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Weight of the vehicle

Dry weight
This is the weight of the vehicle without oil grease, water and fuel, when it is
transported by ship or huge truck.
Kerb Weight
It is the sum of dry weight and weight of the fuel ,oil water and grease. It is also
called as unladden weight (ULW)
Normal laden Weight(NLW)
It is the sum of the kerb weight and pay load. Pay load is the sum of
weight of the passengers and luggage for every vehicles NLW is termed as gross
vehicle weight(GVW)

Displacement Capacity of Engine

It is base don the Engine displacement is as follows
Class of Vehicle Engine Acceleration Max Permissible
Displacement (CC) m/s speed
Kmph

Small cars 800-1000 0.73-0.9 110-115

Small Medium 1000-1200 0.9-1.05 115-130

cars
Medium Cars 1200-1500 1.05-1.2 130

Medium Large 1500-2000 1.05-1.2 130-160

Cars
Largre Cars 2500-3000 1.05-1.5 160-190

Luxury cars 3000-4000 1.0-1.5 190-200

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Engine Power (BHP)

Horse power required for propulsion of vehicle:

The motion of the vehicle in forward direction is restricted by
aerodynamic forces known as air resistances, road resistance .In
additional gradient resistance when the vehicle .Because the weight of
the vehicle is carried over as vertical distance.
Therefore HP depends on the total resistance and forward speed of the
vehicle.

Vehicle resistance
• Air resistance
Whenever the body is moving it has certain amount of resistance due to air.
The resistance offered by the air to the movement of vehicle is called air
resistance. It depends on the following.
• Density of medium (air)
• Size and shape of the vehicle body (A)
• Aerodynamic drag co-efficient (C)
• Velocity of the vehicle (V)
• Acceleration due to gravity (g)

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Air resistance

• Formula
Ra=CρAV2/2g

Ra= KaAV2

Where
C = Coefficient of drag=0.45
Ka = C ρ /2g - Aerodynamic constant
For Small Cars - Ka=0.0032
A=Projected frontal area in m2

Vehicle resistance

• For small cars

Kerb Weight = 750-900 kg
Pay load = 250-300 kg
Frontal area = 1.7-1.9 m2
Max speed = 110-115 kmph

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Vehicle resistance
• Value of Ka :
• perfectly streamlined body=0.0
• Early passenger car s=0.00526 to 0.0015
• For modern passenger car =0.0032
• Racing cars=0.00245
• Trucks=0.0047
• Double tucker bus=0.006

Vehicle resistance

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Vehicle resistance
Air Resistance(Ra)
80

70

60

50

40
Air Resistance(Ra)

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Rolling resistance (Rr) or Road resistance

• It is the resistance offered by the road surfaces to move the vehicle

is called road resistance. It depends on the following
• Nature of road surfaces
• Type of tyre (parametric or solid Rubber)
• Weight of the vehicle
• Vehicle speed

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Rolling resistance (Rr)

Rr = (a+bV)W Kgf
Where
a = 7.6
b = 0.05625
V = vehicle speed in kmph
W = NLW or GLW in tons

Rolling Resistance
18

16

14

12

10

Rolling Resistance
8

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

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Value of Rr:
 Rail road = 4.55 Kgf
 Asphalt road =6.82
 Wood paring =13.64
 Granite =15.91
 Well rolled gravel = 25.91
 Hard dry clay =45.5
 Sand road =163.65
 Loose sand road =254.55 Kgf

Vehicle resistance
Gradient Resistance(Rg)
• The resistance offered by a grade to move up a vehicle is called as
gradient resistance.
• It depends on
• Weight of the vehicle
• The gradient of the slope

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Gradient Resistance(Rg)

Where

θ= angle of Slope
W=GVW/NLW in kg

Total Resistance(Rt)

It is the sum of all resistance (ie) air resistance, rolling resistance&

gradient resistance

Total resistance RT =Ra+Rr+Rg Gradient road

RT =Ra+Rr level

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Assumption Made

Kerb Weight = (750-900 Kg)= 870 Kg

Pay load = (250-300 Kg)= 273 Kg

GVW or NLW = Kerb+ Pay load

= 870+273
= 1143 kg
Maximum vehicle speed = (110-115 Kmph)
= 113
Frontal area(1.7-1.9 m2) = 1.7 m2

Vehicle Acceleration

• Assume maximum acceleration from vehicle data it is (0.9-1.05) for the

vehicle which is having maximum vehicle speed 113 kmph the maximum
acceleration always occurs at 1/3 of the maximum vehicle speed.
• The acceleration of the vehicle at maximum force is Zero. Now using this
concept draw a smooth curve as shown in the figure.

