Brian Josephson

Brian David Josephson (born 4 January 1940) is a

Welsh physicist and was professor emeritus of physics Brian Josephson
FRS
at the University of Cambridge.[3] Best known for his
pioneering work on superconductivity and quantum
tunnelling, he shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics
with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever for his discovery of
the Josephson effect, made in 1962 when he was a 22
year-old PhD student at Cambridge.[4][5]

Josephson has spent his academic career as a member

of the Theory of Condensed Matter group at
Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He has been a
fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge since 1962, and
served as professor of physics from 1974 until 2007.[4]

In the early 1970s, Josephson took up transcendental

meditation and turned his attention to issues outside
the boundaries of mainstream science. He set up the Josephson in 2004
Mind–Matter Unification Project at Cavendish to Born Brian David Josephson
explore the idea of intelligence in nature, the 4 January 1940
relationship between quantum mechanics and Cardiff, Wales
consciousness, and the synthesis of science and Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge (MA,
Eastern mysticism, broadly known as quantum PhD)
mysticism.[6] He has expressed support for topics such
Known for Josephson effect
as parapsychology, water memory and cold fusion,
which has made him a focus of criticism from fellow Spouse Carol Anne Olivier ​(m. 1976)​[1]
scientists.[4][5] Children 1[1][2]
Awards FRS (1970)
Fritz London Memorial Prize
Early life and career (1970)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1972)

Education Guthrie Medal (1972)

Hughes medal (1972)
Josephson was born in Cardiff, Wales, to Jewish
parents, Mimi (née Weisbard, 1911–1998) and Holweck Prize (1973)

Abraham Josephson.[2] He attended Cardiff High Nobel Prize in Physics (1973)

School,[1] where he credits some of the school masters Faraday Medal (1982)
for having helped him, particularly the physics master, Scientific career
Emrys Jones, who introduced him to theoretical
Fields Physics
physics.[7] In 1957, he went up to Cambridge, where
Institutions University of Cambridge
he initially read mathematics at Trinity College, Thesis Non-linear conduction in
Cambridge. After completing Maths Part II in two superconductors ([Link]
years, and finding it somewhat sterile, he decided to [Link]/handle/1810/25
switch to physics.[8] 6712) (1964)
Doctoral Brian Pippard
Josephson was known at Cambridge as a brilliant but
advisor
shy student. Physicist John Waldram recalled
overhearing Nicholas Kurti, an examiner from Oxford, Website [Link]/~bdj10
([Link]
discuss Josephson's exam results with David
dj10)
Shoenberg, reader in physics at Cambridge, and
asking: "Who is this chap Josephson? He seems to be
going through the theory like a knife through butter."[9] While still
an undergraduate, he published a paper on the Mössbauer effect,
pointing out a crucial issue other researchers had overlooked.
According to one eminent physicist speaking to Physics World,
Josephson wrote several papers important enough to assure him a
place in the history of physics even without his discovery of the
Josephson effect.[10]

He graduated in 1960 and became a research student in the Entrance to the old Cavendish
university's Mond Laboratory on the old Cavendish site, where he Laboratory on Free School Lane,
[11] Cambridge.
was supervised by Brian Pippard. American physicist Philip
Anderson, also a future Nobel Prize laureate, spent a year in
Cambridge in 1961–1962, and recalled that having Josephson in a class was "a disconcerting experience
for a lecturer, I can assure you, because everything had to be right or he would come up and explain it to
me after class."[12] It was during this period, as a PhD student in 1962, that he carried out the research
that led to his discovery of the Josephson effect; the Cavendish Laboratory unveiled a plaque on the
Mond Building dedicated to the discovery in November 2012.[13] He was elected a fellow of Trinity
College in 1962, and obtained his PhD in 1964 for a thesis entitled Non-linear conduction in
superconductors.[14][15]

Discovery of the Josephson effect

Josephson was 22 years old when he did the work on quantum tunnelling that won him the Nobel Prize.
He discovered that a supercurrent could tunnel through a thin barrier, predicting, according to physicist
Andrew Whitaker, that "at a junction of two superconductors, a current will flow even if there is no drop
in voltage; that when there is a voltage drop, the current should oscillate at a frequency related to the drop
in voltage; and that there is a dependence on any magnetic field."[16] This became known as the
Josephson effect and the junction as a Josephson junction.[17]

His calculations were published in Physics Letters (chosen by Pippard because it was a new journal) in a
paper entitled "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling," received on 8 June 1962 and
published on 1 July.[18][19] They were confirmed experimentally by Philip Anderson and John Rowell of
Bell Labs in Princeton; this appeared in their paper, "Probable Observation of the Josephson
Superconducting Tunneling Effect," submitted to Physical Review Letters in January 1963.[20]
Before Anderson and Rowell confirmed the calculations, the
American physicist John Bardeen, who had shared the 1956 Nobel
Prize in Physics (and who shared it again in 1972), objected to
Josephson's work. He submitted an article to Physical Review
Letters on 25 July 1962, arguing that "there can be no such
superfluid flow." The disagreement led to a confrontation in
September that year at Queen Mary College, London, at the
Eighth International Conference on Low Temperature Physics. One-volt NIST Josephson junction
When Bardeen (then one of the most eminent physicists in the array standard with 3020
world) began speaking, Josephson (still a student) stood up and superconducting junctions.

interrupted him. The men exchanged views, reportedly in a civil

and soft-spoken manner.[21] See also: John Bardeen § Josephson
effect controversy.

