PRONOUNS

Grammatical Persons: (First / Second / Third)

Grammatical Number: Singular (one); Plural (more than one)
Persons:
• First person (self)
o Singular – I
o Plural – We (I am someone else)
• Second person (directly talking to the person)
o Singular – You
o Plural – You (all)
• Third person (talking about someone else or something)
o Singular – He (male), She (female), It (anything other than male or female)
o Plural – They

Subject Pronouns: (Personal Pronouns)

Subject / before the main verb
• 1s – I (self)
• 2s – You (directly talking to someone)
• 3s – He/She/It (talking about someone)
• 1p – We (I and someone else)
• 2p – You (all)
• 3p – They

Subject and Object Pronouns:

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns
(before the verb) (after the verb)
I becomes me
You becomes you
He becomes him
She becomes her
It becomes it
We becomes us
They becomes them
Object Pronouns:
• Predicate / after the main verb
My mother loves I me.
I love my father. I love he him.
I love my mother. I love she her.
My parents love my brother and me. My parents love we. Our parents love us.
I like my friends. I like they. I like them.
You like me. I like you.
I love my dog. I love it.
My friend gave me a gift. I love it.

Objects of the verb:

I bought them gifts. (IDO – To whom / For whom?)
My friend met us at the restaurant. (DO – Who?)

Possessive Adjective / Possessive Pronouns

Possessive adjective is always followed by a noun.
Possessive pronoun comes at the end of the sentence.
Possessive = Belong to (own)
Possessive Pronoun
Possessive Adjective + (comes at the end of the sentence);
Subject
noun ends with ‘s’, except mine.

I This is my bag. This is mine.

You This is your bag. This is yours.
He This is his bag. This is his.
She This is her bag. This is hers.
It This is its bag. (NO POSSESSIVE)
We This is our bag. This is ours.
They This is their bag. This is theirs.
ALL PRONOUNS (REVISE)
Subject pronouns Object Pronoun / Possessive Adjective / Possessive Pronoun
I own this home. This home belongs to me. This is my home. This is mine.

You own this home. This home belongs to you. This is your home. This is yours.

He owns this home. This home belongs to him. This is his home. This is his.
She owns this home. This home belongs to her. This is her home. This is hers.
It owns this home. This home belongs to it. This is its home. (NO POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN)
We own this home. This home belongs to us. This is our home. This is ours.
They own this home. This home belongs to them. This is their home. This is theirs.

Reflexive Pronouns / Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive = Subject and Object pronoun are the same.
Reflexive = self (singular); selves (plural)
When the object pronoun refers back to the subject, it is called reflexive pronoun.
Reflexive pronoun always comes in the predicate part of the sentence. (After the verb)
It always refers back to the same subject.
Reflexive pronoun CANNOT be removed from the sentence.
If you remove it, sentence doesn’t make sense.

Subject and object are the Reflexive Pronoun (Object pronoun – after
Subject
same the verb)
I I love I. I love myself.
You You love you. You love yourself.
He He loves he. He loves himself.
She She loves she. She loves herself.
It It loves it. It loves itself.
We We love we. We love ourselves.
You (all) You (all) love You (all). You love yourselves.
They They love they. They love themselves.
Singular reflexive pronouns:
I hurt myself in the knee.
(‘myself’ refers back to the singular subject ‘I’)
If you are careless, you will hurt yourself.
(‘yourself’ refers back to the singular subject ‘you’)
He made dinner by himself.
(‘himself’ refers back to the singular subject ‘he’)
She did all the work by herself.
(‘herself’ refers back to the singular subject ‘she’)
The door closed by itself.
(‘itself’ refers back to the singular subject ‘The door’ - Pronoun ‘it’)

Plural reflexive pronouns: ‘f’ changes ‘ves’

We cleaned the room by ourselves after the party.
(‘ourselves’ refers back to the plural subject ‘We’)
They did all the artwork by themselves.
(‘themselves’ refers back to the plural subject ‘They’)
You will correct your paper by yourselves.
(‘yourselves’ refers back to the plural subject ‘You’)