• Now find the acceleration for different vehicle speed from the above curve. The
excess driving Force.

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POWER and MEP

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Thermal Efficiency

Fuel consumption
ISFC = 60wf/IP = 3600/ (HV* Ƞi )
BSFC = 60wf/BP = 3600/ HV* Ƞb )
Mechanical Efficiency Ƞm
Ƞm = BP/IP (or BP / (BP + FP )) = BMEP/IMEP
1. Friction loss in piston, bearing etc..7 to 10 %
2. Ventilating action of the flywheel 1 to 3%
3. The work of charging absorbed 2 to 6 %
4. Power absorbed by the different auxiliaries 1 to 9 %
Volumetric Efficiency Ƞv
Ƞv = Actual air capacity / Ideal air capacity

Ƞv =

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Scavenging Efficiency Ƞs

Ƞs =

mr = mass of charge retained in the cylinder, kg

Vd = displacement volume in m3
Vc = clearance volume in m3
Efficiency ratio or Relative Ƞs
Indicated relative efficiency =

Brake relative efficiency =

PERFORMANCE CURVE
• It is used for designating the relationship between power, speed and
fuel consumption.
• In variable speed engines the rated power at a particular speed does
not provide enough information. So performance curves help to obtain
necessary information.

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V 8 multiple carburater automotive petrol with 7*10-3 m3 CI engine having 6 cylinders and Compression ratio 15:1 – 50
displacement engine cetane fuel

Factors affecting the engine performance

• The working media is not air but mixture of air and fuel in case of actual engine
• The chemical composition of working media changes during combustion
• The process of combustion never at constant volume or at constant pressure
• The process of compression and expansion are not adiabatic
• The specific heat of gases of working media vary considerably with temperature
• The combustion maybe incomplete
• The residual gases changes the composition, temperature and actual amount of fresh
charge
• The amount of fresh charge is decreased due to pumping losses.

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Factors affecting the engine performance

• Heat transfer
• Duration of combustion of the charge
• Temperature of the combustion
• Speed of the engine
• Shape of the combustion space
• Size of the cylinder
• Ignition and Injection timing
• Residual gas
• Valve resistance

Conti…

• Valve timing
• Combustion Time
• Incomplete combustion
• Atmospheric condition
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Humidity

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1. The following were noted for a 4-cylinder, 4-Stroke engine.

Diameter = 101 mm
Stoke = 114 mm
Speed = 1600 rpm
Fuel consumption = 0.204 kg/min
Heating value of fuel = 41800 kj/kg
Difference in tension
on either side of the
Brake pulley = 378 N
Brake circumference = 3.35 m
Assume a mechanical = 83.00%
Efficiency

Calculate
a. BTH
b. ITH
c. MEP of cylinder
d. Petrol consumption per bkWh

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a. BTH = 23.7%
b. ITH = 28.5%
c. MEP of cylinder = 835.75kpa
d. Petrol consumption
per bkWh = 0.36kg/bkWh

2.A 4 cylinder petrol engine has an output of 51.5kw BP at 2000rpm. A morse

test was carried out and brake torque reading were 176.3, 169.5, 166.8 and
173.6Nm respectively. For the normal reading at the speed of SFC is
0.37kg/bkWh. The LHV of the fuel is 43900Kj/kg. Cal. The mechanical
eeficiency and ITH of the engine.

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BP Developed cylinder no 1 =

BP Developed cylinder no 1 = 36.9kw

BP Developed cylinder no 2 =

BP Developed cylinder no 2 = 35.5kw

BP Developed cylinder no 3 =

BP Developed cylinder no 3 =34.9kw

BP Developed cylinder no 4 =

BP Developed cylinder no 4 = 36.5kw

IP developed of the no 1 cylinder = 51.5-36.9
IP developed of the no 1 cylinder = 14.6kw
IP developed of the no 2 cylinder = 51.5-335.5
IP developed of the no 2 cylinder = 16.0kw

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IP developed of the no 3 cylinder = 51.5-34.9

