LCMD LOCOMOTOR

MODULE GUIDE
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 ABOUT AUTHOR
Zarwa Farooq
LCMD’27

Hi everyone! I am Zarwa Farooq, a second-year

medical student at LCMD. To all the first-year
MBBS students, congratulations on embarking on
this incredible journey! As you step into this new
chapter of your lives, remember that every lecture
attended and every challenge conquered is a
stepping stone toward your growth as
compassionate and capable healthcare
professionals. Embrace the journey ahead with
enthusiasm and determination. Wishing you all
the success and fulfillment as you embark on this
transformative voyage! 🌟
FROM THE TEAM THAT BROUGHT
TO YOU [Link]

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 LOCOMOTOR GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module Overview 01
01

Subjects 03
02

Common Student Errors 13

03

PBL Overview 14
04

USMLE 16
05

Last Minute Tips 18

06

Practice Resources 20
07

Credit Hours 21
08

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 Guides 1st Edition

01 Locomotor Guide
Module Overview

MODULE OVERVIEW
This module pertains to a diverse variety of topics from
Locomotion. It helps to identify Anatomical subregions
of the Musculoskeletal systm that are highly integrated
and act as functional units during locomotion. As such,
knowing where to study from and how to do so
optimally can lead to great ease.

Duration
This module will span for about 8 weeks.

Subjects
Anatomy (Gross Anatomy, Embryology, Histology)
Biochemistry
Physiology

Number Of Questions
Modular Exam
100 BCQs (Computerized Theory)
25 - 30 Marks Observed Vivas (5-6 stations)
95 - 100 Marks Unobserved OSPE (19 - 20
stations)

Final Exam
Paper ll: Computerized Theory (Blood+CVS+Respo)-
100 BCQs
-Covering all three modules combined

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02 Locomotor Guide
Module Overview
Paper IV: OSPE (Blood+Cardiovascular+Respiratory)
-Unobserved Stations
-Observed Viva Stations
Total Stations= 20-21 (150Marks)

Note
The examination format may change if the affiliated
university decides to alter the paper pattern.

INTERESTING FACTS

-Unlike other modules, this one is mainly related to

learning terms related to locomotion. You’ll be
studying the human skeleton, osteology, and myology.
-It is one of the longest modules in time duration,
second to Foundation-I. Great for strategizing in
advance.
-Give an optimum of 2 hours each day to this module
and you’ll cover it.

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03 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

SUBJECTS
1. ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY
In this module, Gross Anatomy has the most
extensive syllabus, comprising the Bones, Muscles,
Joints, and Vascular system associated with the
Upper and Lower Limbs.

Chapter 3: Upper Limb

Clinically Oriented
Chapter 4: Thorax (Only breast)
Anatomy by KLM
Chapter 7: Lower Limb

Gray’s Anatomy for Chapter 3: Thorax (Only breast)

Students Chapter 6: Upper Limb
(Gold standard) Chapter 7: Lower Limb

The short book used is BRS Anatomy.

Chapter 6: Lower Limb

BRS Anatomy
Chapter 7: Upper Limb

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04 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

Video Resources
Kenhub
Ninja Nerd
Lecturio
Dr. G Banu Prakash
Dr. Sumit Gupta

Important Topics
-Upper limb (bones, muscles, blood supply & nerve
injuries)
-Brachial, Lumbar & Sacral plexus
-Fascia of the Upper and Lower limbs
-Breast
-Axilla
-Cubital fossa
-Hand (its spaces, joints and muscles)
-Lower limb (bones, muscles, blood supply & nerve
injuries)
-Popliteal fossa
-Foot arches
-Joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, etc)

