IOT Technologies

Unit 1
Unit 1
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of IoT

Introduction, Definitions & Characteristics of IoT, IoT Architectures, Physical & Logical Design of IoT, Enabling
Technologies in IoT, History of IoT, About Things in IoT, The Identifiers in IoT, About the Internet in IoT, IoT
frameworks, IoT and M2M

Chapter 2 System on Chip

What is System on chip? Structure of System on Chip. SoC Elements: FPGA, GPU, APU, Compute Units.

Chapter 3 Different types of IoT/SoC Platforms

Introduction to Raspberry Pi, Arduino & NodeMCU, Introduction to SoC-ARM Architecture, atmega328
architecture
Chapter 1: Introduction
Definitions

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as
“connected devices” and “smart devices”), buildings, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and
exchange data.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept which enables communication between internetworking devices
and applications, whereby physical objects or ‘things’ communicate through the Internet. The
concept of IoT began with things classified as identity communication devices. Radio Frequency
Identification Device (RFID) is an example of an identity communication device. Things are tagged to
these devices for their identification in future and can be tracked, controlled and monitored using
remote computers connected through the Internet.
IoT Definition
The Internet is a vast global network of connected servers, computers, tablets
and mobiles that is governed by standard protocols for connected systems. It
enables sending, receiving, or communication of information, connectivity
with remote servers, cloud and analytics platforms.
Thing in English has number of uses and meanings. In a dictionary, thing is a
word used to refer to a physical object, an action or idea, a situation or
activity, in case when one does not wish to be precise. Example of reference to
an object is—an umbrella is a useful thing in rainy days. Streetlight is also
referred to as a thing. Example of reference to an action is— such a thing was
not expected from him. Example of reference to a situation is—such things
were in plenty in that regime.
Thus, combining both the terms, the definition of IoT can be explained as follows:
Internet of Things means a network of physical things (objects) sending, receiving, or
communicating information using the Internet or other communication technologies
and network just as the computers, tablets and mobiles do, and thus enabling the
monitoring, coordinating or controlling process across the Internet or another data
network.
Another source, defines the term IoT as follows: Internet of Things is the network of
physical objects or ‘things’ embedded with electronics, software, sensors and
connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and service by exchanging data
with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices. Each thing is
uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Examples on IOT
1. Through computing, an umbrella can be made to function like a living entity. By installing a tiny embedded
device, which interacts with a web based weather service and the devices owner through the Internet the
following communication can take place.

The umbrella, embedded with a circuit for the purpose of computing and communication connects to the
Internet. A website regularly publishes the weather report.

The umbrella receives these reports each morning, analyses the data and issues reminders to the owner at
intermittent intervals around his/her office-going time. The reminders can be distinguished using differently
coloured LED flashes such as red LED flashes for hot and sunny days, yellow flashes for rainy days.

A reminder can be sent to the owner’s mobile at a pre-set time before leaving for office using NFC, Bluetooth or
SMS technologies.

The message can be—(i) Protect yourself from rain. It is going to rain. Don’t forget to carry the umbrella; (ii)
Protect yourself from the sun. It is going to be hot and sunny. Don’t forget to carry the umbrella. The owner can
decide to carry or not to carry the umbrella using the Internet connected umbrella.
2. Streetlights in a city can be made to function like living entities through sensing and computing using tiny
embedded devices that communicate and interact with a central control-and-command station through the
Internet.

Assume that each light in a group of 32 streetlights comprises a sensing, computing and communication circuit.
Each group connects to a group-controller (or coordinator) through Bluetooth or ZigBee.

Each controller further connects to the central command-and-control station through the Internet. The station
receives information about each streetlight in each group in the city at periodic intervals. The information
received is related to the functioning of the 32 lights, the faulty lights, about the presence or absence of traffic in
group vicinity, and about the ambient conditions, whether cloudy, dark or normal daylight.

The station remotely programs the group controllers, which automatically take an appropriate action as per the
conditions of traffic and light levels. It also directs remedial actions in case a fault develops in a light at a specific
location. Thus, each group in the city is controlled by the ‘Internet of streetlights’. Figure 1.1 shows the use of the
IoT concept for streetlights in a city
Characteristics of IoT
Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things, such as
privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical things and their associated virtual things.

Connectivity: Things in I.O.T. should be connected to the infrastructure, without connection nothing makes sense.

Intelligence: Extraction of knowledge from the generated data is important, sensor generate data and this data should be
interpreted properly.

Scalability: The no. of things getting connected to the I.O.T. infrastructure is increasing day by day. Hence, an IOT setup shall
be able to handle the massive expansion.

