VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

SURAPET

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON

Human Brain: Reasons for Peculiar Consciousness.

NAME : simna M
CLASS : xii b1
ROLL NUMBER :

SSCE -2024 -2025

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Simna M of class XII B1 has successfully

completed the project on the topic Human Brain: Reasons for Peculiar
Consciousness under the guidance of Ms. Sudharsana. J in partial
fulfillment of Biology practical examination conducted by SSCE, CBSE,
New Delhi for the academic year 2024 – 2025.

Signature of Teacher in Charge Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal Signature of External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely and profoundly thank my Biology teacher

Ms.Sudharsana . J (PGT Biology) and our lab attendant for their
guidance and support for completing my project.

I would also like to extend my thanks to the principal of Velammal

Vidhyashram for providing me all the facility that was required for
completion of this project.

Signature of the Candidate

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

S NO. TOPICS PAGE

NO.

1 Introduction 5

2 Anatomy of the Brain 6

3 Brain Functionality 7

4 Recent Advances in Brain Researches 7-9

5 Evolution of human intelligence 10-12

6 Genetic Factors that Determine Intelligence 13-18

7 Structure of Human Brain 19-23

8 Survey questions 24

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 9 Bibliography 25

Advances in Understanding the Human Brain:

Reasons for Peculiar Consciousness.
The human brain, a complex and highly organized organ, is central to
both our understanding of human behavior and the advancement of
medical science. This research paper provides a comprehensive
overview of the brain’s anatomy, key functions, and recent
advancements in neuroscientific research. We examine the structural
organization of the brain, its diverse functionalities, and explore cutting-
edge research that is shaping our understanding of brain health,
cognitive functions, and neurological disorders.

1. Introduction
The human brain is one of the most intricate and least understood organs
in the human body. It is responsible for an array of functions from basic

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survival instincts to complex cognitive tasks. Recent advancements in
neuroscience and neuroimaging technologies have provided new insights
into the brain’s structure and functionality, offering a deeper
understanding of how the brain influences behavior and how various
conditions affect its operations.

2. Anatomy of the Brain

2.1. Gross Anatomy

The brain is divided into several major regions, each with specialized
functions:
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, divided into left and right
hemispheres and further into lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and
occipital. Each lobe has distinct functions related to sensory processing,
motor control, and higher cognitive processes.
Cerebellum: Located beneath the cerebrum, it plays a crucial role in
motor control and coordination. It fine-tunes movements and maintains
balance.

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Brainstem: Comprising the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, it
connects the brain to the spinal cord and regulates vital functions such as
heart rate and respiration.
Limbic System: Involved in emotion, memory, and behavior, it includes
structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala.

2.2. Microscopic Anatomy

At the cellular level, the brain is composed of neurons and glial cells.
Neurons are the primary functional units of the brain, transmitting
signals through electrical impulses. Glial cells provide support,
nourishment, and protection to neurons, playing a crucial role in
maintaining brain homeostasis.

3. Brain Functionality
The brain is an incredibly complex organ that serves as the central
command center of the nervous system. It controls and coordinates a
vast array of functions essential for survival, cognition, and interaction
with the environment. Here's an overview of the primary functions and
processes managed by the brain:

The brain's functions are vast and interconnected, encompassing

cognitive processes, emotional regulation, motor control, and autonomic
functions. Each of these areas relies on complex neural networks and
dynamic interactions between different brain regions. Advances in
neuroscience continue to deepen our understanding of how these

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processes work together to influence behavior, cognition, and overall
health.

4. Recent Advances in Brain Research

4.1. Neuroimaging Techniques

Advancements in neuroimaging, such as fMRI (functional magnetic
resonance imaging) and PET (positron emission tomography) scans,
have revolutionized our ability to visualize and understand brain
activity. These techniques allow researchers to observe brain activity in
real-time and investigate the neural basis of cognitive and emotional
processes.

4.2. Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by
forming new neural connections. Research has demonstrated that
neuroplasticity occurs throughout life and is critical for learning,
memory, and recovery from brain injuries.

4.3. Neurogenesis

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Historically, it was believed that the adult brain could not generate new
neurons. However, recent studies have shown that neurogenesis, the
formation of new neurons, occurs in specific brain regions, such as the
hippocampus, and plays a role in learning and memory.

4.4. Brain-Computer Interfaces

Innovations in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have enabled direct

communication between the brain and external devices. This technology
holds promise for restoring lost sensory or motor functions in
individuals with neurological impairments.