IP developed of the no 3 cylinder = 16.6kw
IP developed of the no 4 cylinder = 51.5-36.5
IP developed of the no 4 cylinder = 15.0kw
Total IP Power = 62.2kw

Mechanical efficiency =
Mechanical efficiency = 82.8%

Indicated thermal efficiency =

Indicated thermal efficiency = 23.0%

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3. In a trail on 4 cylinder , 4s petrol engine engine of 101.6mm bore, and

127mm stroke, the net dynamometer load was 183 N at radius of 508mm
when the speed was 2500rpm. At the speed and throttle open the engine
required 4.6kw to motor which ignition switched off.
a.Cal. The mechanical efficiency and IMP
b.During a 3 min run at speed and power, the engine used 0.598kg of petrol
engine heating value 45310kj/kg and 22.68 of cooling water with the temp.
rise of 55.5k and 4.18pa.
Exhaust heat output 5818.2kj
Draw a heat balance chart of the test.

4. A 4 cylinder 4 stroke engine ci engine has a bore of 102mm, a stroke of 127mm

and develop 46kw BP @ 1800rpm. During a test lasting 15min at 1800 rpm 2.78
kg of fuel of heating values 45600 kj/kg were used. The air fuel ratio chemically
correct combustion is 14.8 and volumetric efficiency referred to air contains of
specific volume 0.805m3/kg is 80%. Det. The BTH and percent of available air
used for the combustion.

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5. Its assumed that the automobile engine can operate at the thermal
efficiency of 22% when operating condition are follows.
Volumetric efficiency of 80%, mechanical efficiency 82%, heating values
of petrol 46400kj/kg, theoretical air required per kg of petrol 14.5; excess
of air 25%; petrol vapor as the density has the twice the density of air and
the mixture at the end suction stroke is at pressure of 8.24*104 and temp.
of 333k. Gas constant for air is 287.14J/kgK.
Find the cylinder dimension of the 6-cylinder engine at the above condition
when the engine develops its rated power of 66kw at speed of 4200 rpm.
Assume the stroke 25% greater then the diameter of mm.

Volume of air supplied per minute at intake conditions,

Va = 9.94m3

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Density of petrol vapour,

Volume of petrol vapour present in the mixture

supplied/min,

Total swept
volume /min=

Vs = 12370.02 D3 mm3/min
D is in mm.

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Road performance curves:

Acceleration, Gradability and
Drawbar pull

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Gradability

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6. Its assumed that the automobile engine can operate at the thermal
efficiency of 26% when operating condition are follows.
Volumetric efficiency of 80%, mechanical efficiency 82%, heating values of
petrol 46400kj/kg, theoretical air required per kg of petrol 14.5; excess of air
25%; petrol vapor as the density has the twice the density of air and the
mixture at the end suction stroke is at pressure of 8.24*104 n/m2 and temp. of
344k. Gas constant for air is 287.14J/kgK.
Find the cylinder dimension of the 6-cylinder engine at the above condition
when the engine develops its rated power of 66kw at speed of 4200 rpm.
Assume the stroke 25% greater then the diameter of mm.

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AT 6503
VEHICLE DESIGN AND DATA
CHARACTERISTICS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Assumptions to be made in designing a vehicle, Range of values for Gross
Vehicle Weight, Frontal Area, maximum speed, maximum acceleration,
gradability in different gears, Basics of Automobile
Design.
UNIT II RESISTANCE TO VEHICLE MOTION
Calculation, Tabulation and Plotting of Curves for Air and Rolling
Resistances at various vehicle speeds, Calculation and Plotting of Driving
force, Power requirement for different loads and acceleration, Maximum
Power calculation.

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UNIT III PERFORMANCE CURVES – I

Calculation, Tabulation and Plotting of Torque and Mechanical Efficiency for
different vehicle speeds, Interpolation of Pressure – Volume diagram, Calculation
of frictional Mean Effective Pressure, Calculation of Engine Cubic Capacity,
Bore and Stroke Length.
UNIT IV PERFORMANCE CURVES – II
Connecting rod length to Crank Radius Ratio, Plotting of Piston Velocity and
Acceleration against Crank Angle, Plotting Gas force, inertia force and Resultant
force against Crank Angle, Turning Moment and Side Thrust against Crank
Angle.
UNIT V GEAR RATIOS
Determination of Gear Ratios, Acceleration and Gradability, Typical Problems on
Vehicle performance

TEXT BOOKS
1. Giri. N. K., "Automotive Mechanics", Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.
2. Heldt, P.M., "High Speed Combustion Engines", Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing
Co., Kolkata,
2002.
REFERENCE:
1. Gupta. R.B., "Automobile Engineering", Sathya Prakashan, 8 edu., 2013.