Whitaker writes that the discovery of the Josephson effect led to "much important physics," including the
invention of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices), which are used in geology to
make highly sensitive measurements, as well as in medicine and computing.[22] IBM used Josephson's
work in 1980 to build a prototype of a computer that would be up to 100 times faster than the IBM 3033
mainframe.[23]

Nobel Prize
Josephson was awarded several important prizes for his discovery,
including the 1969 Research Corporation Award for outstanding
contributions to science,[25] and the Hughes Medal and Holweck
Prize in 1972. In 1973 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing
the $122,000 award with two other scientists who had also worked
on quantum tunnelling. Josephson was awarded half the prize "for
his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent
through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are
generally known as the Josephson effects".[26] The other half of Mond Building on the old Cavendish
the award was shared equally by Japanese physicist Leo Esaki of site where Josephson worked. (The
the Thomas Watson Research Center in Yorktown, New York, and crocodile is there in honour of
Norwegian-American physicist Ivar Giaever of General Electric in Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937).)[24]
Schenectady, New York.[27]

Positions held
Josephson spent a postdoctoral year in the United States (1965–1966) as research assistant professor at
the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After returning to Cambridge, he was made assistant
director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1967, where he remained a member of the Theory of
Condensed Matter group, a theoretical physics group, for the rest of his career.[28] He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1970,[29] and the same year was awarded a National Science
Foundation fellowship by Cornell University, where he spent one year. In 1972 he became a reader in
physics at Cambridge and in 1974 a full professor, a position he held until he retired in 2007.[30]
A practitioner of Transcendental Meditation (TM) since the early seventies, Josephson became a visiting
faculty member in 1975 of the Maharishi European Research University in the Netherlands, part of the
TM movement.[31] He also held visiting professorships at Wayne State University in 1983, the Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1984, and the University of Missouri-Rolla in 1987.[32]

Parapsychology

Early interest and Transcendental Meditation

Josephson became interested in philosophy of mind in the late
sixties and, in particular, in the mind–body problem, and is one of
the few scientists to argue that parapsychological phenomena
(telepathy, psychokinesis and other paranormal themes) may be
real.[33] In 1971, he began practising Transcendental Meditation
(TM), which had been taken up by several celebrities, including
the Beatles.[34]
Josephson became a fellow of
Winning the Nobel Prize in 1973 gave him the freedom to work in Trinity College, Cambridge in 1962.
less orthodox areas, and he became increasingly involved –
including during science conferences, to the irritation of fellow
scientists – in talking about meditation, telepathy and higher states of consciousness.[35] In 1974, he
angered scientists during a colloquium of molecular and cellular biologists in Versailles by inviting them
to read the Bhagavad Gita (5th – 2nd century BCE) and the work of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder
of the TM movement, and by arguing about special states of consciousness achieved through meditation.
"Nothing forces us," one scientist shouted at him, "to listen to your wild speculations." Biophysicist Henri
Atlan wrote that the session ended in uproar.[36]

In May that year, Josephson addressed a symposium held to welcome the Maharishi to Cambridge.[37]
The following month, at the first Canadian conference on psychokinesis, he was one of 21 scientists who
tested claims by Matthew Manning, a Cambridgeshire teenager who said he had psychokinetic abilities;
Josephson apparently told a reporter that he believed Manning's powers were a new kind of energy.[38]
He later withdrew or corrected the statement.[39]

Josephson said that Trinity College's tradition of interest in the paranormal meant that he did not dismiss
these ideas out of hand.[40] Several presidents of the Society for Psychical Research had been fellows of
Trinity, and the Perrott-Warrick Fund, set up in Trinity in 1937 to fund parapsychology research, is still
administered by the college.[41] He continued to explore the idea that there is intelligence in nature,
particularly after reading Fritjof Capra's The Tao of Physics (1975),[42] and in 1979 took up a more
advanced form of TM, known as the TM-Sidhi program. According to Anderson, the TM movement
produced a poster showing Josephson levitating several inches above the floor.[43] Josephson argued that
meditation could lead to mystical and scientific insights, and that, as a result of it, he had come to believe
in a creator.[44]

