American University of Ras Al Khaimah

Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering Department

Electric Circuit Analysis I (ECEN 280), Spring 2020

Homework I- Solutions

1. Given v(t)= 10 V and i(t) is shown in Fig.1 across a certain electrical element.
a. Determine and sketch the power p(t) and the energy w(t) absorbed by the device as a
function of t.
b. What is the total energy w(t) absorbed by the element by the end of 4 sec?

Fig. 1 Current i(t) through element.

Solution:

(a) p(t), w(t)

The power p(t) and the energy w(t) are given by

20 W, 0 ≤ t < 2 sec

=
p (t ) v=
(t )i (t ) 
−20 W, 2 ≤ t < 4 sec

t
w(t ) = ∫
t =0
p (t )dt

Case 1, 0 ≤ t< 2

t t
t
∫ ∫
w(t )=
=t 0=t 0
20 dt = 20t
0
p (t )dt=
= 20(t − 0)= 20t

Case 1, 2 ≤ t< 4

t 2 t
=t 2= t t
w(t ) =
=t 0
∫ p (t )dt =
=t 0=t 2
∫ 20dt − ∫ 20dt=
= 20t− 20t
0=t t 2
= 20(2 − 0) − 20(t − 2) = 40 − 20t + 40 = 80 − 20t

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 20 t J, 0 ≤ t < 2 sec
Therefore, w(t ) = 
80 − 20t J, 2 ≤ t < 4 sec

The graph of p(t) and w(t) is given below

(b) energy w(t) absorbed by the element by the end of 4 sec. From the graph for w(t) w(4
sec)= 0 J.

2. Given the circuit in Fig. 2,

a. Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by each element
b. Calculate the voltage V0 from the law conservation of energy relation and using the
results of part (a).

Fig.2. Circuit for Problem 2

Solution:

(a) Power of each element:

• Supplied power by 30 V independent source: Ps1 =30(−6) =−180 W

• Absorbed power by 12 V element: = = 72 W
P12 12(6)

• Absorbed power by the top 28 V element: = = 56 W

P28t 28(2)
• Absorbed power by the bottom 28 V element: = = 28 W
P28b 28(1)

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 • Supplied power by dependent source: Ps 2 =5 I 0 (−3) =5(2)(−3) =−30 W
• Absorbed power by the element with voltage is V0: =
PV0 V=
0 (3) 3V0 W

∑ P =0 ⇒ P
i
i s1 + P12 + P28t + P28b + Ps 2 + PV0 =0 ⇒ −180 + 72 + 56 + 28 + −30 + PV0 =0

⇒ −54 + PV0 = 0 ⇒ PV0 = 54 W

(b) Calculate the voltage V0

PV0 = 3V0 = 54 W ⇒ V0 = 18 V

3. Use Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law( KVL) for the
circuit shown in Fig. 3, find
c. The currents i1, i2 and i3
d. The voltages v1 , v2 , and v3

loop 1
loop 2

Fig.3. Circuit for Problem 3

Solution:

(a)

• Applying KCL at node a: i1 − i2 − i3 = 0 ⇒ i1 = i2 + i3 (i )

• Applying KVL around loop 1:

−10 + v1 + v2 =0 ⇒ v1 + v2 =10; v1 =2i1 ; v2 =8i2

⇒ 2i1 + 8i2 =
10 (ii )

• Applying KVL around loop 2:

−v2 + v3 − 6 = 0 ⇒ v3 − v2 = 6; v3 = 4i3 = 4(i1 − i2 );

⇒ 4(i1 − i2 ) − 8i2= 6 ⇒⇒ 4i1 − 12i2= 6 (iii )

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 Combining (ii) & (iii) simultaneously

−2 × 2i1 + 8i2 =
10

+ 4i1 − 12i2 = 6
− 28i2 =−14 ⇒ i2 =
14 / 28 =0.5 A

2i1 + 8i2 = 10 ⇒ i1 = (10 − 8i2 ) / 2 = (10 − 4) / 2 = 3 A

i1 = i2 + i3 ⇒ i3 = i1 − i2 = 3 − 0.5 = 2.5 A

(b) The voltages

=
v1 2= = 6 V; v=
i1 2(3) 2 8= = 4 V;
i2 8(0.5) v=
3 4= = 10 V
i3 4(2.5)

4. Obtain the equivalent resistance, Req, using Y-∆ transformation for the circuit shown in Fig. 4 and
use it to find the current I0 supplied by the source voltage, Vs.