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UNIT II RESISTANCE TO
VEHICLE MOTION

Power for propulsion

• The motion of a vehicle moving on a road is resisted by aerodynamic forces,

known as wind air resistance, and road resistance, which is generally termed as
rolling resistance.
• In addition these two types of resistances, the vehicle has to overcome grade
resistance when it moves ace a gradient, because the weight of the vehicle is to be
lifted through a vertical distance.
• The power required to propel a vehicle is proportional to the total resistance to its
motion and the speed.

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Cont..

Let,
• Pv = power required by the vehicle, kW,
• PR = engine power required, kW,
• V = speed of the vehicle, km/h,
• ƞt = transmission or drive line efficiency,
• R = Total resistance, N,
• Ra = Air resistance, N,
• Rr = Rolling resistance, N,
• Rg = Grade resistance, N.

Cont..

• Therefore, power required to propel a vehicle is given as follows.

R = (Ra + Rr) when vehicle along a level road

R = (Ra+ Rr + Rg) when vehicle moves up a gradient.

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Cont..

• The calculation of engine power takes into account the losses in transmission.
Hence required engine power.

Resistance to motion
Air resistance
Rolling resistance
Gradient resistance.

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Explanation about the resistance to motion

• The total resistance to the motion of a vehicle is the sum of three resistance namely Air
resistance, Rolling resistance, Gradient resistance.
• It is thus composed of two parts that are independent of the speed of the vehicle -
Rolling resistance, Gradient resistance & one part that is dependent on speed Air
resistance.
• A curve of total resistance against speed is therefore obtained by shifting the curve of
fig 1 up vertically by the amount of the rolling & gradient resistance as shown in fig 2.
• Thus when the speed is OS kmph,
• the total resistance SP,
• It is composed of rolling resistance SR + gradient resistance RQ + air resistance QP.

Vehicle resistance
• Air resistance
• when ever the body is moving it has certain amount of resistance due to air. The
resistance offered by the air to the movement of vehicle is called air resistance. It
depends on the following.
• Density of medium (air)
• Size and shape of the vehicle body (A)
• Aerodynamic drag co-efficient (C)
• Velocity of the vehicle (V)
• Acceleration due to gravity (g)

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Cont..

• Air resistance

Where
A = projected frontal area, m2
V = speed of the vehicle, Km/hr
Ka = coefficient of air resistance
= 0.023 for best streamlined cars
= 0.031 for average cars
= 0.045 for trucks and Lorries

Cont..

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Cont..

Air Resistance(Ra)
80

70

60

50

40
Air Resistance(Ra)

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Cont..

Rolling resistance (Rr) or Road resistance

• It is the resistance offered by the road surfaces to move the vehicle

is called road resistance. It depends on the following
• Nature of road surfaces
• Type of tyre (parametric or solid Rubber)
• Weight of the vehicle
• Vehicle speed

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Cont..

Rolling resistance (Rr)

Where
a = 7.6
b = 0.05625
V = vehicle speed in kmph
W = NLW or GLW in tons

Rolling Resistance
18

16

14

12

10

Rolling Resistance
8

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

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Cont..

Value of Rr:
• Rail road =4.55 Kgf
• Asphalt road =6.82
• Wood paring =13.64
• Granite =15.91
• Well rolled gravel = 25.91
• Hard dry clay =45.5
• Sand road =163.65
• Loose sand road =254.55

Vehicle resistance
Gradient Resistance(Rg)
• The resistance offered by a grade to move up a vehicle is called as
gradient resistance.
• It depends on
• Weight of the vehicle
• The gradient of the slope

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Cont..
Gradient Resistance(Rg)

Cont..