Fundamental Fysiks Group

External image
Josephson became involved in the mid-1970s with a group of Fundamental Fysiks Group (ht
physicists associated with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at the tps://[Link]/web/20110
University of California, Berkeley, who were investigating 721043540/[Link]
paranormal claims. They had organized themselves loosely into the wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Jac
Fundamental Fysiks Group, and had effectively become the [Link]) in 1975. Left to
Stanford Research Institute's (SRI) "house theorists," according to right: Jack Sarfatti, Saul-Paul
historian of science David Kaiser. Core members in the group were Sirag, Nick Herbert, and Fred
Elizabeth Rauscher, George Weissmann, John Clauser, Jack Alan Wolf (seated)
Sarfatti, Saul-Paul Sirag, Nick Herbert, Fred Alan Wolf, Fritjof
Capra, Henry Stapp, Philippe Eberhard and Gary Zukav.[45]

There was significant government interest at the time in quantum

mechanics – the American government was financing research at
SRI into telepathy – and physicists able to understand it found
themselves in demand. The Fundamental Fysiks Group used ideas
from quantum physics, particularly Bell's theorem and quantum
entanglement, to explore issues such as action at a distance,
clairvoyance, precognition, remote viewing and psychokinesis.[46]
The Cavendish Laboratory unveiled
In 1976, Josephson travelled to California at the invitation of one a plaque on the Mond Building in
of the Fundamental Fysiks Group members, Jack Sarfatti, who November 2012 dedicated to the
introduced him to others including laser physicists Russell Targ discovery of the Josephson
and Harold Puthoff, and quantum physicist Henry Stapp. The San effect.[13]

Francisco Chronicle covered Josephson's visit.[47]

Josephson co-organized a symposium on consciousness at Cambridge in 1978, publishing the

proceedings as Consciousness and the Physical World (1980),[48] with neuroscientist V. S.
Ramachandran. A conference on "Science and Consciousness" followed a year later in Cordoba, Spain,
attended by physicists and Jungian psychoanalysts, and addressed by Josephson, Fritjof Capra and David
Bohm (1917–1992).[49]

By 1996, he had set up the Mind–Matter Unification Project at the Cavendish Laboratory to explore
intelligent processes in nature.[50] In 2002, he told Physics World: "Future science will consider quantum
mechanics as the phenomenology of particular kinds of organised complex system. Quantum
entanglement would be one manifestation of such organisation, paranormal phenomena another."[10]

Reception and views on the scientific community

Josephson delivered the Pollock Memorial Lecture in 2006, the Hermann Staudinger Lecture in 2009 and
the Sir Nevill Mott Lecture in 2010.[51]

Matthew Reisz wrote in Times Higher Education in 2010 that Josephson has long been one of physics'
"more colourful figures."[52] His support for unorthodox causes has attracted criticism from fellow
scientists since the 1970s, including from Philip Anderson.[53] Josephson regards the criticism as
prejudice, and believes that it has served to deprive him of an academic support network.[54]
He has repeatedly criticized "science by consensus," arguing that the
scientific community is too quick to reject certain kinds of ideas.
"Anything goes among the physics community – cosmic wormholes, time
travel," he argues, "just so long as it keeps its distance from anything
mystical or New Age-ish." Referring to this position as "pathological
disbelief,"[55] he holds it responsible for the rejection by academic
journals of papers on the paranormal.[56] He has compared
parapsychology to the theory of continental drift, proposed in 1912 by
Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) to explain observations that were otherwise
inexplicable, which was resisted and ridiculed until evidence led to its
acceptance after Wegener's death.[57]

Science writer Martin Gardner criticized Josephson in 1980 for

complaining to The New York Review of Books, along with three other
physicists, about an article by J. A. Wheeler that ridiculed
parapsychology.[58] Several physicists complained in 2001 when, in a
Royal Mail booklet celebrating the Nobel Prize's centenary, Josephson
wrote that Britain was at the forefront of research into telepathy.[59]
Physicist David Deutsch said the Royal Mail had "let itself be
hoodwinked" into supporting nonsense, although another physicist, Robert
Matthews, suggested that Deutsch was skating on thin ice given the latter's
own work on parallel universes and time travel.[60][61]

In 2004, Josephson criticized an experiment by the Committee for

Skeptical Inquiry to test claims by Russian schoolgirl Natasha Demkina
that she could see inside people's bodies using a special kind of vision. Josephson on a Cambridge
The experiment involved her being asked to match six people to their Wikimedia walk in
September 2014
confirmed medical conditions (plus one with none); to pass the test she
had to make five correct matches, but made only four.[62] Josephson
argued that this was statistically significant, and that the experiment had set her up to fail. One of the
researchers, Richard Wiseman, professor of psychology at the University of Hertfordshire, responded by
highlighting that the conditions of the experiment had been agreed to before it started, and the potential
significance of her claims warranted a higher than normal bar.[63] Keith Rennolis, professor of applied
statistics at the University of Greenwich, supported Josephson's position, asserting that the experiment
was "woefully inadequate" to determine any effect.[64]

