Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

MODULE
IN
EARTH SCIENCE
TITLE: ASTRONOMY
AND METEOROLOGY
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

OVERVIEW

Space is a large and exciting place, full of things we have yet to discover. Astronomy aims to
uncover the mysteries of space, something people have been fascinated with as long as they
have been on Earth.

This module starts with the question, “What is Astronomy?” Simply stated, Astronomy is the
study of the Universe. It studies virtually everything beyond our planet earth. Astronomers
classify objects into various groups based on characteristics and locations in our Universe.
Some of these classifications, such as stars, are easy to understand scientifically, other objects
are more difficult to classify, and in some instances, to entirely understand.

This module identifies the basic objects in our Solar System and those beyond, the overall
scale of the Universe, skills and tools used by astronomers, and patterns in the sky.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define astronomy as a unified system of understanding;

2. Analyze the facts of everyday astronomy, important observations and phenomena in
the sky;
3. Appreciate several theories and concepts proposed in the past which help explain
astronomical observations of the present;

PRE–ASSESSMENT

Directions: Answer the following questions by encircling the letter which

corresponds to your answer.
1. A typical galaxy, such as our Milky Way galaxy, contains how many billion stars?
It is approximately:
a. 10 billion c. 200 billion
b. 100 billion d. 900 billion
2. Elliptical, spiral, irregular are classifications of what type of astronomical systems?
a. Milky Way c. Planet
b. Galaxy d. Satellite
3. A comet’s tail points in which direction?
a. Toward the sun c. Away from the sun
b. Toward the earth d. Away from the earth
4. Which of the following statements is true for BOTH Saturn and Jupiter?
a. Both rotate faster than the Earth
b. Both rotate slower than the Earth
d. Their period of rotation are linked to their period of revolution
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

5. Heliocentric means around:

a. The Moon c. Neptune
b. The Sun d. Helium
6. Which of the following is TRUE for Retrograde Motion?
a. Caused by epicycles
b. An effect due to the projection of planet orbits onto the sky
c. An effect due to the gravitation pull of planets
d. Caused by the movement of planets
7. Which planet is usually the brightest in the sky?
a. Mercury c. Earth
b. Venus d. Saturn
8. The VISUAL “aurora” consists of luminous arcs, rays or bands in the night sky,
usually confined to high latitudes and located in the:
a. Troposphere c. Ionosphere
b. Stratosphere d. Ozonosphere
9. What is the approximate distance between the Earth and the Sun?
a. About 93,000,000 miles. c. About 83,000,000 miles
b. About 150,000,000 miles d. About 100,000,000 miles
10. What do you call the star pattern within a Constellation but is not
considered as an official Constellation?
a. Asterism c. Aster
b. Big dipper d. Astrology
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

ACTIVITY

Break the Code: ASTRONOMY

A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 E-5 F-6 G-7 H-8 I-9 J-10 K-11 L-12 M-13 N-14 0-15 P-16 Q-17 R-
18 S-19 T-20 U-21 V-22 W23 X-24 Y-25 Z-26

1. An 1-21-18-15-18-1 is a glow in a planet’s ionosphere.

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2. A 3-18-1-20-5-18 is a formation on a planet’s surface caused by a meteorite’s
impact.
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3. The earth’s atmosphere effectively blocks out most 21-12-20-18-1-22-9-1512-5-20
light.
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4. People see a 19-21-14-19-16-15-20 as a dark spot on the sun.
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5. 12-9-7-8-20 is an electromagnetic radiation that we can see.
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6. 13-5-20-5-15-18-15-9-4-19 are small rocks in space.
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7. The gravity of a 2-12-1-3-11-8-15-12-5 is so strong that light cannot escape.
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8. A 3-15-13-1 is the dust and gas surrounding the nucleus of a moving comet.
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9. 7-18-1-22-9-20-25 is a mutual physical force which attracts two bodies.
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10. An 15-18-2-9-20 is the path of an object as it moves around another object.
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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

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ANALYSIS
Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. What was your understanding of Astronomy when you were in the primary level?
How do
you explain it now to your mature self?
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2. What does it mean when they say that the universe is expanding?
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3. Is everything we see in space the past?