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4.5. Understanding Neurological Disorders

Ongoing research into neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s

disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis has led to a better
understanding of their pathophysiology. Advances in genetic research,
biomarkers, and novel therapeutic approaches offer hope for improved
treatments and potential cures.

5. Conclusion

The human brain remains one of the most complex and intriguing
subjects of scientific research. Advances in neuroimaging,
neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis have deepened our understanding of
brain function and dysfunction. As research continues to progress, it
holds the potential to revolutionize treatments for neurological and
psychological disorders, ultimately enhancing human health and well-
being.

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Evolution of human intelligence

The evolution of human intelligence outlines how cognitive abilities

have developed over time, focusing on the changes in brain structure and
function that have contributed to human intellectual capabilities.

Brain Structure Evolution:

Cerebral Cortex: The human brain's cerebral cortex, which is divided

into different lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), is crucial
for higher-order cognitive functions. These include abstract thinking,
problem-solving, and decision-making. Over time, the expansion and
complexity of the cerebral cortex have been significant in the evolution
of human intelligence.
Frontal Lobe: The frontal lobe, particularly the prefrontal cortex, has
seen considerable development. It is essential for executive functions
such as planning, reasoning, and social behavior.

Comparative Intelligence:
Primates and Early Humans: Comparisons between the brains of
primates and early humans show that while primates have complex
cognitive abilities, human intelligence is distinguished by more
advanced problem-solving skills and abstract reasoning.

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Neuroplasticity:
Adaptability: The human brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself,
known as neuroplasticity, has been a key factor in the development of
intelligence. This adaptability supports learning and cognitive flexibility.

Cultural and Technological Impact:

Cultural Evolution: Human culture and technology have influenced

cognitive development. The creation and use of tools, language, and
complex social structures have driven the advancement of human
intelligence.
the evolution of human intelligence is not only a result of anatomical
changes but also influenced by cultural and environmental factors. It
highlights how the integration of various brain functions has enabled
humans to achieve complex thought processes and sophisticated
problem-solving abilities.
Is intelligence determined by genetics?
Like most aspects of human behavior and cognition, intelligence is a
complex trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental
factors.

Intelligence is challenging to study, in part because it can be defined and

measured in different ways. Most definitions of intelligence include the
ability to learn from experiences and adapt to changing environments.
Elements of intelligence include the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, and understand complex ideas. Many studies
rely on a measure of intelligence called the intelligence quotient (IQ).
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Researchers have conducted many studies to look for genes that
influence intelligence. Since it is difficult to separate the genetic and
environmental influences of a trait like intelligence, these studies can be
complicated. Many of these studies have focused on similarities and
differences in IQ within families, particularly looking at adopted
children and twins. Other studies have examined variations across the
entire genomes of many people (an approach called genome-wide
association studies or GWAS) to determine whether any specific areas
of the genome are associated with IQ. Studies have shown that
intelligence has a genetic component, but they have not conclusively
identified any single genes that have major roles in differences in
intelligence. It is likely that intelligence involves many genes that each
make only a small contribution to a person’s intelligence. Other areas
that contribute to intelligence, such as memory and verbal ability,
involve additional genetic factors. The genetic influences on intelligence
is an ongoing area of research.

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Genetic factors determining Intelligence
Is intelligence determined by genetics?
Like most aspects of human behavior and cognition, intelligence is a
complex trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental
factors.
Intelligence is challenging to study, in part because it can be defined and
measured in different ways. Most definitions of intelligence include the
ability to learn from experiences and adapt to changing environments.
Elements of intelligence include the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, and understand complex ideas. Many studies
rely on a measure of intelligence called the intelligence quotient (IQ).
Researchers have conducted many studies to look for genes that
influence intelligence. Since it is difficult to separate the genetic and
environmental influences of a trait like intelligence, these studies can be
complicated. Many of these studies have focused on similarities and
differences in IQ within families, particularly looking at adopted
children and twins. Other studies have examined variations across the
entire genomes of many people (an approach called genome-wide
association studies or GWAS) to determine whether any specific areas
of the genome are associated with IQ. Studies have shown that
intelligence has a genetic component, but they have not conclusively
identified any single genes that have major roles in differences in
intelligence. It is likely that intelligence involves many genes that each
make only a small contribution to a person’s intelligence. Other areas
that contribute to intelligence, such as memory and verbal ability,
involve additional genetic factors. The genetic influences on intelligence
is an ongoing area of research.