Josephson's reputation for promoting unorthodox causes was cemented by his support for the ideas of
water memory and cold fusion, both of which are rejected by mainstream scientists. Water memory is
purported to provide a possible explanation for homeopathy; it is dismissed by scientists as
pseudoscience, although Josephson has expressed support for it since attending a conference at which
French immunologist Jacques Benveniste first proposed it.[65] Cold fusion is the hypothesis that nuclear
reactions can occur at room temperature. When Martin Fleischmann, the British chemist who pioneered
research into it, died in 2012, Josephson wrote a supportive obituary in the Guardian, and had published
in Nature a letter complaining that its obituary had failed to give Fleischmann due credit.[66] Antony
Valentini of Imperial College London withdrew Josephson's invitation to a 2010 conference on the de
Broglie-Bohm theory because of his work on the paranormal, although it was reinstated after
complaints.[67]
Josephson's defense of paranormal claims and of cold fusion have led him to being described as an
exemplar of a sufferer of the hypothetical Nobel disease.[68][69]

Awards
£1,000 New Scientist prize, 1969[70]
Research Corporation Award for outstanding contributions to science, 1969[25]
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1970[29]
Fritz London Memorial Prize, 1970[71]
Guthrie Medal (Institute of Physics), 1972[71]
Van der Pol medal, International Union of Radio Science, 1972[71]
Elliott Cresson Medal (Franklin Institute), 1972[71]
Hughes Medal, 1972[71]
Holweck Prize (Institute of Physics and French Institute of Physics), 1972[71]
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1973[71]
Honorary doctorate, University of Wales, 1974[71]
Faraday Medal (Institution of Electrical Engineers), 1982[71]
Honorary doctorate, University of Exeter, 1983[30]
Sir George Thomson (Institute of Measurement and Control), 1984[71]

