TLE – EPAS 8 ……… .

SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION (GRADE 8) – S.Y. 2024-2025

1
Classifications of Materials according to Electrical
APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS
Characteristics

Quality Standards Conductors – are materials that conduct or permit the

are defined as documents that provide requirements, current flow. Examples: metal elements – silver,
specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that can copper, gold, aluminum, lead, tin, iron, nickel. Metal
be used consistently to ensure that materials, alloys – nichrome, brass, steel
products, processes, and services are fit for their
purpose. Insulators- are materials that resist or does not allow
current to pass through. Examples: plastic, polyvinyl
ISO (International Standardization Organization or
chloride (PVC) rubber, glass, ceramic, cloth.
International Organization for Standardization)
is an independent, non-governmental, international
Semiconductors- are materials that has both
organization that develops standards to ensure the
properties of conductor and insulator. Examples:
quality, safety, and efficiency of products, services,
germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide.
and systems. With developed standards, the ISO
certifies businesses or organizations.
Wire Gauges, Wire Sizes, & Current Rating
ISO STANDARDS •The wire size determines the current carrying
are the refined wisdom of people with expertise in their capacity of an insulated conductor which is the
subject matter and who know the needs of the maximum current that it can continuously carry
organizations they represent – people such as without exceeding its temperature rating.
manufacturers, sellers, buyers, customers, trade
associations, users or regulators. •AWG (American Wire Gauge) is a standardized
system for determining the size (in terms of
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM diameter) of conductor wires.
is a collection of business processes focused on
consistently meeting customer requirements and •The higher the gauge number, the smaller the
enhancing their satisfaction. diameter and the thinner the wire.

PROCESS, PROCEDURE AND WORK INSTRUCTIONS

A process states what needs to be done and why. CABLES AND WIRES
A procedure states how the process needs to be done. An electrical cable is an assembly of two or more wires
A work instruction explains how to carry out the running side by side or bundled, which is used to carry
procedure. electric current and signal. Basically, a cable consists
Work Order Work order is also known as a job order, of cable jacket, wire insulation, and conductor/s

job ticket, work ticket or service ticket. Coaxial Cable

● Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line (RF
Types of Maintenance Work Orders Feeder) for radio frequency signals to carry
1. Corrective maintenance television signals and connecting video
2. Preventive maintenance equipment.

3. Condition-based maintenance Twisted Pair Cable

4. Predictive maintenance ● This type of cable is widely used in different kinds
of data (Ethernet network) and voice
infrastructures (telephone communication).

SAGOT KITA: REVIEWERS PARA SA LUCIANS

BY: Zhakira Nicole S. Jondenero / TLE CLUB – Grade 8 Representative
 TLE – EPAS 8 ……… .
SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION (GRADE 8) – S.Y. 2024-2025
2
Screened / Shielded Cable • Examples: MS Word, MS Excel, Power Point,
• Used for applications where one or more wires Google chrome, Photoshop, Database, etc. - it
needs to have a screen to protect it from stray is developed and engineered.
radiation. It is widely used for low level audio and
may be used for microphones, and even for
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
connections between phono plugs for audio
systems. ● SU (System Unit) is the main part of a desktop
computer. It is also known as the “tower” or
Ethernet Cable
“chassis”. It includes the motherboard, CPU,
• is a common type of network/internet cable
RAM, and other internal components.
used with wired networks. Ethernet cables
connect devices such as PCs, routers, and ● Monitor a hardware device that displays the
switches within a local area network. video and graphics information generated in
a computer. Similar to a TV but usually display
WAYS ON CHECKING THE COMPONENTS CONDITION:
information at a much higher resolution.
• Visual inspection – inspect the circuit for
mechanical defects, such as unconnected wires, ● Keyboard is a primary input device composed
broken PCB. of buttons that create letters, numbers, and
• Testing the components – start on symbols, as well as other functions.
troubleshooting by calculating DC voltages and
comparing the values to the schematic at certain ● Mouse is a handheld hardware input device
points of the board. that controls a cursor in a GUI (graphical user
• Use an ohmmeter to test the components’ value. interface) and can move and select text,
• An appliance needs to match the voltage icons, files, and folders in the computer.
requirements supplied in households before it
will be plugged in the outlet to avoid danger. ● Speaker is a hardware device that connect to
a computer to generate sound. The signal
used to produce the sound that comes from a
COMPUTER COMPONENTS computer speaker is created by the
computer’s sound card.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
● refers to the physical components of a Types of Computer Devices
● Input Devices – take data from outside the
computer. It is any part that we can touch.
Primary electronic devices that build up the computer and send it to the CPU.

computer.
● Examples: system unit, monitor, printer, ● Output Devices – any piece of hardware
equipment which converts information into
keyboard, mouse, speaker, etc. - this is
manufactured. human-readable form.

