Ch.

2
Variable declaration:
type varname;
type var1, var2, …, varn;

Variable initialization:
varname = value;

 Variable can be declared and initialized at the same line of code.

Type varname = initial value;

Example 1:
#include <iostream.h>
int main ( )
{
//declaring variables
int a, b;
int result;
// initialize
a = 5;
b = 2;
result = a - b;
// print out the result:
cout<<a<<b<<endl;
cout << result;
cout << a+1;
// terminate the program:
return 0;
}
Example 2:
# include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{
int a = 17;
int b= 5;
cout <<a<<"+"<<b<<"="<<a+b<<endl;
cout <<a<<"-"<<b<<"="<<a-b<<endl;
cout <<a<<"*"<<b<<"="<<a*b<<endl;
cout <<a<<"/"<<b<<"="<<a/b<<endl;
cout <<a<<"%"<<b<<"="<<a%b<<endl;
}

Example 3:
void main( )
{
int a,b,c;
float v;
a= 5; b=7; c=2;
 v=a+b+c/3;
cout<<”Average = “<<v<<endl;
}

Example 4:
#include <iostream.h>
int main( )
{
cout << "3 / 2 + 5.5 = " << 3 / 2 + 5.5 << endl;
cout << "15.6 / 2 + 5 = " << 15.6 / 2 + 5 << endl;
cout << "4 + 5 / 2.0 = " << 4 + 5 / 2.0 << endl;
cout << "4*3+7/5-25.5= "<<4*3+7/5-25.5 << endl;
return 0;
}

Example 5:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{
string s;
s = "This is the initial string content";
cout << s << endl;
s = "This is a different string content";
cout << s << endl;
}

Example 6:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int num1, num2;
double sale; char first;
string str;
num1 = 4;
cout << "num1 = " << num1 << endl;
num2 = 4 * 5 - 11;
cout << "num2 = " << num2 << endl;
sale = 0.02 * 1000;
cout << "sale = " << sale << endl;
first = 'D';
cout << "first = " << first << endl;
str = "It is a sunny day.";
cout << "str = " << str << endl;
}
Input (Read) Statement

Example 1:
Write a C++ program to insert the length(l) and width (w) of a rectangle. The program
should compute and print the area of the rectangle.

void main( )
{
int l,w,a;
cout<<”Please insert the length (l):”;
cin>>l;
cout<<”Please insert the width(w):”;
cin>>w;
a=l*w;
cout<<”The area =”<<a<<endl;
}

Example 2:
Write a C++ program to insert three integer values, compute the sum and average of
these values, and print it.

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,z;
int sum,
float avrg;
cout<<"Insert the value of x:";
cin>>x;
cout<<"Insert the value of y:";
cin>>y;
cout<<"Insert the value of z:";
cin>>z;
sum=x+y+z;
avrg=sum/3;
cout << "Sum= " << sum << endl;
cout << "Average = " << avrg << endl;
}

Example 3:
Write a C++ program to insert the number of Kilometers (Km) then convert it to
equivalent number of meters. (1 Km = 1000 m).

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
 int km,m;
cout<<”Please insert Km:”;
cin>>km;
m = km * 1000;
cout<<”The meters = “<<m<<endl;
}

Increment & Decrement Operators

 Unary operators
 Increment operator: increment variable by 1
− Pre-increment: + + variable
− Post-increment: variable + +
 Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
− Pre-decrement: - - variable
− Post-decrement: variable - -

Example 1:
What is the output of the following code?
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=4;
cout<<"a= "<<a<<endl<<endl;
a++;
cout<<"after a++, a= "<<a<<endl<<endl;
++a;
cout<<a<<endl;
a--;
cout<<a<<endl;
--a;
cout<<a<<endl;
}

Example 2:
What is the output of the following code?
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=7;
cout<<a<<endl<<endl;
cout<<a++<<endl<<endl;
cout<<a<<endl<<endl;
cout<<++a<<endl<<endl;
cout<<a<<endl<<endl;
}
Compound assignment statement

Special assignment statement.

var1 operator = var2;  var1 = var1 operator var2;

Example:
x+=y;  x = x + y;
a*=b;  a = a * b;
y*=++x;  y = y * (++x);

Order of precedence:
1. ()
2. Pre-increment, pre-decrement
3. * / %
4. + -
5. Compound operators
6. Assignment
7. Post-increment, post –decrement

Example 1:
What are the values of i and j after executing the following code?

i = 7;
j = 4 + --i;
What are the values of i and j after executing the following code?
i = 7;
j = 4 + i--;
?

What are the values of i and j after executing the following code?
i = 7;
j = (4 + i)--; //error
cout<<i<<j;
?

Example 2:
What are the values of x and y after executing the following code?
a)
int x=1; double y=1.5;
y*=++x;
y=y*(++x)=3 x=2 & y=3

b)
 y=1.5; x=1;
y*=x++;
y=y*(x++)=1.5x=2 & y= 1.5

c)
y=1.5; x=1;
y*=x++ +1;
y=y*(x++ +1)x=2 & y=3;

d)
y=1.5; x=1;
y=y*x++ +1;
 x=2 & y=2.5

Is it the same like y*=x++ +1; ??? NO

e)
x=1; y=2;
y*=++x+1;
 x=2 & y=6

Example 3:
What is the output of the following code?

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=4;
cout<<"value of a="<<a<<endl;
cout<<"value of a++ + 5 is "<<a++ + 5<<endl;
cout<<"new value of a="<<a<<endl;
cout<<"value of ++a+5 is "<< ++a+5<< endl;
cout<<"new value of a="<<a<<endl;
cout<<"value of (++a)++ +5 is "<<(++a)++ +5<<endl;
cout<<"new value of a= "<<a<<endl;
}
value of a= 4
value of a++ + 5 is 9
new value of a= 5
value of ++a+5 is 11
new value of a= 6
value of (++a)++ +5 is 12
new value of a= 8