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

ABSTRACTION

What is Astronomy? Earth is a pretty large place, but compared to the rest of the
universe, it’s almost negligible. There’s so much space out there, and it’s filled with
billions of other things like planet, stars, and galaxies.
Astronomy is a study of virtually everything beyond the Earth. The academic
discipline includes studying planets, solar systems, stars, galaxies, comets, asteroids,
nebulae, moons and the Universe itself.
A very active part of astronomy consists of teams of astronomers looking for
exoplanets. These exoplanets are circling stars outside our solar system. Literally
hundreds of these planets have been found. Several new ones are discovered every
month. Modern astronomy relies upon technology, math and scientific method.`

Astronomy vs Astrology
Astronomy should never be confused with Astrology, which not only is not a science,
but is the belief that human events are related to the position of celestial bodies. The
distinction is this, Astronomy is the scientific study that explains why stars are where
they are, while astrology is an unfounded belief that the position of stars influences
our daily lives.

ASTRONOMY ASTROLOGY
Astronomy is the study of the celestial Astrology is the study of movement and
objects space and the universe as a position of celestial objects and their
whole supposed influence on the lives of
human beings
Astronomy is a branch of science Astrology is considered a pseudoscience
Astronomers refers to scientists who Astrologers are people who use
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

study Astronomy Astrology to predict future events

Astronomy and Cosmology

Astronomy and Cosmology are quite similar but the field of astronomy is concerned
with space and what’s in it, while cosmology is the study of the universe as a whole.
Cosmologists are interested in things like the history of the universe, its origin, and
evolution over time. So, if the universe were a pizza, cosmology would be the study
of how pizza came to be, while astronomy would be the study of the crust, sauce,
cheese, and other toppings that come on that pizza.

History of Astronomy
Astronomy is a visually – based science. The skill of careful observation is essential
to understanding and discovery. Many astronomical skills were developed as early as
5,000 years ago. Before written history began, people had noticed the
interrelationships between the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth. Observations resulted in
a rudimentary understanding of the timing of days, nights, monthly patterns of
moonlit shapes, and the seasons. Scientific reasons for these events were missing in
those years. When there were no answers for natural occurrences, observers
concluded that it was caused by actions of the gods.
Things in space are really faraway, so modern astronomers use things like telescopes
to help them see what’s going on out there. But before this time, sky viewers had to
use their own eyes to observe what was going on in space.
Astrology and its astrologers were cosmos based, religious fortune tellers and “the
god’s will” messengers. They closely studied the stars, planets, the moon and sun and
then tried to derive meaning for their movements. At times, important decisions were
timed because of the predictions put forth by these astrologers.
Some of their observations were quite helpful. They could advise when to plant and
harvest. They could determine when the next full moon night would occur. For those
who lived near coasts, they could predict tides. They learned to use star patterns for a
day and night time navigation.
This study of astrology became an important development in the history of
civilization. Skills of predicting weather patterns and seasons allowed man to time
harvests. From this, each man no longer had to just hunt.
Agriculture was developed, creating a greater food supplies which led to larger
populations and bigger developed communities. The scientific method was also
integral to the advancement of astronomical studies. Greek philosophers developed
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

this rational process of thoughts called philosophy which we now call as the process
of scientific method.

Observation, recording through pictures and writing, mapping the skies, advance
mathematics, and scientific methods are the foundations of astronomy.
When paganism declined and the influences of monotheism which is a worship of one
all-powerful god arose, astrology as a popular religion declined.
Astrology, as found today, is no longer dominant over astronomy. It is looked upon
now as a superstition that tries to tie the cosmos to fortune telling, personality traits
and daily life.

Fields of Astronomy
Modern astronomers tend to fall into two fields: the theoretical and the observational.
Observational astronomers - focus on direct study of stars, planets, galaxies, and so
forth.
Theoretical astronomers- model and analyze how systems may have evolved.

