Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University , Lonere

A Industrial Training Report on

“Commercial Building for Mall G+10
Floor.” By
1. Pratiksha Bhoyar
2. Mayuri Balamwar
3. Sakshi Pohinkar

BALLARPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BALLARPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2024-2025

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Industrial Case Study report entitled, “ S.R. CONSTRUCTION
CHANDRAPUR’’ which is being submitted as a partial fulfillment for the award of B. Tech.
in Civil Engineering (7th Semester) through DBATU, Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra is the
result of the work completed by under my supervision and guidance.

Prof. Shreyali pratapwar

Industrial training Coordinator

Prof. Neeraj singh Bais Dr. Rajnikant Mishra

HOD PRINCIPAL

BALLARPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BALLARPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2024-2025

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Through perseverance and enthusiasm combined with efforts in the right direction can
bring forth the thing called success, but the realization of the harsh reality that the path
towards success is full of myriads, temptations, impediments and pitfalls often proves to
be disheartening in such situation. It is the able guidance of knowledgeable persons that steers
one through difficulties and help us to achieve success.

We are highly obliged to express our deep sense of gratitude and grateful thanks to our
Industrial Case Study coordinator and Lecturer of Civil Engineering, Prof. Shreyali
Pratapwar for his valuable guidance and support which led to the successful and timely
completion of our report. We are also very much grateful to our honourable Head of the
Civil Engineering Department Prof. N. D. Bais and Principal Dr. Rajni Kant for providing us
with the necessary administrative and academic facilities. We are also very much grateful
to our honourable Secretary Shri. Sanjay Wasade and honourable Chairman Shri. Adv.
Babasaheb Wasade of this institute for providing us with the necessary infrastructure and
facilities.

Last but not the least, we thank Mr. Swapnil, Site Engineer who have given their valuable
time and technical knowledge and experience to us and to all those who have directly or
indirectly helped us in the completion of our Industrial Training Report.

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Sr. No.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXCAVATION

3. SOIL TESTING

4. LEVELING

5. MATERIAL USE FOR CONSTRUCTION

6. PCC

7. LAYOUT

8. RAFTING

9. PEDESTAL

10. CURING

11. FOUNDATION PLAN AND DETAILING

12. FIRST FLOOR LEVEL SLAB DETAILING

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13. POST-TENSIONING IN PRESTESSED CONCRETE

14. STAIRCASE

15. FORMWORK

16. CONCLUSION

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◻ DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION SITE:

A) NAME OF CONSTRUCTION :: COMMERCIAL BUILDING

FOR MALL G+10 FLOOR.
B) NAME OF CONSTRUCTION :: S.R. CONSTRUCTION
OFFICE

C) NAME OF JUNIOR :: Mr. Swapnil

ENGINEER

D) NAME OF SITE ENGINEER ::

E) NAME OF CONTRACTOR :: Mr. S.R. Nagdevate

F) LOCATION OF SITE :: NEAR AZAD GARDEN,

CHANDRAPUR

G) AREA OF CONSTRUCTION :: 12000 Sq feet .

H) ESTIMATED COST :: 70 crores (approx.)

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 INTRODUCTION
Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction
of building such as residential houses. In a simple building can be define as
an enclose space by walls with roof, food, cloth and the basic needs of
human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in caves, over trees or
under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the
times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber
branches. The shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into
beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses.
Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the
county. Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average
generally one spends his two-third life times in the houses. The security
civic sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons which are
responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in
owning houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the social
progress of the county. Daily new techniques are being developed for the
construction of houses economically, quickly and fulfilling the
requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design
work, planning and layout, etc., of the buildings. Draughtsman are
responsible for doing the drawing works of building as for the direction of
engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know his job and should be
able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw
the required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans etc., as for the
requirements.
The training started from 10 July 2024 up to 20 August 2024 during
this we have studied the proposed work and to manage control the work
as per schedule.

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 EXCAVATION:-
Excavation is the act or process of digging, especially when something
specific is being removed from the ground.

Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials

with tools, equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, wall shafts,
tunneling and underground. Excavation has a number of important
applications including exploration, environmental restoration, mining and
construction. Among these, construction is one of the most common
applications for excavation. Excavation is used in construction to create building
foundations, reservoirs and roads. Some of the different processes used in
excavation include trenching, digging, and dredging and site development.
Each of these processes requires unique techniques, tools and machinery to
get the job done right. The processes used will depend upon the structure
that will result from the construction process. Excavation construction is
used during the construction process of almost every structure.
It is used to build the foundation for the construction of homes,
roadways, and building sand creates reservoir like lakes and pools that house
some of our favourite summer activities.