Tips and Tricks

-Study the musculature of the Upper and Lower
limbs using models present in the Anatomy
Museum, as visualizing helps in better retention. 🏛️
-Use the Sectra sessions to visualize all parts of the
Locomotor system. 🖥️
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05 Locomotor Guide
Subjects
-Review the diagrams in Gray’s Anatomy once
along with Clinical insights from KLM. 📊📚
-Nerve supply and nerve injuries are tested very
frequently, learn them thoroughly. 🧠👨‍⚕️
-Learning the origin and insertion of muscles
makes it easier to remember their action. 📚💪
-Since Gross Anatomy in this module is extremely
volatile, consider revising the important points
every day using tools such as flashcards. 📚
-Use Teach Me Anatomy for a quick review before
the exams. 📝
Common Mistakes
-Spending excessive time studying the origin and
insertion of each muscle instead of prioritizing more
important topics like the route of blood vessels,
nerve injuries, joint ligaments & muscle actions.
-Memorizing the textbooks instead of using visual
aiding tools such as Sectra and Atlases.

HISTOLOGY

Locomotor’s Histology is quite interesting, it includes

the microscopic appearance of Bone and different
types of Cartilage. Laiq Hussain should be your go-to
book for this Module.

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06 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

Laiq Hussain’s
Medical Histology - Chapter 7: Cartilage
Text and Atlas Chapter 8: Bone
(Gold standard)

Video Resources
Osmosis
Byte Size Med
MBS Medilecture

Practicals
-Histology of Bone
-Histology of Cartilage
-Histology of Skeletal Muscle

Important Topics
-Microscopic Appearance of a Bone and different
types of Cartilage

Tips and Tricks

-Identifying the Histological slide of Bone is quite
easy, focus on major identification points and learn
to spot them. 🦴
-Remembering the different types of cartilage, their
microscopic slides, and examples is sufficient. You
can review the slides of bone and cartilage on
[Link], which contains all the
necessary microscopic images. 🔬
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07 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

Common Mistakes
-Focusing solely on memorizing microscopic
features without understanding their functional
significance can hinder effective learning.

EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology of Locomotor module is straightforward

and concise, it includes the development of paraxial
mesoderm, most of which has already been covered in
Foundation module, along with the development of
muscles.

Video Resources
Ninja Nerd
Selfless Medicose
Dr. Najeeb lectures

Topics to be Covered
-Development of the Paraxial Mesoderm and
Muscles

Tips and Tricks

-Embryology is quite easy and concise in the
Locomotor Module; it can be covered within a day
using Lecture slides. 📆
-Review the diagrams in Langman. 📊

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08 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

Common Mistakes
-Focusing solely on rote memorization of structures
without grasping the underlying developmental
processes can impede long-term retention and
application.

2. BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistry is yet another extensive subject in this
module, it is mainly concerned with the metabolism of
Proteins along with important Vitamins, and Minerals
supporting the Musculoskeletal system.

Chapter 4: Fibrous Proteins

Chapter 14: Glycosaminoglycans,
Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins
Chapter 19: Amino Acids: Nitrogen
Lippincott’s Disposal
Illustrated Chapter 20: Amino Acids:
Reviews: Degradation and Synthesis
Biochemistry Chapter 21: Amino Acids: Conversion
(Gold standard) to Specialized Products
Chapter 28: Micronutrients: Vitamins
(Only Vitamin C and D)
Chapter 29: Micronutrients: Minerals
(Only Calcium and Phosphate)

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09 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

Chapter 2: Carbohydrates (Only

Mucopolysaccharides)
Chapter 4: Proteins and Amino
Acids (Excluding Structure of
Proteins)
Chapter 7: Vitamins (Only Vitamin C
Biochemistry by
and D)
Satyanarayana
Chapter 15: Metabolism of Amino
Acids
Chapter 18: Mineral Metabolism
(Only Calcium and Phosphate)
Chapter 22: Tissue Proteins and
Body Fluids (Only Collagen)

The short book used is Instant Biochemistry by Faiq.

