 × 𝑌.
c. What is the domain and range of 𝑅?
RELATION
Exercise 1 Let 𝑋 = 0,1,2 and 𝑌 = 0,1
and suppose the relation 𝑅 from 𝑋 to 𝑌 is
defined as
𝑥+𝑦
is an integer
2
where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 × 𝑌.
c. Draw the arrow diagram of 𝑅.
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Definition A function 𝐹 from a set 𝐴 to a
set 𝐵 is a relation with domain 𝐴 and co-
domain 𝐵 that satisfies the following
properties:
* For every element 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, there is an
element 𝑦∈𝐵 such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐹.
* For all elements 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, if
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐹 and (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐹, then 𝑦 = 𝑧.
In other words, a function is a relation
between a set of inputs (domain) having
one output (range) each.
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Various Ways of Presenting a Function
▪ Set of Ordered Pairs
▪ Arrow Diagram (mapping of two sets)
▪ Function Machine
▪ Equation (defined by formulas)
▪ Graph
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 3 (Function as an Ordered Pair)
Consider the following relations from 𝐴 to
𝐵, where 𝐴 = 2,3,4 and 𝐵 = 3,4,5,6 .
Which of these relations are functions?
a. 𝑅 = 2,3 , 3,4 , 4,5
b. 𝑅 = 3,3 , 3,4
c. 𝑅 = 2,3 , 3,4 , 4,5 , 2,6
d. 𝑅 = 2,5 , 3,5 , 4,5
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 4 (Function as an Arrow Diagram)
FUNCTION
Example 5 (Function Machine)
Input: Domain
𝑥 = 0,1,2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 0,2,4
Output: Range
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 6 (Function as an Equation)
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
Function Defined by Formulas
The velocity 𝑣 of a ball dropped from a
height of 256 ft is given by the formula
𝑣(𝑡) = −32 𝑡
where 𝑡 is time in seconds.
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 7 (Function as a Graph)
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 7 (Function as a Graph)
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 7 (Function as a Graph)
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example 8 Let 𝐴 = {2,4,6} and 𝐵 = {1,3,5}.
Which of the relations 𝑅, 𝑆, and 𝑇, are the
functions below defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵?
𝑅 = {(2,5), (4,1), (4,3), (6,5)}
for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵, (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆 means that
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Example Let 𝐴 = {2,4,6} and 𝐵 = {1,3,5}.
Which of the relations 𝑅, 𝑆, and 𝑇, are the
functions below defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵?
𝑇 is defined by the arrow diagram below
2 1
4 3
6 5
CONNECTION BETWEEN
FUNCTION
CARTESIAN PRODUCT, RELATION
& FUNCTION
Cartesian Product
Relation
Function
CONCEPT MAP
End of Discussion…