Selected works
(2012). "Biological Observer-Participation and Wheeler's 'Law without Law'," in Plamen L.
Simeonov, Leslie S. Smith and Andrée C. Ehresmann (eds.), Integral Biomathics, Springer,
pp. 244–252 ([Link]
(2005). "Foreword," in Michael A. Thalbourne and Lance Storm (eds.), Parapsychology in
the Twenty-First Century, McFarland, pp. 1–2 ([Link]
pmnYC&pg=PA1).
(2003). "We Think That We Think Clearly, But That's Only Because We Don't Think Clearly,"
in Patrick Colm Hogan and Lalita Pandit (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and
Tradition, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, pp. 107–115 ([Link]
s?id=lyr2gZZnWl8C&pg=PA107).
(2003). "String Theory, Universal Mind, and the Paranormal" ([Link]
312012), arXiv, [Link]-ph, 2 December 2003.
(2002). "Beyond quantum theory: A realist psycho-biological interpretation of reality’
revisited" ([Link]
Biosystems, 64(1–3), January, pp. 43–45.
(2000). "Positive bias to paranormal claims" ([Link]
ction=summary&doc=13%2F10%2Fphwv13i10a21%40pwa-xml&qt=), Physics World,
October.
(1999). "What is truth? ([Link]
12%2F2%2Fphwv12i2a19%40pwa-xml&qt=%28Brian%20Josephson%20%3Cin%3E%20%
28name%29%29), Physics World, February.
(1997). "Skeptics cornered" ([Link]
doc=10%2F9%2Fphwv10i9a14%40pwa-xml&qt=%28Brian%20Josephson%20%3Cin%3E%
20%28name%29%29), Physics World, September.
(1997). "What is Music a Language For?" in Paavo Pylkkänen, Pauli Pylkkö, and Antti
Hautamäki (eds.), Brain, Mind and Physics, IOS Press, pp. 262–265 ([Link]
om/books?id=IdEpIXyXew4C&pg=PA262).
(1996). "Consciously avoiding the X-factor" ([Link]
tion=summary&doc=9%2F12%2Fphwv9i12a29%40pwa-xml&qt=%28Brian%20Josephson%
20%3Cin%3E%20%28name%29%29), Physics World, December.
with Jessica Utts (1996). "Do you believe in psychic phenomena? Are they likely to be able
to explain consciousness?" ([Link]
in-psychic-phenomena-are-they-likely-to-be-able-to-explain-consciousness/[Link]),
Times Higher Education, 8 April.
with Tethys Carpenter (1996). "What can Music tell us about the Nature of the Mind? A
Platonic Model," in Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak and Alwyn Scott (eds.), Toward a
Science of Consciousness, MIT Press, pp. 691–694 ([Link]
KyIsdi8D8C&pg=PA691).
with Colm Wall and Anthony Clark (1995). "Light Barrier" ([Link]
le/[Link]), New Scientist, 29 April.
(1994). "Awkward Eclipse" ([Link]
-[Link]), New Scientist, 17 December.
(1994). BBC 'Heretic' series" ([Link]
[Link]/www/research/mm/articles/[Link]), Times Higher Education Supplement, 12
August.
with Beverly A. Rubik (1992). "The challenge of consciousness research" ([Link]
[Link]/~bdj10/mm/articles/[Link]), Frontier Perspectives, 3(1), pp. 15–19.
with Fotini Pallikari-Viras (1991). "Biological Utilization of Quantum Nonlocality" ([Link]
[Link]/article/10.1007/BF01889532#page-1), Foundations of Physics, 21(2), pp. 197–
207 (also available here ([Link]
(1990). "The History of the Discovery of Weakly Coupled Superconductors," in John Roche
(ed.), Physicists Look Back: Studies in the History of Physics, CRC Press, p. 375 ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=5H3Oo0iicrkC&pg=PA375).
(1988). "Limits to the universality of quantum mechanics" ([Link]
0.1007/BF01889431#page-1), Foundations of Physics, 18(12), December, pp. 1195–1204.
with M. Conrad and D. Home (1987). "Beyond Quantum Theory: A Realist Psycho-Biological
Interpretation of Physical Reality," in Alwyn van der Merwe, Franco Selleri and Gino Tarozzi
(eds.), Microphysical Reality and Quantum Formalism, Springer, 1987, p. 285ff ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=TufYGxe4464C&pg=PA285).
with D.E. Broadbent (1981). "Perceptual Experiments and Language Theories" ([Link]
[Link]/content/295/1077/[Link]), Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society, 295(10772), October, pp. 375–385.
with H. M. Hauser (1981). "Multistage Acquisition of Intelligent Behaviour" ([Link]
[Link]/[Link]?articleid=1663548&show=abstract) Archived ([Link]
[Link]/web/20131220024551/[Link]
&show=abstract) 20 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kybernetes, 10(1).
with V. S. Ramachandran (eds.) (1980). Consciousness and the Physical World, Pergamon
Press.
with Richard D. Mattuck, Evan Harris Walker and Olivier Costa de Beauregard (1980).
"Parapsychology: An Exchange" ([Link]
apsychology-an-exchange/), New York Review of Books, 27, 26 June, pp. 48–51.
(1979). "Foreword," in Andrija Puharich (ed.), The Iceland Papers: Select Papers on
Experimental and Theoretical Research on the Physics of Consciousness, Essentia
Research Associates.
 (1978). "A Theoretical Analysis of Higher States of Consciousness and Meditation" ([Link]
[Link]/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-93104-8_1), Current Topics in Cybernetics and
Systems, pp. 3–4.
(1974). "The Artificial Intelligence/Psychology Approach to the Study of the Brain and
Nervous System" ([Link]
Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, 4, pp. 370–375.
(1974). "Magnetic field dependence of the surface reactance of superconducting tin at 174
MHz" ([Link] Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics,
4(5), May, p. 751.
(1973). "The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents" ([Link]
lLecturePhysics/[Link]), Science, Nobel lecture, 12 December, pp. 157–164.
(1969). "Equation of state near the critical point" ([Link]
2), Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 2(7), July.
with J. Lekner (1969). "Mobility of an Impurity in a Fermi Liquid" ([Link]
bs/1969PhRvL..23..111J), Physical Review Letters. 23(3), pp. 111–113.
(1967). "Inequality for the specific heat: II. Application to critical phenomena" ([Link]
[Link]/0370-1328/92/2/302), Proceedings of the Physical Society, 92(2), October.
(1967). "Inequality for the specific heat: I. Derivation" ([Link]
2/2/301), Proceedings of the Physical Society, 92(2), October.
(1966). "Macroscopic Field Equations for Metals in Equilibrium" ([Link]
t/PR/v152/i1/p211_1), Physical Review, 152, December, pp. 211–217.
(1966). "Relation between the superfluid density and order parameter for superfluid He near
Tc" ([Link] Physics Letters,
21(6), 1 July, pp. 608–609.
(1965). "Supercurrents through Barriers" ([Link]
9J), Advances in Physics, 14(56), pp. 419–451.
(1964). Non-linear conduction in superconductors ([Link]
holdingsInfo?bibId=35254), (PhD thesis), University of Cambridge, December.
(1964). "Coupled Superconductors" ([Link]
Review of Modern Physics, 36(1), pp. 216–220.
(1962). "The Relativistic Shift in the Mössbauer Effect and Coupled Superconductors" (htt
p://[Link]/handle/1810/243916), submitted for Trinity College fellowship.
(1962). "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling" ([Link]
cience/article/pii/0031916362913690), Physics Letters, 1(7), 1 July, pp. 251–253.
(1960). "Temperature-dependent shift of gamma rays emitted by a solid" ([Link]
ov/scitech/biblio/4170593), Physical Review Letters, 4, 1 April.