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SOIL TESTING:-

It is important to check the quality of soil before you build your

dream home. The ground where you are planning to make your dream
home it is important to check the soil quality of it before your construction
work begins.
Soil testing is primarily done to test the bearing capacity. The
chemical and physical composition of the soil is checked during this process. The
soil must have the ability to withstand the weight of the building. Quality of
soil not only determines the bearing capacity but it ensures to determine
the structure stabilization. Quality of Soil depends upon various factors
such as weather, climate change and for the past years the land was
deployed for what purpose and what was there previously. Soil test is very
important step of construction before it begins. If the soil testing is not done
then the building will be exposed to unknown dangers and might the end
result could be fatal.

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Levelling:-
Levelling is the process of determining the height of one level relative
to another. It is used in surveying to establish the elevation of a point relative
to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative to a datum.
For levelling we used the auto level instrument.

Layout:-
Layout of a building or a structure shows the plan of its foundation on
the ground surface according to its drawings, so that excavation can be carried
out exactly where required and position and orientation of the building is
exactly specified.
To set out a building after transferring the architectural proposal
from drawing into the ground. It establishes location points of the site
boundaries, columns, foundation, center line of wall and other necessary
data and level.
The whole structure will be located due to this initial set out. Accurate
set out is the key part of this construction work and errors are very
expensive & it needs so much time for correction. The structure position and
orientation are generally detailed in engineers drawing, and it showed how the
layout would be arranged. The controlling points of the structure are
marked.

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Material use for construction:-
• Cement
• Sand
• Aggregate
• Steel
• Fly Ash

Cement:-
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets,
hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is
seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and aggregate together.
Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with
sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used
material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-
consumed resource.
We used OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) of 43 grade cement and UltraTech
cement for construction.

Sand: -
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size.
Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also
refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85
percent sand- sized particles by mass.

Aggregate: -
Aggregate is called bound material when it is mixed with cement or
binding materials and referred to as unbound material when used without cement
or binding materials.

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Steel:-
Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent
of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms
of iron.

Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent

of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms
of iron. Steel is used because it binds well to concrete, has a similar thermal
expansion coefficient and is strong and relatively cost-effective. Reinforced
concrete is also used to provide deep foundations and basements and is currently
the world's primary building material.

PCC:-
OPC cement is used to make Plain cement concrete. It is a mixture of
cement, sand, and aggregate without steel. The minimum grade of PCC
concrete is M 10.

The main reason of providing PCC is to provide a rigid impervious bed

to RCC in the foundation before starting any RCC or masonry work directly on
the excavated soil, PCC is done to form a leveled surface and to avoid laying
concrete on soil directly so as to avoid mixing with soil and also to prevent
soil extracting water from RCC thereby weakening it.

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Rafting: -
Raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab which spreads over
a large area of soil and provides support for several columns and load
bearing walls. It is also called as mat foundation which is widely used
foundation system. Raft foundation is a type of shallow foundation.
Raft foundation is generally used to support structures like residential or
commercial buildings where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, silos,
foundations for heavy industrial equipment etc.
Working principle of raft foundation

To get a better idea about when to use raft foundation, it is important to

understand how raft foundation works.

Raft foundation transmits the total load from the building to the
entire ground floor area. Stress distribution mechanism of raft foundation
is very simple. Total weight of the structure and self-weight of the mat is
calculated and is divided by the total area of the foundation it is covering to
calculate the stress on the soil.
In construction site we used 16mm bar @ 150mm c/c for raft foundation and
the distance between pcc and raft is 75mm

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Footing: -

Footing is a part of foundation which is constructed with concrete or

brickwork masonry and acts as a base to the floor columns and floor walls.
The main function of footing is to transfer the vertical loads directly to the
soil. The term footing is used in conjunction with Shallow foundation
commonly.
The purpose of footings is to support the foundation, prevent settling,
and is crucial to providing the proper support for the foundation and
ultimately the structure.

Pedestal:-
A concrete pedestal is a compression element provided to carry the
loads from supported elements like columns, statues etc. to footing below the
ground. It is generally provided below the metal columns. In general
pedestal width is greater than its height.

The main functions of pedestal provision are as follows.

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 1. To avoid contact between soil and metal elements or wood elements.
2. To offer support for elements at some elevation 3. To allow
thinner foundation footings.

Curing:-
Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability
of concrete. Curing takes place immediately after concrete placing and
finishing, and involves maintenance of desired moisture and temperature
conditions, both at depth and near the surface, for extended periods of time.
Properly cured concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for continued
hydration and development of strength, volume stability, resistance to freezing
and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance.

Earthwork:-
With advancement of Technology there is a lot of progress in the way
we take Ground reading. Earlier only Auto Levels were used, whereas now
Total Station are being used to take ground reading. Previously Earthwork
Calculations were simply done on paper followed by some simple computer
applications. Now, however, either Spread Sheets likes Excel are used or
advanced software
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products which are specifically designed for earthwork calculation are used.
But volumetric calculations done by software still have to present in
understandable manner even while getting different results from different
software products.
There are three different methods popularly used for doing
Earthwork Calculation for Cutting/Filling Projects. Before discussing these
in detail let us try to understand Some Basic definition of Terms related to
Earthwork Calculation.
Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving
and/or processing of massive quantities of soil or unformed rock. Earthwork
is done to reconfigure the topography of a site to achieve the design levels.
Earthwork involves cutting and filling to achieve the required topography.

