Chapter 4: Function and Passing Arguments to Function
4.1 Definition of Function
A function is a block of code designed to perform a specific task. Functions improve modularity and code re
Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void greet() {
cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
int main() {
greet();
return 0;
4.2 Declaration of Function
A function declaration tells the compiler about the function's name, return type, and parameters.
Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int, int); // Declaration
int main() {
cout << "Sum: " << add(5, 3) << endl;
return 0;
}
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
4.3 Passing Value of a Function by Value
In pass-by-value, the actual value is passed. Changes inside the function do not affect the original variable
Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void modify(int x) {
x = x + 10;
int main() {
int a = 5;
modify(a);
cout << "Value after modify: " << a << endl; // Output: 5
return 0;
4.4 Passing Value of a Function by Reference
In pass-by-reference, the address of the variable is passed, allowing modifications to the original value.
Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void modify(int &x) {
x = x + 10;
int main() {
int a = 5;
modify(a);
cout << "Value after modify: " << a << endl; // Output: 15
return 0;
Additional Example 1: Function Returning a Value
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b;
int main() {
cout << "Product: " << multiply(4, 5) << endl; // Output: 20
return 0;
Additional Example 2: Using Default Arguments
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b = 10) { // b has a default value
return a + b;
}
int main() {
cout << add(5) << endl; // Output: 15
cout << add(5, 20) << endl; // Output: 25
return 0;