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Intelligence is also strongly influenced by the environment. During a
child's development, factors that contribute to intelligence include their
home environment and parenting, education and availability of learning
resources, and healthcare and nutrition. A person’s environment and
genes influence each other, and it can be challenging to tease apart the
effects of the environment from those of genetics. For example, if a
person's level of intelligence is similar to that of their parents, is that
similarity due to genetic factors passed down from parent to child, to
shared environmental factors, or (most likely) to a combination of both?
It is clear that both environmental and genetic factors play a part in
determining intelligence.

1. Genetic Factors
1.1. Heritability

Genetic Influence: Intelligence has a significant genetic component.

Studies, including twin and family research, suggest that genetics play a
substantial role in determining cognitive abilities. Various genes are
involved in brain development and function, influencing traits such as
memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills.

1.2. Neurodevelopmental Factors

Brain Structure and Function: Genetic variations can affect brain

structure and function, including the size of certain brain regions, the
density of neural connections, and neurotransmitter systems. These
structural and functional differences can contribute to variations in
cognitive abilities.

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2. Environmental Factors
2.1. Education

Access to Education: Quality education and intellectual stimulation are

crucial for cognitive development. Environments that provide
challenging educational opportunities, critical thinking exercises, and a
rich learning environment can enhance cognitive abilities.

2.2. Socioeconomic Status

Resources and Opportunities: Socioeconomic status influences access to

educational resources, extracurricular activities, and a stimulating
environment. Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds often
have more opportunities for intellectual enrichment.

2.3. Nutrition and Health

Physical Health: Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and overall health can
impact cognitive development. Malnutrition or health issues during
critical periods of brain development can affect cognitive outcomes.

3. Cultural and Socio-Cultural Factors

3.1. Cultural Values

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Value of Intelligence: Different cultures place varying levels of
emphasis on intellectual achievement and cognitive skills. Cultures that
value education and intellectual pursuit may encourage practices that
enhance cognitive development.

3.2. Social and Family Environment

Parental Involvement: The level of parental involvement,

encouragement, and cognitive stimulation can influence a child's
intellectual development. Supportive and engaging family environments
contribute positively to cognitive growth.

4. Psychological and Cognitive Factors

4.1. Motivation and Curiosity

Intrinsic Motivation: Individuals who are highly motivated and curious

may seek out more learning opportunities and challenges, which can
lead to higher cognitive development and problem-solving skills.

4.2. Cognitive Strategies

Learning Strategies: Effective cognitive strategies, such as critical

thinking, problem-solving techniques, and memory aids, can enhance
intelligence. The use of efficient cognitive strategies can contribute to
better performance on tasks requiring complex thinking.

5. Neuroplasticity and Lifelong Learning

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5.1. Adaptability of the Brain

Neuroplasticity: The brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself, known

as neuroplasticity, allows individuals to learn and develop cognitive
skills throughout life. Engaging in continuous learning and mental
challenges can improve cognitive abilities.

5.2. Experience and Practice

Skill Development: Practice and experience in specific domains can

enhance performance and perceived intelligence in those areas. For
instance, expertise in a particular field can make individuals appear more
intelligent in that domain.

6. Cognitive Biases and Perceptions

6.1. Subjective Assessments

Perceptions of Intelligence: Intelligence is often subjectively assessed,

and various biases can influence how intelligence is perceived and
valued. For example, someone may be perceived as "more smart" due to
effective communication skills or social charisma.

6.2. Diverse Forms of Intelligence

Multiple Intelligences: Intelligence is multifaceted and can manifest in

various forms, such as emotional intelligence, creative intelligence, and
practical problem-solving. Different individuals may excel in different
types of intelligence, leading to diverse expressions of cognitive
abilities.

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Conclusion
The variations in human intelligence result from a combination of
genetic, environmental, cultural, and psychological factors. While
genetics provide a foundational influence, environmental factors such as
education, socioeconomic status, and cultural values play significant
roles in shaping cognitive abilities. The interplay between these factors
creates a complex landscape of intelligence that varies among
individuals.

Detailed ~ Parts of the Brain

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1. Cerebrum
1.1. Frontal Lobe

Location: Located at the front of the brain.

Functions: Involved in higher cognitive functions such as reasoning,
planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It also plays a role in
voluntary motor control, speech production (Broca’s area), and
emotional regulation.

1.2. Parietal Lobe

Location: Positioned near the top and back of the brain.