SOFTWARE COMPONENTS ● Storage Devices – devices that used to

remember or store data.
• is a collection of instructions, procedures,
documentation that performs different tasks
* The first step in cleaning the computer is to
on a computer system. It is a programming
code executed on a computer processor. gather all the tools needed.

These are applications in an operating system.

SAGOT KITA: REVIEWERS PARA SA LUCIANS

BY: Zhakira Nicole S. Jondenero / TLE CLUB – Grade 8 Representative
 TLE – EPAS 8 ……… .
SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION (GRADE 8) – S.Y. 2024-2025
3
• A capacitor stores electrical energy in the form of
COMPUTER MAINTENANCE
electric field
• Inductor (coils) stores electrical energy in the form
1. Backup – a duplicate copy of a file, program, of magnetic field
folder or disk used if the original is damaged, • Diode is a device that allows current to flow in one
corrupt or lost. direction
2. Restore – to copy the backed up version of • Transistor is a three-terminal device that is
information to its original location. commonly used as switch and amplifier.
3. Backup Media – can be another computer, floppy • Integrated Circuit is a special component that is
disk (s), CD(s), DVD(s) or any other recordable manufactured with thousands of transistors,
media for computers. In short, any storage device. resistors, diodes and other electronic components
4. Full backup – backing up everything on your on a tiny silicone chip.
computer. Includes data, software and operating
system.
PARTS OF MULTIMETER
5. Cloud Storage is a service model in which data is
transmitted and stored on remote storage
1. Pointer. It is the most important part of the
systems, where it is maintained, managed,
ohmmeter. It indicates the value of electrical
backed up and made available to user over a
quantity that has been measured.
network (typically the internet).
2. Ohmmeter Scale- Nonlinear scale where reading of
6. An antivirus is a program or set of programs that
the resistance is based. It is usually found in the
are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and
uppermost part of the VOM.
remove software viruses, and other malicious
3. Range Multiplier- The portion of the ohmmeter
software like worms, Trojans, adware, and more.
where the actual reading is being multiplied.
4. Zero Ohm Adjustment – It is the portion of the
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ohmmeter where it is adjusted when the pointer of
the ohmmeter fails to point to zero.
5. Test Probe- Serves as the input portion of the
Here are the types of electronic components:
ohmmeter. Red test probe becomes positive in
some instances, while the black one is negative.
• Active Components - To produce electric power,
these components are used to amplify electrical OHMMETER SCALE (READING/CALIBRATION)
signals. It includes oscillator, IC & transistor.
• Passive Components – These components do not
depend on a power source. It includes the
following: resistors, inductors, transformers &
capacitors.
• Electromechanical Components - To make
certain mechanical adjustments, such as
spinning a motor, these components use an
electric signal. These components typically use
electrical current to form a magnetic field such
that it is possible to induce physical movement.

To get the total calibration per line of the ohmmeter

Basic Electronic Components
scale:
• A resistor is used to oppose or limit the flow of
Value of 1 Calibration = line distance ÷ total calibration
current
involved

SAGOT KITA: REVIEWERS PARA SA LUCIANS

BY: Zhakira Nicole S. Jondenero / TLE CLUB – Grade 8 Representative
 TLE – EPAS 8 ……… .
SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION (GRADE 8) – S.Y. 2024-2025
4
✓ The total resistance or equivalent resistance
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS – ARE DESIGNED TO (Req) is the sum of the reciprocal resistances
MEASURE QUANTITIES WITH PRECISION AND RELIABILITY. (1𝑅𝑛) in parallel. 𝑹𝒕=𝟏𝟏𝑹𝟏 + 𝟏𝑹𝟐 + 𝟏𝑹𝟑 +⋯ 𝟏𝑹𝒏
(The total resistance (Rt) of resistors
• MULTIMETER – measures voltage, current and connected in parallel circuit is always less than
resistance of an electronic circuit. of the smallest resistance comprising the
circuit.)
• SIGNAL GENERATOR – troubleshoots an electronic
circuit by producing a set of signals such as 5S PRINCIPLES (when it comes to maintenance)
triangular wave, sine wave and the like. • Seiri – sort;
• Seiton – set in order;
• LOGIC ANALYZER - An electronic instrument that • Seiso – sweep, shine or clean;
records, checks conditions, analyzes and then • Seiketsu – standardize;
displays a series of digital events generated by a • Shitsuke – sustain
specific electronic device or circuit
TYPES OF ELECTORNIC DIAGRAM
• OSCILLOSCOPE, we can detect the changes in an
electrical signal like voltage, over time. 1. Block Diagram – a type of electrical drawing that
shows the flow of process in a circuit. It is easier to
• CONTINUITY TESTS: determine whether electricity design for it uses boxes and arrows to show the
will flow through the component. process how the components flow in a circuit.