Instant
Chapter 7: Vitamins
Biochemistry by
Chapter 11: Protein Metabolism
Faiq Ahmad

Video Resources
AK Lectures
N’Joy Biochemistry
Dr Rajesh
MBS MediLectures
Brainless Medicose

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10 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

Practicals
-Estimation of Calcium and Phosphate
-Estimation of Alkaline Phosphatase
-Chromatography
-Paper Chromatography

Important Topics
-Types and functions of the Glycosaminoglycans
-Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
-Vitamin C and Vitamin D
-Collagen & Elastin
-Reactions of Amino Acids
-Ammonia Metabolism & Urea cycle
-Metabolism of Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, tryptophan,
Sulphur-containing amino acids, branched-chain
amino acids, and their associated disorders
-Catabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids

Tips and Tricks

-Remembering the rate-limiting reactions of
Amino acid metabolism is of great importance. 🧠
-Use Mnemonics to learn reaction pathways. 🤔📝
-Review the end-of-chapter tables in Lippincott’s
as they summarize the entire chapter. 📚🔍
Common Mistakes
-Focusing only on Locomotor Anatomy and in turn
neglecting Biochemistry. Both of them are equally
important and lengthy, strategize accordingly.

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11 Locomotor Guide
Subjects

3. PHYSIOLOGY
Unlike previous modules, Physiology will be crucial since
a large chunk of questions are taken from this subject.
Despite being lengthy, it's one of the simplest parts to
understand with the right study strategies.

Unit 2: Membrane Physiology,

Nerve, and Muscle
Chapter 5: Membrane Potentials
Guyton and Hall:
and Action Potentials
Textbook of Medical
Chapter 6: Contraction of
Physiology
Skeletal Muscles
(Gold standard)
Chapter 7: Excitation of Skeletal
Muscle: Neuromuscular
Transmission and Excitation-
Contraction Coupling

The short book used is Firdaus Review of Physiology.

Firdaus Review of Chapter 2: Membrane

Physiology Physiology, Nerve and Muscle

Video Resources
Dr Najeeb
MBS Medilecture

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12 Locomotor Guide
Subjects
Medical Gateway
Bite Size Med
Practicals
-Introduction to Power Lab
-Nerve Conduction Velocity
-Electromyogram (EMG)
-Simple Muscle Twitch (SMT) &Summation
-Fatigue and Tetanizatio
Important Topics
-Action Potential and Membrane Potential
-Physiological Properties of Skeletal Muscles
-Mechanism of Contraction of Skeletal Muscles
-Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction
-Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
-Muscle Adaptation to Exercise
Tips and Tricks
-Read Guyton, pairing it with video lectures such as
Medical Gateway or MBS Medilecture. 📚
-Focus on concept building instead of
memorization. 🧠📝
-Use animations to visualize the contraction
process.📽️
Common Mistakes
-Short books may not be enough! Use Guyton to
build a strong foundation and ensure a thorough
conceptual grasp.

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13 Locomotor Guide
Common Student Errors

COMMON STUDENT
ERRORS
Procrastination
Not starting preparation early enough can indeed lead
to a backlog of material to cover, causing stress and
potentially hindering effective learning.

Focusing only on one subject

Focusing on one subject and procrastinating others
can lead to build-up. In this Module, students usually
focus only on Gross Anatomy while they neglect
Biochemistry and Physiology, this is a bad idea. Try to
prioritize all subjects equally.

Not Making Use of the Visual Aids

While studying Locomotor, students don’t utilize visual
aids such as Sectra, The Human Atlas Application, and
Muscle Models. Incorporating all of these in your study
plan will lead to effective preparation.

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14 Locomotor Guide
PBL Overview

PROBLEM-BASED
LEARNING
PBL (Problem-Based Learning) in all modules,
presents real-life cases and questions each week for
group discussions. Participating has the following
benefits:

Critical Thinking
PBL fosters critical thinking by applying theoretical
knowledge to practical situations, enhancing problem-
solving skills, and analytical abilities.

Social Skills
Engaging in PBL discussions promotes interaction with
peers, offering diverse perspectives and opportunities
for collaboration and idea-sharing.

Concept Reinforcement
PBL serves as a platform to revise and clarify concepts.
Through case discussions and answering related
questions, you deepen your understanding of weekly
themes.