Grade Resistance
• The component of the weight of the vehicle parallel to the gradient or the slope on
which it moves is termed as 'grade resistance'.
• Thus it depends upon the steepness of the grade. If the gradient is expressed as 1
in 5, it means that for every 5 meters the vehicle moves, it is lifted up by 1 meter.
Hence, grade resistance is expressed as.
• Rg =W sin θ, where
• W = total weight of the vehicle, N, and
• θ = inclination of the slope to the horizontal.
• Percentage grade = tan θ x 100, but small values of θ, tan θ= sin θ

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Total Resistance(Rt)

Rtotal = Ra + Rr + Rg ( gradient road)

Rtotal = Ra + Rr ( level road)

Traction and Tractive Effort

• The force available at the contact between the drive wheel tyres and road is
known as `tractive effort'.
• The ability of the drive wheels to transmit this effort without slipping is
known as 'traction'.
• Hence usable tractive effort never exceeds traction. The tractive effort relate
to engine power as follows.
• Engine torque

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Cont..

Torque at drive wheels,

• Tractive effort

Torque at drive wheels

Where,
PE = engine BP, kW,
TE = mean engine torque, Nm,
ƞt = overall transmission efficiency,
g.r. = gearbox gear ratio,
a.r. = axle ratio,
G = overall gear ratio = (g.r x a.r.),
r = radius of tyre, m, and
N = rpm of crankshaft.

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Torque at drive wheels

• When the tractive effort F > R, the total resistance on level road, the
surplus tractive effort is utilized for acceleration, hill climbing and
draw-bar pull.

Cont..

Relation between Engine Speed (N) and Vehicle (V)

The actual relation is:

N=Engine Speed

V=Vehicle Speed

G=Gear Ratio

Rw=wheel radius

r=Final Drive Reduction

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Derivation

Let N=Engine Speed in rpm

V=Vehicle Speed in kmph

Circumference of Wheel = 2πRw

N = speed of wheel after reduction is engine speed

Equating 1&2

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Road performance curves:

Acceleration, Gradability and
Drawbar pull

ROAD PERFORMANCE CURVES

• Acceleration, Gradability and Drawbar Pull Passenger car performance is
based on acceleration, ability to go up a slope, top speed, fuel economy,
noise level and durability.
• Transmission gearing is designed to provide maximum acceleration at low
speed by holding the driving wheel torque output at the point of impending
wheel spin.
• As wheel spin occurs, the acceleration decreases from the maximum.
• Also the gear is designed for maximum fuel economy when the engine is
developing 80% of its maximum torque as the automobile is moving at a
constant speed.
• This gives 20% additional torque for acceleration.

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Conti…

• The power required to drive an automobile increases as the cube of the

speed, i.e. it takes eight times the power to double the speed.
• When the power available matches the power required to push the vehicle,
the speed becomes constant.
• Excess power is required for acceleration and hill climbing.
• Maximum speed is reached when there is no excess power remaining.

Conti…

• At any speed, the difference of ordinates of power available and power

required by vehicle gives the surplus power, which can be utilized
either for acceleration or for drawbar pull or for hill climbing.
• Or else the surplus power may be shared by all the three items as and
when required.
• the power available as indicated can be converted into tractive effort.

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Conti…

• Hence tractive effort performance curves for four gear ratios can be
plotted against road speed in fig.
• In this figure a road resistance curve is also presented.
• The difference between the ordinates of tractive effort and road
resistance at any road speed gives the surplus tractive effort, which is
utilized for acceleration, drawbar pull and hill climbing.

Road Performance Curves

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ACCELERATION

• When the vehicle is accelerated, its rotating parts are also accelerated
depending upon their moments of inertia and the gear ratio in the drive
line.
• Due to this, weight of vehicle is increased from W to WE.
• This increased weight, WE is called the 'effective or equivalent weight'
of the vehicle.
• When surplus power, i.e. surplus tractive effort is fully utilized for
acceleration.

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ACCELERATION

PE = engine BP, kW, Pv = power required by the vehicle, kW,

PR = engine power required, kW,

GRADABILITY
The maximum percentage grade, which a vehicle can negotiate with full rated
condition, is known as `gradability'.

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DRAWBAR PULL.

• When the excess power is fully utilized for pulling extra load attached
to vehicle then,
Maximum drawbar pull = Tractive effort - Road resistance
= (F - R).
• Road resistance in this case is made up of rolling resistance and air
resistance.
• Figures show that maximum surplus power and hence maximum
surplus tractive effort is provided at very low speeds of the vehicle.
• Therefore, for acceleration from start, for climbing steeper gradient
and for large drawbar pull, first gear is best suited.