See also
Josephson voltage standard
Josephson vortex
Long Josephson junction
Pi Josephson junction
Phi Josephson junction
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List of physicists
 Scientific phenomena named after people

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Think Clearly," in Patrick Colm Hogan and Lalita Pandit (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore:
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[Link]/books?id=lyr2gZZnWl8C&pg=PA107).
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13. "Unveiling of B D Josephson commemorative plaque" ([Link]
9), University of Cambridge, November 2012.
14. Josephson, Brian David (1964). Non-linear conduction in superconductors ([Link]
[Link]/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=35254) (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
15. For the year of his fellowship, see "Brian D. Josephson" ([Link]
ked/topic/306448/Brian-D-Josephson), Encyclopædia Britannica. For the thesis, Brian
Josephson, "Non-linear conduction in superconductors" ([Link]
b_seek.cgi?cat=man&bib=35254) Archived ([Link]
ttps://[Link]/cgi-bin/bib_seek.cgi?cat=man&bib=35254) 29 July 2020 at the
Wayback Machine, Newton Library Catalogue, University of Cambridge.
16. Andrew Whitaker, The New Quantum Age: From Bell's Theorem to Quantum Computation
and Teleportation, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 273 ([Link]
d=BaiRvOSaPkwC&pg=PA273).
17. James S. Trefil, "Josephson Effect," The Nature of Science, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
2003, p, 225 ([Link]
Also see A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology, National
Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication, 1988, p. 315ff ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=5AdRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA315).
18. Josephson, B.D. (1962). "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling". Physics
Letters. 1 (7): 251–253. Bibcode:1962PhL.....1..251J ([Link]
2PhL.....1..251J). doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0 ([Link]
3%2862%2991369-0).
19. Also see Brian Josephson, "The History of the Discovery of Weakly Coupled
Superconductors," in John Roche (ed.), Physicists Look Back: Studies in the History of
Physics, CRC Press, 1990, p. 375 ([Link]
PA375).
20. Philip Anderson and John Rowell, "Probable Observation of the Josephson
Superconducting Tunneling Effect" ([Link] Physical
Review Letters, 10(6), 15 March 1963 (received 11 January 1963), pp. 230–232.
21. Donald G. McDonald, "The Nobel Laureate Versus the Graduate Student ([Link]
[Link]/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/54/7/10.1063/1.1397394)", Physics Today,
July 2001, pp. 46–51.
Also see Donald G. McDonald, "History of the Josephson Effect" ([Link]
er/html/viewer?dl=#the-josephson-effect-brian-josephson-debates-john-bardeen) Archived
([Link]
#the-josephson-effect-brian-josephson-debates-john-bardeen) 28 December 2013 at the
Wayback Machine (lecture), [Link].
22. Whitaker 2012, pp. 273–274 ([Link]
73).
Donald G. McDonald, "Superconducting electronics" ([Link]
azine/physicstoday/article/34/2/10.1063/1.2914434), Physics Today, February 1981.
Anthony J. G. Hey and Patrick Walters, The New Quantum Universe, Cambridge University
Press, 2003, pp. 154–155 ([Link]
4).
Gabrielle Walker, "Technology: How SQUIDs were found where crystals meet" ([Link]
[Link]/article/mg13117764.900-technology-how-squids-were-found-where-crystal
[Link]), New Scientist, 1776, 6 July 1991.
Donald G. McDonald, "The Nobel Laureate Versus the Graduate Student ([Link]
[Link]/courses/Phys798S/anlage/Phys798SAnlageSpring06/Josephson%20Physics%
20Today%[Link])", Physics Today, July 2001 (pp. 46–51), p. 51.
Alexandre T. Filippov, "Josephson Solitons," The Versatile Soliton, Springer, 2010, p. 213ff
([Link]
23. "Brian D. Josephson" ([Link]
on), Encyclopædia Britannica: "Applying Josephson's discoveries with superconductors,
researchers at International Business Machines Corporation had assembled by 1980 an
experimental computer switch structure, which would permit switching speeds from 10 to
100 times faster than those possible with conventional silicon-based chips, increasing data
processing capabilities by a vast amount."
W. Anacker, "Josephson Computer Technology: A IBM Research Project" ([Link]
[Link]/Library/Superconductivity/Anacker,%20IBM%20Josephson%20Project%[Link].
[Link]), IBM Journal of Research and Development, 24(2), March 1980. For
speeds, p. 108.
H. Nakagawa, et al., "Fabrication process for Josephson computer ETL-JC1 using Nb tunnel
junctions" ([Link]
ents%3D4294967269%26ranges%3D1991_1991_p_Publication_Year%26matchBoolean%3
Dtrue%26pageNumber%3D2%26searchField%3DSearch_All%26queryText%3D%28p_Auth
ors%3ANakagawa%29), IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 27(2), 3109–3112, March 1991.
24. "Why a crocodile?" ([Link]
k/history/years/[Link]), Cavendish Laboratory.