Astronomy is broken down into a number of subfields, allowing scientists to

specialize in particular objects and phenomena.
Planetary astronomers (also called planetary scientists) focus on the growth,
evolution, and death of planets. While most study the worlds inside the solar system,
some use the growing body of evidence about planets around other stars to
hypothesize what they might be like. According to the University College London,
planetary science "is a cross-discipline field including aspects of astronomy,
atmospheric science, geology, space physics, biology and chemistry."
Stellar astronomers turn their eyes to the stars, including the black holes, nebulae,
white dwarfs and supernova that survive stellar deaths. The University of California,
Los Angeles, says, "The focus of stellar astronomy is on the physical and chemical
processes that occur in the universe."
Solar astronomers spend their time analyzing a single star — our sun. According to
NASA, "The quantity and quality of light from the sun varies on time scales from
milli-seconds to billions of years." Understanding those changes can help scientists
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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

recognize how Earth is affected. The sun also helps us to understand how other stars
work, as it is the only star close enough to reveal details about its surface.

Galactic astronomers study our galaxy, the Milky Way, while extragalactic
astronomers peer outside of it to determine how these collections of stars form,
change, and die. The University of Wisconsin-Madison says, "Establishing patterns in
the distribution, composition, and physical conditions of stars and gas traces the
history of our evolving home galaxy."

The Basic of Astronomy

The basic of astronomy is knowing the common astronomical bodies or things in
space. They are the following:
Universe is the largest all inclusive things in existence arranged in an orderly or
systematic manner. The whole creation taken together from the smallest atom to the
largest galaxies. It is so vast that the more it is explode, the wider it becomes. Only
1/10 of the universe is known to man. It is believed to be expanding. Its origin and
end continues to remain a puzzle to cosmologists.
Galaxy is system of stars with different shapes. It’s the aggregate of young and olds
stars which make 90% of the galaxy. 10% of the galaxy is composed of dust and gas
clouds called nebula.
Milky Way galaxy (MWG) where the solar system and earth belong. It is called
Milky Way because it look like spilled milk. William Hershel called MWG as the
island universe. It contains 200 billion stars and believed to be 13 billion years old.
Two types of stars present in the MWG: (1) population 1 – young stars found in the
disk of the MWG; (2) population 2 – old stars composed purely of hydrogen and
helium with no heavy elements.
Galactic Clusters and Mergers. It is a collection of galaxies gravitationally bound.
Our Milky Way, for instance, is in the Local Group, a galaxy group about 10 million
light-years across that also includes the Andromeda galaxy and its satellites. The
Local Group and its neighbor galaxy cluster, the Virgo Cluster, both lie within the
larger Virgo Supercluster, a concentration of galaxies that stretches about 100 million
light-years across. The Virgo Supercluster, in turn, is a limb of Laniakea, an even
bigger supercluster of 100,000 galaxies that astronomers defined in 2014.
Stars, They are huge celestial bodies made mostly of hydrogen and helium that
produce light and heat from the churning nuclear forges inside their cores. Aside from
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

our sun, the dots of light we see in the sky are all light-years from Earth. They are the
building blocks of galaxies, of which there are billions in the universe. It’s impossible
to know how many stars exist, but astronomers estimate that in our Milky Way galaxy
alone, there are about 300 billion.

Planets. Planets are moderately large objects orbiting a star. We see planets because
they reflect the light of their central star, or in some cases, stars. Planets are generally
rocky or gaseous in nature and spherical-shaped.
A new group of objects has been recently defined: the Dwarf Planet or Plutoids. These
are objects that orbit the Sun, but have not cleared their orbit. Pluto is an example of a
dwarf planet.

Satellite. A satellite orbits a planet. These objects are also called moons. For example,
the Earth’s satellite is the MOON – a proper name.
Asteroid. An asteroid is a relatively small rocky/metallic object usually orbiting a
star.
Comet. A comet is a relatively small, icy object usually orbiting a star. Asteroids,
comets, and miscellaneous small/irregular objects and dust are often categorized as
Minor Bodies.
Solar System. The solar system is comprised of the Sun and all objects that orbit it,
including the planets and their moons.
Stellar System. A stellar system is a star and other objects such as planets and/or
other stars and materials that orbit it.