Cont…

1.Excess Driving force(EDF)

It is the force present in the road wheel after overcome the total reistance which tends
to move the vehicle

EDF = (W/g) X (a/Ka) Kgf F = mXaKgf

W = gross vehicle weight kgf

A = Accerleration m/sec2

Ka = Acc constant

DF = Rt+EDF Kgf

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Cont…

Value of Ka 4-speed gear box 3-speed gear box

Top gear 0.9 0.9
III Gear 0.87 --
II Gear 0.85 0.85
I Gear 0.80 0.80

2.Driving Force DF

It is the force required as total force available at the vehicle road wheel. It is the
algebraic sum of excessive driving force and total resistance

DF = Rt+EDF Kgf

Power required by the vehicle

1.Driving Horse power(DHP)

It is the power present in the road Wheel. The driving horse power at the road wheel
is proportional to total resistances(Rt) and EDF

DHP = DFXV kgf.km/hr

= (DFXVX1000)/(60X60) kgf.m/s

DHP = (DFXVX1000)/(60X60)X1/75 hp

=(DFXV)/270

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Cont..

2.Brake Horse Power (BhP)

Brake horse power is defined ass the power available at the output shaft of the
engine
BHP=1.1XDHP HP

3.Indicated Horse Power

The power developed inside the engine cylinder is called indicated horse power

IHP = 1.1XBHP Hp

EX.1

Calculation of Excess Driving Force (EDF), Driving force(DF), Driving

horse power(DHP), Brake horse power(BHP)

Note: To convert Kgfm/s into horse power then multiply by 1/75

1.EDF = (W/g)X(a/Ka) F=mXaKgf

2.DF = Rt+EDFKgf

Power = rate of doing work= Work/Time

Speed in Km/h
Power = ForceXVelocity F=Ma
Velocity of vehicle m/s

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1.Driving Horse power(DHP)

It is the power present in the road Wheel.

DHP = DFXV kgf.km/hr

= (DFXVX1000)/(60X60) kgf.m/s

DHP = (DFXVX1000)/(60X60)X1/75 hp

=(DFXV)/270

BHP = 1.1XDHP HP
IHP = 1.1XBHP Hp

Ex.2
Assumptions Made
1.GVW=1143 Kg
2.Acceleration=.9 m/s2 (0.8-0.9)
3.Maxium Vehicle Speed =113 kmph

Note Maximum acceleration is attained at( 1/3)rdof the vehicle speed and at maximum vehicle
speed acceleration become Zero

Step 1. Draw the acceleration curve in graph

Max Vehicle speed = 113 kmph

= 113X(1/3) = 37.66 kmph
Max accelertatyion = 0.9m/s2

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Step 2. To find the Total resistance

Total Resistance:
Rt=Ra+Rr
Ra=KaAV2 kgf
Rr=(a+bV)W kgf

Step 4
Step 3
Driving Force:
EDF=(W/g)X(a/Ka) Kgf
Df=9.5253+98.38=107.90 kgf
EDF=(1143/9.81)X(0.76/0.9)=98.38 kgf
Df=11.7+108.74=120.51 kgf
Edf=(1143/9.81)X(0.84/0.9)=108.74 kgf

Strep 5
Driving Horse Power
DHP=(107.90X10)/270=3.99 Hp
DHP=(120.51X20)=8.92 Hp

Step 6
Brake Horse Power
BHP=1.1X3.99=4.38 Hp
Bhp=1.1X8.92=9.82 HP

Step 7
IHP=101X4.38=4.818 HP
IHP=1.1X10.79=10.79 HP

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Problem 1
• The engine of a jeep is known to be able to provide 40.5kw for propulsion
purpose. In a certain application, the jeep weighing 12459 N is required to
pull a trailer of gross Weight 10673N at a speed of57.75 km/hr in top gear
on level. The resistance to motion is given by the equation R= aW+bV2,
where a = 0.016 and b= 0.055.
• Find out if the jeep is adequate for the job, If the transmission efficiency is
90%

Problem 2
• The coefficient of rolling resistance for a truck weighing 62293.5 N is 0.018 and the coefficient of
air resistance is 0.0276 in the formula R = KW + Ka AV2, N, where A is m2 of frontal area and V
the speed in km / h.
• The transmission efficiency in top gear of 6.2 : 1 is 90% and that in the second gear of
15 : 1 is 80%.
• The frontal area is 5.574 m2. If the truck has to have a maximum speed of 88 km/ h in top gear.
Calculate:
(i) The engine BP required;
(ii) The engine speed if the driving wheels have an effective diameter of 0.8125 m;
(iii) The maximum grade the truck can negotiate at the above engine speed in second gear; and
(iv) The maximum drawbar pull available on level at the above engine speed in second gear.