25. Brian Sullivan, "Physics is Often a Young Man's Game" ([Link]
rs?nid=1913&dat=19691217&id=WH0gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-mcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2623,591164
4), Associated Press, 17 December 1969.
26. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973" ([Link]
3/[Link]), [Link]; for $122,000, see "From Stockholm, with Love" ([Link]
[Link]/stable/3958218), Science News, 104(17), 27 October 1973 (pp. 260–261), p. 260.
27. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973" ([Link]
3/[Link])
28. "Cambridge Theory of Condensed Matter group" ([Link] University
of Cambridge, accessed 14 October 2009.
29. "Professor Brian Josephson FRS" ([Link]
[Link]/people/brian-josephson-11712/). London: Royal Society. Archived from the
original ([Link] on 24 November 2015.
30. "Brian D. Josephson" ([Link]
[Link]), in Stig Lundqvist (ed.), Nobel Lectures, Physics 1971–1980, World Scientific
Publishing Co., 1992.
31. International Who's Who, 1983–84, Europa Publications Limited, 1983, p. 672 ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=_xJ4R0t9G3oC&q=Brian+Josephson); Brian Josephson,
"Intelligence and Physics" ([Link]
3ECBDDFEC3&index=1) (lecture), Maharishi European Research University, 21 June 1976.
32. "Brian D. Josephson" ([Link]
[Link]), in Lundqvist 1992.
33. Alison George, "Lone voices special: Take nobody's word for it" ([Link]
m/article/[Link]), New
Scientist, 9 December 2006 (pp. 56–57), p. 56.
34. Bob Oates, Celebrating the Dawn: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the TM technique, Putnam,
1976, p. 204; Emily J. McMurray, Jane Kelly Kosek, and Roger M. Valade, Notable
Twentieth-Century Scientists, Gale Research, 1995, p. 1044.
For celebrities and TM, Lola Williamson, Transcendent in America, NYU Press, 2010, p. 93.
35. Eliot Marshall, "For Winners, a New Life of Opportunity – and Perils" ([Link]
able/3084815), Science, 294(5541), 12 October 2001 (pp. 293, 295), p. 295.
36. Henri Atlan, Enlightenment to Enlightenment: Intercritique of Science and Myth, SUNY
Press, 1993, pp. 20–21 ([Link]
37. "Josephson on transcendental meditation," New Scientist, 16 May 1974, p. 416 ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=5nE6m-bQOvcC&pg=PA416); Stuart Halperin, "The birth of
Creative Intelligence," New Scientist, 23 May 1974, p. 459 ([Link]
s?id=e9x3yQmr2fwC&pg=PA459).
38. David F. Marks, The Psychology of the Psychic, Prometheus Books, 2000, p. 200.
A. R. G. Owen; J. L. Whitton, "Report on Demonstration and Experiments performed during
the Conference" ([Link]
no_5_January_1975.pdf), Proceedings of the First Canadian Conference on Psychokinesis,
New Horizons, 1(5), January 1975, p. 191ff.
39. Matthew Manning, One Foot in the Stars, Thorsons, 1999, pp. 60–61.
40. Josephson 2005, p. 1 ([Link]
41. Former presidents of the Society who were fellows or members of Trinity include Henry
Sidgwick (1838–1900); John William Strutt (1842–1919), Cavendish Professor of Physics
and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904; F. W. H. Myers (1843–1901); Edmund
Gurney (1847–1888); Arthur Balfour (1848–1930), who became prime minister; his brother
Gerald Balfour (1853–1945); and C. D. Broad (1887–1971), Knightbridge Professor of Moral
Philosophy.
Wendy E. Cousins, "Colored Inklings: Altered States of Consciousness and Literature," in
Etzel Cardeña and Michael Winkelman (eds.), Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary
Perspectives, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 296.
Jenny Bourne Taylor, "Psychology at the fin de siècle," in Gail Marshall, The Cambridge
Companion to the Fin de Siècle, 2007, pp. 26–27.
42. For higher consciousness and meditation, see Brian Josephson, "A Theoretical Analysis of
Higher States of Consciousness and Meditation" ([Link]
978-3-642-93104-8_1), Current Topics in Cybernetics and Systems, 1978, pp. 3–4; for
Fritjof Capra, George (New Scientist) 2006 ([Link]
[Link]), p. 56.
43. For the TM-Sidhi program, Brian Josephson in Pamela Weintraub, The Omni Interviews,
Ticknor & Fields, 1984, p. 317.
For the poster, Jeremy Bernstein, Three Degrees Above Zero: Bell Laboratories in the
Information Age, CUP Archive, 1987, p. 142 ([Link]
AIAAJ&pg=PA142).
Also see Bruce Schechter, The Path of No Resistance: The Story of the Revolution in
Superconductivity, Simon & Schuster, 1989, p. 163.
44. For mystical and scientific insights, Paul Davies, The Mind of God, Simon & Schuster, 1993,
p. 227.
For belief in a creator, Brian Josephson, "There Need Be No Ultimate Conflict Between
Science and Religion," in Henry Margenau and Roy Abraham Varghese (eds.), Cosmos,
Bios, Theos, Open Court Publishing, 1992, p. 50 ([Link]
GSfK0C&pg=PA50).
45. David Kaiser, "How the Hippies Saved Physics" ([Link]
-kaiser-how-hippies-saved-physics), MIT School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences,
2010, from 20:00 mins; for house theorists, from 23:20 mins.
