UNIT 1

1. Explain the concept of penalty and reward in reinforcement Learning. 04

2. What do you mean by a well-posed learning problem? Explain important features that are
required to well-define a learning problem. 07
3. Explain Key elements of Machine Learning. Explain various function approximation
methods. 04
4. Define issues in machine Learning. 03
5. Draw and explain the flow diagram of machine learning procedure. 07
6. List and explain the types of machine learning in brief. 07
7. Give the difference between supervised learning and unsupervised learning. 03
8. Define Machine learning and list out few applications in Engineering?
9. What is difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning. 03
10. What is Machine Learning? List out its applications and possible ethical issues of machine
learning applications? 04

UNIT 2

1. What is categorical data? Explain its types with examples. 04

2. What are the Techniques Provided in Data Preprocessing? Explain in brief. 07
3. What are the basic data types in machine learning? Give an example of each one of them. 03
4. What are the different techniques for data pre-processing? Explain in brief 03

UNIT 3

1. List the methods for Model evaluation. Explain each. How we can improve the performance
of model. 07
2. What is data sampling? Explain data sampling methods? 04
3. What is sampling? Explain Bootstrap sampling. 04
4. What is outlier? How can we take care of outliers? 04
5. Explain K-fold cross validation process and method with suitable example. 07
6. Explain the training of Predictive Model. 03
7. While predicting malignancy of tumor of a set of patients using a classification model,
following are the data recorded: (a) Correct predictions – 15 malignant, 75 benign (b)
Incorrect predictions – 3 malignant, 7 benign Calculate the model accuracy, error rate, Kappa
value, sensitivity, precision, and Fmeasure of the model. 07
8. What is model accuracy in reference to classification? Also Explain the performance
parameters Precision, Recall and F-measure with its formula and example. 07
9. Explain the process of Supervised Learning Model. 07
10.Distinguish lazy vs eager learner with an example. 04
11.Elaborate the cross validation in training a model. 07
Consider the following confusion matrix of the win/loss prediction of cricket match.
Calculate model accuracy and error rate for the same. 04

Actual Win Actual Loss

Predicted Win 82 7
Predicted Loss 3 8

12.Consider the following confusion matrix of the win/loss prediction of cricket match.
Calculate model accuracy and error rate, sensitivity, precision, F-measure and kappa value
for the same. 07

Actual Win Actual Loss

Predicted Win 85 4
Predicted Loss 2 9

UNIT 4

1. Explain the need of feature engineering in ML. 03

2. Define feature and explain the process of transforming numeric features to categorical
features with suitable example. 07
3. Show various distance-based similarity measure with its example. 04
4. What is principal component analysis? How does it work? Explain. 07
5. Differentiate PCA and LDA. 04
6. What is the purpose of Singular value decomposition? How does it achieve? 04
7. Explain SVD as a feature extraction technique with suitable example. 07
8. Explain with an example, main underlying concept of feature extraction. What are the most
popular algorithms of feature extraction, briefly explain any one. 07
9. What is feature selection? Why it is needed? What are the different approaches of feature
selection, briefly explain any one. 07
 UNIT 5

1. Explain Binomial Distribution with an example. 04

2. If 3% of electronic units manufactured by a company are defective. Find the probability that
in a sample of 200 units, less than 2 bulbs are defective. 03
3. In a communication system each data packet consists of 1000 bits. Due to the noise, each bit
may be received in error with probability 0.1. It is assumed bit errors occur independently.
Find the probability that there are more than 120 errors in a certain data packet. 03
4. What is Bernoulli distribution? Explain briefly with its formula. 03
5. Define the following terms. (i) Variance (ii) Covariance (iii) Joint Probability 03
6. What is conditional probability? Define its importance. 03
7. Explain Monte Carlo Approximation. 07
8. Define probability of union of two events with equation. 03
9. What is joint probability? What is its formula? 03

UNIT 6

1. Explain Bayes’ theorem in details. 07

2. Explain posterior probability with its formula. 03
3. Explain how Naïve Bayes classifier is used for Spam Filtering. 04
4. Explain the concept of Bayesian belief network. 04
5. What is likelihood probability? Give an example. 04
6. What is concept learning? Explain with example 04

UNIT 7

1. List Classification algorithms. Explain Decision Tree as classification method. 04

2. Discuss the error rate and validation error in the kNN algorithm. 07
3. Explain sum of squares due to error in multiple linear regression with example. 03
4. Explain dependent variable and an independent variable in a linear equation with example.
03
5. What are the conditions of a negative slope in linear regression? 03
6. Define linear regression. Also explain Sum of squares with its formula. 04
7. Explain decision tree approach with suitable example. 07
8. Explain KNN algorithm with suitable example. 07
9. What are the factors determining the effectiveness of SVM? 03
10. Define Entropy. Show its importance with suitable example. 04
11. Define: a. Supervised Learning b. Classification c. Regression 03
12. What are the strengths and weaknesses of SVM? 03
13. Write the strength and weakness of decision tree method. 03
14. Explain Decision tree algorithm 04
15. What is supervised learning? Draw and explain classification steps in detail. 07

UNIT 8

1. What is Clustering? Explain K-mean clustering algorithm. 07

2. Describe the concept of single link and complete link in the context of hierarchical
clustering. 04
3. Describe the main difference in the approach of k-means and k-medoids algorithms with a
neat diagram.04
4. Explain the Apriori algorithm for association rule learning with an example. 07
5. Briefly explain K-Medoids. 04
6. Explain k-means clustering technique. 07
7. Explain K-mean clustering algorithm 04
8. How does the apriori principle help in reducing the calculation overhead for a market basket
analysis? Explain with an example. 07
9. Explain how the Market Basket Analysis uses the concepts of association analysis. 04
10.Mention few applications areas of unsupervised learning in Engineering. 03

UNIT 9

1. Write a short note on feed forward neural network. 04

2. Draw a flow chart which represents backpropagation algorithm. 04
3. Explain, with example, the challenge in assigning synaptic weights for the interconnection
between neurons? How can this challenge be addressed? 07
4. Explain Rosenblatt’s perceptron model. 04
5. Describe, in details, the process of adjusting the interconnection weights in a multi-layer
neural network. 07
6. Show the Step, ReLU and sigmoid activation functions with its equations and sketch. 07
7. Briefly explain Perceptron and Mention its limitation. 03
8. What are the different types of activation functions popularly used? Explain each of them. 07
9. Explain in detail, the backpropagation algorithm. What are the limitations of this algorithm?
07