FLY ASH FILLING

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FOUNDATION PLAN AND DETAILING

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Post-Tensioning in Prestressed Concrete
In a post-tensioned beam, the tendons are stressed and each end is anchored
to the concrete section after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient
strength to safely withstand the prestressing force as shown in fig. In post-
tensioning method, tendons are coated with grease or a bituminous material to
prevent them from becoming bonded to concrete. Another method used in
preventing the tendons from bonding to the concrete during placing and
curing of concrete is to encase the tendon in a flexible metal hose before placing
it in the forms. The metal hose is referred to as sheath or duct and remains in the
structure.

After the tendon has been stressed, the void between the tendon and
the sheath is filled with grout. Thus the tendons become bonded to
concrete and corrosion of steel is prevented. Post-tension prestressing can be
done at site. This procedure may become necessary or desirable in certain
cases. For heavy loads and large spans in buildings or bridges, it may be
very difficult to transport a member from precasting plant to a job site. On the
other hand, pretensioning can be used in precast as well as in cast-in-place
construction.

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STAIRCASE :-
Stairs are a structure designed to bridge a large vertical distance between lower
and higher levels by dividing it into smaller vertical distances. This is achieved
as a diagonal series of horizontal platforms called steps which enable passage to the
other level by stepping from one to another step in turn.

Components or Parts of Stairs:

There are different parts of stairs having their own function. In this article, we
have discussed each part of a staircase and its details. The different parts of stairs
are as follows:

1. Step: It is a combination of tread and riser which permits ascent and

descent from one floor to another.
2. Tread: The upper horizontal portion of the step over which foot is
placed during ascending or descending a stairway is known as tread.

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3. Riser: The vertical member of the step is known as riser. It is used to
support and connect successive treads.

4. Rise: The vertical height between two consecutive treads is known as rise.

5. Landing: A horizontal platform between two successive flights of a stair

is called landing. Landing is used as a resting place during use of the stair. It
facilitates the change of direction of the flight.

Landing which extends for full width of the staircase is known as half-space
landing. Landing extending for only half the width of staircase is known as
quarter space landing.

6. Nosing: It is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of the riser.
Nosing is usually rounded to give good aesthetic effect to the treads and make
staircase convenient and easy to use.

7. Going: The horizontal distance between without the faces of two

consecutive risers is known as going of steps.

8. Flight: A continuous series of steps without any break between landings

or landing and flooring is known as flight.

9. Head Room: The vertical height between the tread of one flight and the ceiling
of the overhead construction is known as head room. Head room should be sufficient
so as not to cause any difficulty to the persons using the stair. Head room is
also known as head way.

Scaffolding:-
Scaffolding is a type of temporary construction that is used for access around
the building when the height of the building exceeds about 1.5 m.

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These temporary structures are very close to the walls of the building. They
should be strong enough to hold workmen and other materials placed on it.

Functions of scaffolding

• These are needed to support the platform over which the workmen can sit and
carry the construction.
• These are also needed when a building needs repairing or a building
should be demolished.

Formwork:-
Formwork, also known as shuttering is a temporary construction which is used as
a mould for different structures like column, beam, slab, stairs and so on, in
which concrete is placed and hardened and matured. Formwork is too much
money expending and time-consuming phase in construction. It’s expenses
increase more in a huge structure like a dam, reservoir, and bridge.

There is a huge difference between the function of scaffolding and formwork.

The formwork work as a mould to concrete and helps to provide shape size and
strength to the freshly made viscous concrete.

Characteristics of a good formwork

• It should be strong enough to withstand different forms of loads such as a dead

load of concrete and live load during and after casting concrete.
• It should be leakage proof.
• It should be waterproof.
• It should be rigid enough to avoid deflection.
• It should be as light as possible.
• The materials used for making formwork should resist warping, bulking,
and weather.
• The materials used for the construction of formwork should be easily
available, cheap, and reusable.

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 CONCLUSION

1) In practical training learning we have determined quantities of work and

learned the important rules in engineering life with less cost and higher safety.

2) Civil engineer need a practical practice in a field and a piece to test the
theorem taken in the university and this training gives us the opportunity
to apply that, which will help us in the practical life to be a better
engineer.

3) In the training period we have experienced engineers work has a part of

an extremely significant contribution and learned how to perform well has a
part of team.

4) Civil engineers required in sort of interaction with workers. Weather they

are working in a team situation or just asking for advice, engineers must
have the ability to communicate and work with team

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 References:-

1. IS 800: General Construction In Steel - Code of Practice.

2. IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice.

3. IS 1904-1986: Code of practice for design and construction of foundations.

4. IS 3764 (1992): Code of safety for excavation work.

5. IS 14687 (1999): Guidelines for falsework for concrete structures.

6. IS 14687 (1999): Guidelines for falsework for concrete structures

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