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15 Locomotor Guide
PBL Overview
Don’t miss out on your PBLs, more often than not they
cover high-yield topics and the research performed in
these sessions is extremely relevant to your BCQs and
Vivas. Moreover, the cases given in the Vivas will be
covered in the PBLs.

In this module, you'll be having PBLs regarding these

topics:
Fractures (Femur, Tibia, Humerus, Radius, Ulna,
Clavicle)
Brachial Plexus Injuries and resultant deformities
Neuro mascular Junction Disorders (Myasthenia
Gravis, Phosphorous Poisoning)

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16 Locomotor Guide
USMLE

USMLE
In your studies of the Locomotor module, direct your
attention to the ‘Musculoskeletal, skin, and
connective tissue’ section found within Section III: High
Yield Organ Systems. While First Aid serves as an
exceptional clinical guide, it’s important to note that for
bone and muscle Anatomy, it might not always be
your go-to resource in this specific module. Focus on
relevant topics, making sure to draw connections with
your study guide to enhance your comprehension and
retention.

To solidify your understanding and make sure the

memorization of essential details, incorporating Anki
into your study regimen is best. Utilizing the ANKing
deck, particularly the cards under the First Aid
category, can significantly improve your memorization
skills, elevating your preparation level for the USMLE
exam.

However, remember common pitfalls students often

encounter in the Musculoskeletal module. A frequent
oversight is not utilizing the anatomy museum and
studying from models, which can be invaluable for
grasping anatomical structures.

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17 Locomotor Guide
USMLE

Moreover, neglecting to practice the Feynman

Technique – a method that aids in solidifying
anatomical knowledge and clinical skills – can hinder
your ability to retain crucial information. Engaging with
these resources and techniques can greatly enhance
your understanding and performance in the
Locomotor module.

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18 Locomotor Guide
Last Minute Tips

LAST MINUTE TIPS

Regular Revision of Anatomy
Regular anatomy revision is vital to maintain
proficiency. It reinforces understanding, improves
retention, and identifies weaknesses, ensuring a solid
grasp of essential concepts for academic and medical
success.

Utilize Muscle Models for Study

Use muscle models as visual aids to better understand
and discuss anatomy with friends. Visualizing the
muscles can enhance comprehension and retention.

Utilize Mnemonics for Biochemistry Study

Utilize mnemonics as a tool to facilitate the study of
biochemistry. Mnemonics offer a simplified approach
to comprehending complex biochemical concepts,
aiding in retention and recall.

Prioritize Practical Applications

Don't overlook the importance of laboratory work in
every subject. Practical application reinforces
theoretical knowledge and enhances understanding.

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19 Locomotor Guide
Last Minute Tips

Practice Questions and Flashcards

Test yourself regularly using practice questions or
flashcards to reinforce memory and understanding.
Active recall strengthens retention & comprehension.

Allocate Time for Frequently Tested Areas

Identify the most frequently tested areas in your
subjects and allocate more time to review them.
Prioritizing these areas can improve overall
performance in exams.

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20 Locomotor Guide
Practice Resources

PRACTICE RESOURCES
Utilize assessment questions
provided at the end of various
textbooks or websites you may
ask the seniors about.
01

Use the OSPE Documents

provided by Seniors for revision
of BCQs and VIVA papers.
02

Review past module exams

questions to reinforce better
learning and to identify the need
for improvement.
03

For improved memorization and

concept consolidation, use pre-made
decks from resources such as Anki or
customizable flashcards; for USMLE or
PLAB-related decks, ask seniors.
04

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21 Locomotor Guide
Credit Hours

CREDIT HOURS
Anatomy 75 hrs

Physiology 50 hrs

Biochemistry 31 hrs

The total hours of the Locomotor Module are 174 hrs.

WORDS OF ADVICE
Stay organized, care for yourself, and connect with
classmates and mentors. Keep curious, find study
habits that suit you, and balance with hobbies.
Remember your purpose, stay flexible, prioritize mental
health, and celebrate progress. Best of luck!

GOOD LUCK !
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