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Cont..
Solution.
i) BP
In top gear :
R = KW + Ka AV2
R = 0.018 W + 0.0276 AV2
= 0.018 x 62293.5 + 0.0276 x 5.574 (88)2
=1120.3 + 1191.4 = 2312.7 N.

BP = 62.8 Kw

Cont..
ii) Engine speed

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iii) Maximum grade in Second gear

Total resistance R = 0.018 x 62293.5 + 0.0276 x 5.574 (36.4)2

= 1121.3 + 203.8 = 1325.1 N.
Assuming that the vehicle can climb the maximum grade of 1 in X, then

R = 1325.1 + (62293.5/X), N.

Total Resistance = Tractive Effort

1325.1 + 62293.5/X = 4968.8.

62293.5/X = 4968.8-1325.1 = 3643.7.

X = 62293.5/3643.7

= 17.1

Hence maximum grade is 1 in 17.1. Ans.

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Cont..
(iv) Maximum drawbar pull on level road
= Tractive effort available - Tractive effort for resistance on
level
= 4968.8 - 1325.1
= 3643.7 N. Ans.

Problem 3
• A truck weighs 100111 N and the engine develops 97 kW at 2400
rpm. The transmission efficiency is 90% in top gear of 3.4:1 and 85%
in third gear of 8.4:1. The performance of the vehicle is such that it
will just reach a speed of 86.8 km/hr at 2400 rpm at wide open
throttle when running on the level in still air, and at the same engine
speed in third gear it will just climb a gradient of 1 in 14. If the total
resistance in N is given by the formula.
R = KW + Ka AV2 + W sin θ
• where A is in m2; V in. km/hr and W in N, calculate K and Ka and
hence the engine power required for climbing a grade of 1 in 40 at 48
km /h in top gear. How much more weight can be added the vehicle
to use the engine power fully under the above condition. Front area
of truck = 5.575 m2.

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Cont..
Solution.
In the top gear on the level road with V = 86.8 km/hr
We have tractive effort

= 3621 N

Cont..
 Since whole tractive effort has be utilized to overcome resistance,
then
F = R = KW + Ka AV2

3621 = K x 100111 + Ka x 5. 575 x 86.82

3621 = 100111 K + 42003. 38 Ka (i)

 In third gear with the same engine speed

V = 35.1 km/hr

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Cont..
In third gear it will just climb a gradient of 1 in 14 at 35.1 km/hr
We have tractive effort

= 8456. 4 N

Cont..
• This tractive effort has been utilized to overcome the grade of 1
in 14 at 35.1 km/h
• Hence, F = R = KW + Ka AV2 + W / X
• 8456.4 = 100111 K + Ka x 5.575(35.1) 2 + 100111/14.
• 1305.6 = 100111 K + 6868.45 Ka. (ii)
• Subtracting eq. (ii) from (i), gives
3621 = 100111 K + 42003.38 Ka. (i)
1305.6 = 100111 K + 6868.45 Ka. (ii)
Ka = 0.0659
Substituting the value of Ka either in eq. (ii) or (i)
K = 0.00852

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Cont..
• Hence, R = 0.00852 W + 0.0659 AV2 + W sin θ
• Total resistance in climbing the grade of 1 in 40 at 48 km/h in
top gear,
• R = KW + Ka AV2 + W / X
• R = 0.00852 x 100111 + 0.06589 x 5.575 (48)2 + 100111/40
• = 852.9 + 846.3 + 2502.8
• = 4202 N

Cont..
 Hence the engine power is required for climbing a grade of
1 in 40 at 48 km/hr in top gear

BP = 62.25 kw

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Cont..
Hence tractive effort required for climbing a gradient of 1 in 40
at 48 km/hr in top gear
We have tractive effort

= 6547. 5 N

Cont..
• Hence tractive effort for drawbar pull = 6547.5 - 4202
= 2345.5 N.
• If W is the weight added to utilize this extra tractive effort, then
Hence, F = R = KW + Ka AV2 + W / X
2345.5 = 0.00852 W + W/40
2345.5 = (0.00852 + 0.025) W
• Therefore,
W = 2345.5/0.03352
= 69973.15 N Ans.

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