Functions: Responsible for processing sensory information related to
touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (body position). It helps in
spatial orientation and coordination.

1.3. Temporal Lobe

Location: Located on the sides of the brain, near the temples.

Functions: Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension
(Wernicke’s area), and memory formation (hippocampus). It also plays a
role in recognizing objects and faces.

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1.4. Occipital Lobe
Location: Situated at the back of the brain.
Functions: Primarily responsible for visual processing. The primary
visual cortex (V1) interprets visual stimuli, including color, shape, and
motion.

2. Cerebellum
Location: Located under the cerebrum, at the back of the brain.
Functions: Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture. It
fine-tunes motor activity and ensures smooth, precise movements.

3. Brainstem
3.1. Midbrain
Location: Located between the forebrain and hindbrain.
Functions: Involved in vision, hearing, motor control, and arousal. It
contains important structures like the substantia nigra, which is involved
in movement coordination.

3.2. Pons
Location: Positioned above the medulla oblongata and below the
midbrain.
Functions: Acts as a relay station between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
It is involved in regulating breathing, communication between different
parts of the brain, and sleep regulation.

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3.3. Medulla Oblongata
Location: Located at the base of the brainstem, just above the spinal
cord.
Functions: Controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and respiration. It also manages reflexes like swallowing,
vomiting, and sneezing.

4. Diencephalon
4.1. Thalamus

Location: Situated at the top of the brainstem, near the center of the
brain.
Functions: Serves as a major relay station for sensory and motor signals
to the cerebral cortex. It plays a role in consciousness, sleep, and
alertness.

4.2. Hypothalamus

Location: Located below the thalamus.

Functions: Regulates homeostasis by controlling body temperature,
hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms. It also manages the endocrine
system through its connection to the pituitary gland.

4.3. Epithalamus

Location: Located above the thalamus.

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Functions: Includes the pineal gland, which regulates sleep-wake cycles
by secreting melatonin. It also has a role in emotional responses.

5. Limbic System
5.1. Hippocampus

Location: Located in the medial temporal lobe.

Functions: Essential for forming new memories and spatial navigation.

5.2. Amygdala

Location: Situated near the hippocampus in the temporal lobe.

Functions: Involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and
pleasure. It also plays a role in emotional memory.

5.3. Cingulate Gyrus

Location: Part of the limbic system, located above the corpus callosum.
Functions: Involved in emotional regulation, pain perception, and
cognitive control.

6. Corpus Callosum
Location: A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral
hemispheres.
Functions: Facilitates communication between the left and right sides of
the brain, allowing for integrated brain function.
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Major questions from the survey conducted for the project:
1. Will a person tend to drink poison in extreme conditions of water
scarcity?

Answer :: Yes due to the fact that humans tend to skip problems
rather than solving it. Even thought it is pretty simple to get rid of
the poison by using simple reverse osmosis with given materials or
simply letting it to boil.
People wont be able to think rationally in any given situation,
about 15% people would except their death without drinking water
and only 2-5% would actually try to purify the poison.

2. How can we identify a persons personality?

Answer :: With a persons experience a simple act like that of

comparing similar people can help them to identify hidden features
of someone else. For example if a person A is an athlete, with loud
persona, extroverted and socially active but has a habit of hitting
others on rare occasions , now a person B has four of given
criterions and you haven’t seen them hit others there is a 66.6%
chance they have a habit of the same.

3. Is it easy to identify a smart individual?

Answer :: Yes, a person with a considerably high IQ would be easy
to identify due to the peculiarity of such people to usually assert
dominance.
Emotional stability shows that they have a well developed limbic
region, rational decisions show the functionality of prefrontal
cortex and cerebrum and et cetera.

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 Bibliography
Books:

1. Bear, M. F., Connors, B. W., & Paradiso, M. A. (2015). Neuroscience: Exploring the
brain (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2013). Principles of neural science (5th
ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Journal Articles: 3. Shatz, C. J. (1990). Impulse activity and the patterning of connections
during development. Trends in Neurosciences, 13(7), 319-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-
2236(90)90130-K

4. Lee, M., & Lee, H. (2016). Neuroplasticity and its implications for brain development
and rehabilitation. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(24), 7358-7366.
https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0499-16.2016

Websites: 5. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2020, May 15). Brain
basics: Know your brain. National Institutes of Health. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-
information/patient-caregiver-education/brain-basics

6. Mayo Clinic. (2021, June 22). Brain tumor: Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic.

https://medlineplus.gov/

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