The Constellations
Early peoples told stories about the shapes and patterns they saw in the stars, like
connect-the-dots. These shapes are called Constellations. Today, astronomers
recognize 88 official Constellations. These are taken from many of the historical
constellations.
Many people throughout civilization identified patterns in the stars. For example, the
constellation we now call Orion the Hunter was seen as different shapes by different
people around the world, including:
 China : Shen, the supreme warrior
 Egypt: Orion or Osiris in Ancient Egyptian traditions
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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

 India: Skanda, a celestial General riding a peacock

ASSESSMENT
Instructions: Clearly describe basic astronomical facts and concepts and apply these
to solve problems you have encountered before. You could also form a reasoned
explanation of the phenomena you have experienced by supporting it with facts and
concepts discussed above. Write your answer below.
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

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METEOROLOGY
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

OVERVIEW

Have you ever wondered what created a typhoon that wreaked havoc on some parts of
the country? How about the gentle breeze you felt during your last beach outing with
your friends? Have you felt any fascination when you saw lightning strikes the
horizon? These are some of the phenomena that we will investigate in the world of
meteorology. The world is an ever-changing picture of naturally occurring events.
From drought and famine to devastating floods, some of the greatest challenges we
face come in the form of natural disasters created by weather. Yet dealing with
weather and climate is an inevitable part of our lives.
Sometimes it is as small as deciding what to wear for the day or how to plan a
vacation. But it can also have life-shattering consequences, especially for those who
are victims of a hurricane or a tornado. Weather has always been front-page news, but
in recent years, extreme weather seems to receive an ever-increasing amount of
coverage. From the destruction wrought by extreme storms to the quiet, but no less
devastating, impacts of severe drought, weather has enormous impact on our lives.
The longer-term challenges of an evolving climate also demand our attention, whether
it be rising sea levels, record global temperatures, intensified downpours, or the
retreat of Arctic sea ice. Thanks in part to the rise of social media, more people than
ever are sharing their weather-related observations, impressions, and photographs
with the world at large.
For these and many other reasons, interest in meteorology (the study of the
atmosphere) continues to grow. One of the reasons that meteorology is such an
engaging science to study is that the atmosphere is a universally accessible laboratory
for everyone. Although the atmosphere will always provide challenges for us, as
research and technology advance, our ability to understand and predict our
atmosphere improves as well. This chapter will help you develop your own personal
understanding and appreciation of our planet’s dynamic, spectacular atmosphere.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe what meteorology is and be familiarized with its branches;

2. Explain the importance of meteorology in understanding Earth's weather and
climate.
3. Appreciate the role of meteorologists in disaster preparedness and mitigation.

PRE–ASSESSMENT

Directions: Answer the following questions by encircling the letter which

corresponds to your answer.
1. What branch of meteorology that specializes on how mountain ranges can exert
influence on prevailing local weather patterns?
a. climatology c. geobiology
b. barometry d. topoclimatology
2. Meteorology is a broad discipline resulting to varied subdisciplines. Which of these
subdisciplines can explain why snow can form over a tropical country like the
Philippines?
a. aeronomy c. bioclimatology
b. hydrometeorology d. barometry
3. A tornado forms when warm, humid air collides with cold, dry air. In what scale of
meteorology does this weather phenomenon belong?
a. microscale c. synoptic scale
b. mesoscale d. global scale
3. Why does air gradually rises as it nears the equator inside a Hadley cell?
a. Air becomes denser as it approaches the equatorial plane.
b. Air is pushed outwards as a side effect of the rotation of Earth.
c. Air warms up and decreases in density.
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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

d. Air warms up and becomes denser.

5. why do tropical countries experience higher humidity than countries far from the
equator? a. Tropical climate warms the air, therefore making it less dense.
b. Low air pressure allows the formation of water vapors on the air.
c. High air pressure inhibits the formation of water vapor on the air.
d. High pressure pushes air in a downward motion, thus, allowing air to gather more
moisture.