Intensive Pronouns (Emphatic pronouns) = gives importance to who has done the action.
It emphasizes the subject in the sentence and refers back to the subject.
Intensive pronouns CAN BE REMOVED from the sentence. If you remove it, sentence still
makes sense.
I myself cleaned my home.
You yourself cleaned your home.
He himself cleaned his home.
She herself cleaned her home.
We ourselves cleaned our home.
They themselves cleaned their home.
Interrogative pronouns:
who, whom, whose, what, and which
All your question words that will give you an answer as a noun or a pronoun is interrogative.
Who
1. Who is the author of this book?
2. Who will be attending the meeting tomorrow?
3. Who called you last night?
Whom
1. Whom did you invite to your birthday party?
2. Whom should I contact for more information?
3. Whom did they choose as their leader?
Whose
1. Whose keys are these on the table?
2. Whose idea was it to organize the event?
3. Whose responsibility is it to complete this task?
What
1. What is the capital of France?
2. What do you want for dinner tonight?
3. What happened during the meeting?
Which
1. Which dress should I wear to the party?
2. Which of these two books do you prefer?
3. Which route will take us to the destination faster?

NOT INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:

When did you come? <answer is not a noun>
Why are you sad? <answer is not a noun>
Relative pronouns:
Expands the subject; it is not a part of a question
who, whom, whose, what, and which, that

The old man who lives next door is a lawyer. (add more information to the subject)
(Adjective clause) - The old man who lives next door

The gift which my father gave me on my birthday is special to me.

(Adjective clause) - The gift which my father gave me on my birthday

The old lady who I met at the party yesterday was very kind.
(Adjective clause) - The old lady who I met at the party yesterday

The little boy whose mother is a teacher studies in a nearby school.

(Adjective clause) - The little boy whose mother is a teacher

The flower vase that is on the table was bought yesterday by my mother.
(Adjective clause) - The flower vase that is on the table

The two routes to the railway station, whichever you take, is muddy.
Running or walking, whatever you do, has to be a regular routine.

More Examples:
The TV that I bought last week is not working.
The cradle which I bought yesterday broke so soon.
The teacher whose last name is Dave is strict.
The person whom I spoke to last night is coming home now.
The lady whom I bought this dress for did not pay me.
Distributive pronouns:
Each, Every, Either, Neither, Any, None
Each
1. Each of the students was given a book.
2. Each member of the team has a unique role.
3. Each of the flowers in the garden has a different color.
Every
1. Every student in the class passed the exam.
2. Every page of the book was interesting.
3. Every corner of the house was spotless after the cleaning.
Either
1. You can choose either of the two options.
2. I don’t like either of the dresses.
3. Either road will take you to the city center.
Neither
1. Neither answer is correct.
2. Neither of the plans worked out.
3. Neither of the witnesses could recall the exact time of the incident.
Any
1. You can pick any book from the shelf.
2. Any student can participate in the competition.
3. Any of these pens will work for the project.
None
1. None of the students knew the answer.
2. None of the lights are working.
3. None of the trains arrived on time today.
Indefinite pronouns:
Indefinite pronoun DOES NOT REFER TO A PARTICULAR SUBJECT (NOUN).
Examples:
No one came to the party.
Someone knocked the door.
Is there anyone standing outside?
Everyone should bring their ID card for the exam.
No one should talk in the library.

All indefinite pronouns will take a singular verb.

Prefix Every Some Any No
Suffix Body One thing

Everybody, Everyone, Everything

Somebody, Someone, Something,
Anybody, Anyone, Anything
Nobody, No one, Nothing
whoever whomever whatever whichever

Whoever
1. Whoever finds the lost wallet should return it to the owner.
2. Whoever wins the contest will receive a prize.
3. Whoever called me earlier left a message.
Whomever
1. You can give the ticket to whomever you like.
2. They will invite whomever they think is most suitable for the role.
3. The company will hire whomever has the best qualifications.
Whatever
1. Whatever you decide, I will support your choice.
2. You can take whatever you want from the fridge.
3. Whatever happens, we will stick together.

Whichever
1. Choose whichever option suits you best.
2. Whichever path you take, be careful.
3. Whichever project you select, make sure it aligns with your interests.
Difference between ‘No one’ and ‘None’:
1. No one:
o is only used for people.
o is always singular
2. None:
o can be used for people, things, or amounts
o can be singular or plural, depending on the noun it refers to.
Examples:
• No one knows the answer. (specific to people)
• No one was happy with the decision. (specific to people)
• None of the apples are ripe. (refers to countable noun, plural verb)
• None of the guests have arrived yet. (refers to countable noun, plural verb)
• None of the information is accurate. (refers to uncountable noun, singular verb)