I0 R=
2 50 Ω
a

R=
3 50 Ω =
R6 200 Ω
Vs = 100 V
+
- =
R1 100 Ω =
R5 100 Ω
+
b c

R=
4 50 Ω =
R7 100 Ω

e
d =
R8 100 Ω
Req

Fig.4. Circuit for Problem 4

Solution:

Consider the Y to ∆ transformation for the Y connected resistors (R3, R4 and R5) in the Y-
connection with nodes a, d, c. The ∆-transformation gives the resistors Rab, Rad and Rbd as shown
in the figure with red—colored resistors.

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 I0 R=
2 50 Ω
a

Rad
R= 50 Ω
+
3
=
R6 200 Ω
Vs = 100 V
- =
R5 100 Ω
+ Rab
=
R1 100 Ω c d
R= 50 Ω
Rbd =
R7 100 Ω
4

e
b =
R8 100 Ω

R3 R4 + R4 R5 + R3 R5 50 × 50 + 50 × 100 + 50 × 100 2500 + 5000 + 5000 12500

R=
ab = = = = 125 Ω
R5 100 100 100

R3 R4 + R4 R5 + R3 R5 50 × 50 + 50 × 100 + 50 × 100 2500 + 5000 + 5000 12500

R=
ad = = = = 250 Ω
R4 50 50 50

R3 R4 + R4 R5 + R3 R5 50 × 50 + 50 × 100 + 50 × 100 2500 + 5000 + 5000 12500

R=
bd = = = = 250 Ω
R3 50 50 50

After the ∆ transformation the figure is redrawn as follows with R7 and R8 in series giving the R9=
R7+R8=100+100 =200 Ω resistor.

I0 R=
2 50 Ω
a

R=
ad 250 Ω

=
R6 200 Ω
Vs = 100 V
+
- R= 125 Ω
+ ab

=
R1 100 Ω
d

R=
bd 250 Ω

b =
R9 200 Ω

Now, it is easy to determine the equivalent resistance, Req. Rad is in parallel with R6, Rbd is in
parallel with R9.

Rad R6 250 × 200 50000

Rad /=
/ R6 = = = 111.11
= Ω Rbd / / R9
( Rad + R6 ) 450 450

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 I0 a
R=
2 50 Ω

Rad =
/ / R6 111.11Ω
Vs = 100 V
+
- R= 125 Ω
+ ab

d
=
R1 100 Ω

Rbd=
/ / R9 111..11 Ω

Now, it is easy to determine the equivalent resistance, Req. Rad is in parallel with R6, Rbd is in
parallel with R9.
R=
eq R1 / /( R2 + ( Rab / /( Rad / / R6 + Rbd / / R9 )))
= (100Ω / /(50Ω + (125 Ω / /(111.11 + 111.11)))
 125 × 222.22  100 × 130 13000
= 100Ω / /(50 Ω +  =) 100Ω / /(50 Ω + 80Ω=
) 100Ω / /130 Ω
= = = 56.52Ω
 125 + 222.22  100 + 130 230
Therefore, the current I0 supplied by the source is
Vs 100 V
=
I0 = = 1.77 A
Req 56.52 Ω

5. In the circuit shown in Fig. 5, determine vx and the power absorbed by the 12 Ω resistor.

6Ω

Fig. 5. Circuit for Problem 5

Solution

First we can find the equivalent circuit to the left of the voltage vx as shown.

3× 6 8 × 12 6×6
Req =(4 + 3 / /6) / /(1.2 + 8 / /12) =(4 + ) / /(1.2 + ) =(4 + 2) / /(1.2 + 4.8) =6 / /6 = =Ω
3
(3 + 6) (8 + 12) (6 + 6)

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 6Ω Req = 3Ω

By current division, the current ix is

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ix =
20 × =
12 A
(6 + 4)
=
vx 1(=
ix ) 12 V

The voltage across Req is veq = Req (ix ) = 3Ω × 12 A=36 V

By voltage division, the voltage across the 12 Ω resistor is

8 / /12 4.8
v12 =
veq × =
36 × =
28.8Ω
(1.2 + 8 / /12) (1.2 + 4.8)
Therefore, the power absorbed by the 12Ω resistor is

v12 2 (28.8) 2
=
p12 = = 69.12 W
12 12

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