True or False
Directions: Write veracious if the statement is correct, and fallacious if the statement
is false. Write your answer on the space provided.
_________ 1. Qualitative tests are highly favored in conducting tests for a hypothesis
by meteorologists.
_________ 2. Rainbow formation is a meteorological phenomenon and is linked to
global scale meteorology.
_________ 3. Meteorologists have a lot in common with weathermen because both
professions don’t require an area of specialization.
_________ 4. Air quality monitoring is not necessary on provincial areas like Palawan
because pollution levels have no direct effect to the residents.
_________ 5. The advent of RADAR has advanced the technology used in
forecasting
and tracking of a storm system.
__________6. Clouds form when water vapor cools and condenses into liquid water
or
ice.
__________7. Rainfall is evenly distributed across the Earth throughout the year.
__________8. Lightning is caused by friction between air molecules.
__________9. The troposphere is the highest layer of Earth's atmosphere.
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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

__________10. Meteorologists use satellites and radar to monitor and predict weather.

Meteorology concerns itself with the science of atmospheric properties and

phenomena—science that includes the atmosphere’s physics and chemistry.
Meteorology is a study of the atmosphere and weather. Meteorology is considered as
one ofthe Earth Sciences, sciences that seek to understand our planet. Let us also
define [Link] refers to the state of the atmosphere at a given time and a
given place. It may changeon a weekly, daily or even an hourly basis. On the contrary,
climate is defined a description ofaggregate weather conditions. It is also known as
the average weather.
A meteorologist is a specialized scientist who focuses on some aspects of the
atmosphere, and uses scientific principles to observe, understand and be able to
explain or forecast how the earth’s atmosphere affects the earth and everyone on it.

some meteorologists certainly do that!

Predicting the weather is a complicated
process, which requires both
sophisticated new tools and some old-
fashioned techniques.

They note the physical conditions of

the atmosphere above them, and they
study maps, satellite data, and radar
information. They also compare
Meteorologists often thought of as
various kinds of weather data from
people who forecast the weather. And
local, regional, and global sources.

The branches of meteorology are as follows:

A. Weather and Climate
The main focus of meteorology is the study of the chemistry and physics for
weather/climate. For long-term weather patterns, climatology studies the past
and how climate change will affect the future.
 Barometry- How atmospheric pressure is measured and relates to
weather and climate.
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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
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 Climatology- How climate (long-term weather patterns) has varied in

the past and how climate change will affect the future.

 Meteorology- How atmosphere chemistry and physics relate to

weather and climate patterns.
 Paleoclimatology- How prehistoric climates have changed in a
geologic time scale.
 Paleotempestology- How tropical cyclones have changed in a
geologic time scale.
 Topoclimatology- How topographic relief influences local climate in
the lower air layer.

B. Athmospheric Physcics
The physical processes in weather and climate can be described in one of these
branches of meteorology. For example, aerodynamics describes how air
circulates in the atmosphere.
 Aerodynamics- How air circulates in the atmosphere.
 Aeronomy- How chemical and physical properties are composed in
the upper region of Earth and planets.
 Geomagnetism- How Earth’s magnetic field changes at different time
scales including pole reversals.
 Geophysics- How physical processes and properties relate to Earth and
its surrounding space.
 Hydrometeorology- How water and energy are transferred between
the land surface and atmosphere (hydrologic cycle). Radiometry

C. Life Science
 Meteorology- had tremendous impacts on the biosphere and there are
several branches of meteorology that are concerned with this aspect.
 Bioclimatology- How climate interacts and affects living things.
Biometeorology- How atmospheric conditions and weather patterns
impact living things.
 Geobiology- How the biosphere relates to the lithosphere and
atmosphere.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Activity 1 – Human Activities based on Weather and Climate

A. Meteorology is one of the oldest observational sciences in human history

and perhaps the most relevant to a broad segment of society. Some of our
first observational meteorologists and weather forecasters were shepherds,
farmers and sailors/fishermen. Be able to identify how these groups
depend upon understanding and predicting the weather for their
livelihoods and safety. Please write your answer on the blanks provided
below each picture:

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B. Discuss the difference between weather and climate. Describe the

climate of the Philippines and cite examples of its weather conditions.
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