Unique Identity: Each IOT device has an I.P. address. This identity is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times to query
its status.

Dynamic and Self-Adapting: The IOT device must dynamically adapt itself to the changing context. Assume a camera meant
for surveillance, it may have to work in different conditions and at different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).

Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can
interact with other devices different networks.

Safety: Having got all the things connected with the Internet possess a major threat, as our personal data is also there and it
can be tampered with, if proper safety measures are not taken
IOT Architectures: Four Layer Architecture
IOT Architecture: Sensing Layer
● Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things
architecture and is responsible for collecting data from different sources.

● This layer includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to
gather information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical
parameters.

● Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these devices to the network

layer
IOT Architecture: Network Layer
● Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for
providing communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system.
● It includes protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and
communicate with each other and with the wider internet. Examples of
network technologies that are commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G technology.
● Additionally, the network layer may include gateways and routers that act as
intermediaries between devices and the wider internet, and may also include
security features such as encryption and authentication to protect against
unauthorized access.
IOT Architecture: Application Layer
● Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer
that interacts directly with the end-user.
● It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that
enable users to access and control IoT devices.
● This layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps, web
portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the
underlying IoT infrastructure.
● It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and
systems to communicate and share data seamlessly.
● The application layer also includes analytics and processing capabilities that
allow data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful insights.
● This can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and other
advanced analytics capabilities.
Five Layer Architecture of IOT
1. Perception Layer

This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the perception layer, a number of sensors and actuators are used to gather useful
information like temperature, moisture content, intruder detection, sounds, etc. The main function of this layer is to get
information from surroundings and to pass data to another layer so that some actions can be done based on that information.

2. Network Layer

As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer between perception and middleware layer. It gets data from perception layer and
passes data to middleware layer using networking technologies like 3G, 4G, UTMS, Wifi, infrared, etc. This is also called
communication layer because it is responsible for communication between perception and middleware layer. All the transfer of
data done securely keeping the obtained data confidential

3. Middleware Layer

Middleware Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities. It stores all
data-set and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on
calculations done on data-set obtained from sensors.

4. Application Layer

The application layer manages all application process based on information obtained from middleware layer. This application
involves sending emails, activating alarm, security system, turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc.

5. Business Layer

The success of any device does not depend only on technologies used in it but also how it is being delivered to its consumers.
Business layer does these tasks for the device. It involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and how device can be
improved, etc.
Physical Design of IoT
The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices whichhaveuniqueidentities and can perform
remote sensing, actuating andmonitoringcapabilities. • IoT devices can:

• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directlyorindirectly), or

• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or

• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based applicationback-endsforprocessing the

data, or

• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
Generic block diagram of an IoT Device
• An IoT device may consist of
several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.
Logical Design of IoT
• Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the
entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the
implementation.

• An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the

system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation,
communication, and management.
IoT Enabling Technologies
IoT-enabling technologies primarily focus on converting a standalone device
into an IoT device by giving it the additional possibility of connecting to the
internet and exchanging information with it.
IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are:
1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
IoT Enabling Technologies: Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): A WSN comprises distributed devices with
sensors that are used to monitor environmental and physical conditions. A
wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers, and coordinators. End
nodes have several sensors attached to them and the data is passed to a
coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway
that connects WSNs to the internet.
Example –
● Weather monitoring system
● Indoor air quality monitoring system
● Soil moisture monitoring system
● Surveillance system
● Health monitoring system
IoT Enabling Technologies: Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing: It provides us the means by which we can access applications
as utilities over the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote
locations. With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from
anywhere like databases, web servers, storage, any device, and any software
over the internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On-demand self-service
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
IoT Enabling Technologies: Big Data Analytics
Big Data Analytics: It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection
of data whose volume, velocity, or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process
and examine the data using traditional databases. Big data is gathered from a variety of sources
including social network videos, digital images, sensors, and sales transaction records. Several steps
are involved in analyzing big data –

● Data cleaning
● Munging
● Processing
● Visualization

Examples –

Bank transactions,Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles, E-commerce
and in Big-Basket Analysis,Health and fitness data generated by IoT systems such as fitness bands
IoT Enabling Technologies: Communications Protocols
Communications Protocols: They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and linking to applications. Communication protocols
allow devices to exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often
describe different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols
designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in
software they are a protocol stack. They are used in

● Data encoding
● Addressing schemes
IoT Enabling Technologies: Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems: It is a combination of hardware and software used to
perform special tasks. It includes microcontroller and microprocessor
memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input-output units
(display keyword, etc. ), and storage devices (flash memory).It collects the data
and sends it to the internet. Embedded systems used in:

Examples –

Digital camera, DVD player, music player, Industrial robots, Wireless Routers
etc.
History of IOT
982 – Vending machine: The first glimpse of IoT emerged as a vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University was connected to the internet to
report its inventory and status, paving the way for remote monitoring.
1990 – Toaster: Early IoT innovation saw a toaster connected to the internet, allowing users to control it remotely, foreshadowing the
convenience of smart home devices.
1999 – IoT Coined (Kevin Ashton): Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things” to describe the interconnected network of devices
communicating and sharing data, laying the foundation for a new era of connectivity.
2000 – LG Smart Fridge: The LG Smart Fridge marked a breakthrough, enabling users to check and manage refrigerator contents remotely,
showcasing the potential of IoT in daily life.
2004 – Smart Watch: The advent of smartwatches introduced IoT to the wearable tech realm, offering fitness tracking and notifications
on-the-go.
2007 – Smart iPhone: Apple’s iPhone became a game-changer, integrating IoT capabilities with apps that connected users to a myriad of
services and devices, transforming smartphones into hubs.
2009 – Car Testing: IoT entered the automotive industry, enhancing vehicles with sensors for real-time diagnostics, performance monitoring,
and remote testing.
2011 – Smart TV: The introduction of Smart TVs brought IoT to the living room, enabling internet connectivity for streaming, app usage, and
interactive content.
2013 – Google Lens: Google Lens showcased IoT’s potential in image recognition, allowing smartphones to provide information about objects
in the physical world.
2014 – Echo: Amazon’s Echo, equipped with the virtual assistant Alexa, demonstrated the power of voice-activated IoT, making smart homes
more intuitive and responsive.
2015 – Tesla Autopilot: Tesla’s Autopilot system exemplified IoT in automobiles, introducing semi-autonomous driving capabilities through
interconnected sensors and software.
About Things in IoT
An IoT system comprises of the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuator and remote
monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of IoT devices in section

• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing,
and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources
also include the software components that enable network access for the device.

• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs the device and interacts
with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from application (via web services) for controlling the device.
The Identifiers in IoT
Thing identifiers
Thing identifiers
Communication Identifiers

• Communication identifiers define source and destination of the

communication relations

• Communication identifiers must be unique within the boundaries of the

specific network and layer
• Identifiers are bound to the specific communication technology and defined as part
of the standardization of the technology
Depending on the network size and routing approach the identifiers may have a
structure that reflects the network topology
• IP addresses and phone numbers reflect topologies • MAC addresses don‘t reflect
topologies (but have vendor information in order to ensure global uniqueness) •
Communication identifiers should not be used as Thing identifiers
• Communication addresses can change as the Thing moves, when a network
interface is replaced, when the network topology is changed.
• Not all things have communication interfaces. Some things may have more than
one communication interface (e.g. redundancy).
• For security reasons authentication may be needed to validate the claims asserted
by the identifier
IoT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
● Adrian McEwen and Hakim Cassimally equation is a simple conceptualisation of a
framework for IoT with connectivity to a web service: Physical Object + Controller,
Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things
● An equation to conceptualise a general framework for IoT with connectivity to a
data centre, application or enterprise server for data storage, services and business
processes is: Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organise and Analyse =
Internet of Things Orcale suggested IoT architecture is the basis for this equation.
● Another equation which conceptualises the general framework for IoT using the
cloud based services is: Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble +
Manage and Analyse = Internet of Things
IoT and M2M
● IoT and M2M applications need a large magnitude of data which is generated
from a large number of devices, ATMs, sensors at parking slots, health devices
in ICUs, machines in industrial plants, embedded components in automobiles,
RFIDs, or wireless sensor networks.
● Data is generated using sensors, embedded devices and systems at the physical
layer in the IoT architecture. Thereafter, the data communicates through the
data-link, data adaptation, network, application-support and application layers
to the applications of IoT.
● Data is used for analytics, visualisation, intelligence and knowledge discovery or
controls and monitoring. Control systems use the sensors for monitoring and
the actuators for actions.
● Prototyping and designing of IoT need embedded device platforms, which
provide connectivity to the Internet and can communicate with applications
using the Internet. The applications in IoT monitor and control devices, systems
and machines using the actuators
Difference between IoT and M2M
Basis of IoT M2M

Abbreviation I Internet of Things Machine to Machine

Intelligence Devices have objects that are Some degree of intelligence is

responsible for decision observed in this
making

Connection type used The connection is via Network The connection is a point to
and using various point
communication types.

Data Sharing Data is shared between other Data is shared with only the
applications that are used to communicating parties.
improve the end user
experience.

Internet Internet connection is Devices are not dependent on

required for communication the Internet.