OHM’S LAW. How to make a block diagram?

- also known as “Resistance Law”, was developed by a. identify the system
Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist who b. create and label the diagram
established the relationship of voltage, current, and c. indicate the input and output
resistance in an electrical circuit.
• V = I X R; 2. Schematic Diagram – a drawing of an electronic
• I = V/R; circuit that shows the connections of components
• R = V/I which are represented by symbols and lines. It
helps in showing the series and parallel
• SERIES CIRCUIT - end-to-end connection connection between the components and the
✓ Current is Constant exact terminal connections.
✓ It = I1 = I2 = I3 = …In
✓ Voltage - The supply voltage or applied 3. Pictorial Diagram – shows the visual appearance
voltage (VA) is equal to the sum of voltage of the circuit in real time.
drops of resistances in series.
✓ Vt = V1 + V2 + V3+... Vn 4. IC Layout Diagram – refers to the internal design
✓ Resistance - The total resistance is the sum of of a semiconductor component. Also known as “IC
individual resistances in series. mask.” It is made up of multiple layers or masks of
✓ Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 +…Rn *Rt is always higher than metal, oxide, and semiconductor material to form
the highest resistance in series.* an “Integrated Circuit” (IC).

• PARALLEL CIRCUIT - side-by-side connection SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS - are used in circuit diagrams to
✓ Total current is the sum of branch currents. show how electronic components are connected.
✓ It = I1 + I2 + I3 + …In
✓ Voltage is constant •Vt = V1 = V2 = V3=... Vn

SAGOT KITA: REVIEWERS PARA SA LUCIANS

BY: Zhakira Nicole S. Jondenero / TLE CLUB – Grade 8 Representative
 TLE – EPAS 8 ……… .
SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION (GRADE 8) – S.Y. 2024-2025
5
Note: Using appropriate drawing instruments will help
us get accurate drawings. Soldering Gun
Tighten the 2 nuts holding the tip before using to have
maximum heat transfer to its tip.
BASIC ELECTRONIC HAND TOOLS

Never use a soldering gun in mass production

1. DRIVING TOOLS – Screwdrivers assembly. It consumes more power compared to
* flathead screwdrivers – driving (-) slotted screws soldering iron and may overheat.
* Philips screwdrivers – driving (+) crosshead screws
* Jewelers’ screwdrivers set – set of crosshead and Desoldering Tool
slotted screws with different sizes Clean its inside and apply a small amount of oil
regularly to keep it in good condition.
2. SOLDERING TOOLS – use to join wires together
*soldering iron – metal rod to melt soldering lead Avoid direct contact of the soldering iron’s tip to its tip
*soldering lead – to join wires, components together to avoid burning or melting of plastic.
*soldering tool stand – where soldering iron is placed
when not in use Mini Electric Drills
*desoldering pump – remove soldered wires Tighten the chuck jaw and secure the drill bit properly.

3. SPLICING TOOLS – hold, bend, stretch, cut wires The materials to be bored and the drill bit must be at
*long nose pliers – hold, bend, stretch wires
90˚ angle to achieve efficient boring operation.
*side cutting pliers / wire cutter – cut wires
*wire stripper – to remove insulation of wires
Avoid using it on a sliding position for it removes drill
bit’s sharp over time.
4. BORING TOOLS – bore holes
*12v mini drill
*portable mini drill
*metal files

5. CUTTING TOOLS – cutting purpose

*hacksaw – cut metal
*utility knife – general purpose knife

6. AUXILIARY TOOLS – miscellaneous tools

*paint brush
*magnifying glass

With regards to work safety, here are a few things to

remember (assume that all electrical wires/lines are
live wires.

TOOLS WITH SPECIAL CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Soldering Iron
Do not wash the tip just to speed up its cooling process
after used. It might damage the heating element and
corrode the tip. Let the tool cool down before keeping.

SAGOT KITA: REVIEWERS PARA SA LUCIANS

BY: Zhakira Nicole S. Jondenero / TLE CLUB – Grade 8 Representative