46. Kaiser 2010 ([Link]
s), from 20:00 mins.
47. David Kaiser, How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum
Revival, W. W. Norton & Company, 2011, pp. 144, 173; Kaiser 2010 ([Link]
ultimedia/video-2011-kaiser-how-hippies-saved-physics), from 32:00 mins.
Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, "Information transmission under conditions of sensory
shielding" ([Link] Nature, 17
October 1974; "Investigating the paranormal" ([Link]
476/pdf/[Link]), Nature, 18 October 1974.
Martin Gardner, Science: Good, Bad, and Bogus, Prometheus Books, 1989, p. 95.
48. Brian Josephson and V.S. Ramachandran (eds.), Consciousness and the Physical World (ht
tps://[Link]/handle/1810/245189), Pergamon Press, 1980.
49. Yasuo Yuasa, Overcoming Modernity: Synchronicity and Image-Thinking, SUNY Press,
2009, p. 179 ([Link]
Henri Atlan, Enlightenment to Enlightenment: Intercritique of Science and Myth, SUNY
Press, 1993, p. 22ff ([Link]
Brian Josephson, "Conscious Experience and its Place in Physics," paper presented at
Colloque International Science et Conscience, Cordoba, 1–5 October 1979, in Michel
Cazenave (ed.), Science and Consciousness: Two Views of the Universe, Edited
Proceedings of the France-Culture and Radio-France Colloquium, Cordoba, Spain,
Pergamon Press, 1984.
50. Matthew Segall, "Mind Matter Unification/The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" (https://
[Link]/web/19970625082350/[Link]
[Link]), Theory of Condensed Matter group, Cavendish Laboratory, 26 March 1996.
Brian Josephson, "Mind–Matter Unification Project" ([Link]
02719/[Link] Cavendish Laboratory, 27
April 1997.
Brian Josephson, Homepage ([Link] Cavendish
Laboratory.
51. "The Pollock Memorial Lecture" ([Link] Archived (ht
tps://[Link]/web/20140302213547/[Link]
2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Royal Society of New South Wales and the
University of Sydney; "4th Hermann Staudinger Lecture with Nobel Laureate Brian D.
Josephson, 28 October 2009" ([Link]
r-lectures/staudinger-josephson), Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies; "2010 Professor
Brian Josephson: Which way for Physics?" ([Link]
ws/seminar-programme/sirnevillmottlectureseries/) Archived ([Link]
140605053303/[Link]
villmottlectureseries/) 5 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Loughborough University.
52. Matthew Reisz, "He didn't see that coming, or did he?" ([Link]
uk/[Link]?storycode=411401), Times Higher Education, 19 April 2010.
Also see Mark Jackson, "The not-so-noble past of the Nobel Prizes" ([Link]
[Link]/the-not-so-noble-past-of-the-nobel-prizes-18939), The Conversation, 6 October 2013.
53. Burton Feldman, The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade
Publishing, 2001, p. 199; also see Robert L. Park, Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science,
Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 156.
54. Alison George (New Scientist) 2006 ([Link]
[Link]), p. 57.
55. Josephson, Brian (30 June 2004). "Pathological Disbelief: Lecture at 54th. Nobel Laureates'
meeting at Lindau" ([Link] Retrieved
16 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
56. Alison George (New Scientist) 2006 ([Link]
[Link]), p. 56; Brian Josephson, "Pathological
Disbelief"], lecture, Nobel Laureates' meeting, Lindau, 30 June 2004.
57. Josephson 2005, pp. 1–2 ([Link]
for Wegener, also see J. W. Grove, "Rationality at Risk: Science against Pseudoscience" (ht
tps://[Link]/stable/41820616), Minerva, 23(2), June 1985 (pp. 216–240), p. 218.
58. Olivier Costa de Beauregard, Richard D. Mattuck, Brian D. Josephson and Evan Harris
Walker, "Parapsychology: An Exchange" ([Link]
n/26/parapsychology-an-exchange/), New York Review of Books, 27, 26 June 1980, pp. 48–
51. The other three physicists were Evan Harris Walker (1935–2006), Olivier Costa de
Beauregard (1911–2007) and Richard D. Mattuck.
59. Brian Josephson, "Physics and the Nobel Prizes" ([Link]
mps/[Link]), Royal Mail, 2001: "Physicists attempt to reduce the complexity of nature to a
single unifying theory, of which the most successful and universal, the quantum theory, has
been associated with several Nobel prizes, for example those to Dirac and Heisenberg. Max
Planck's original attempts a hundred years ago to explain the precise amount of energy
radiated by hot bodies began a process of capturing in mathematical form a mysterious,
elusive world containing 'spooky interactions at a distance', real enough however to lead to
inventions such as the laser and transistor.
"Quantum theory is now being fruitfully combined with theories of information and
computation. These developments may lead to an explanation of processes still not
understood within conventional science such as telepathy, an area where Britain is at the
forefront of research.
60. McKie, Robin (30 September 2001). "Royal Mail's Nobel guru in telepathy row" ([Link]
[Link]/uk/2001/sep/30/[Link]). The Observer. Retrieved
13 October 2020.
61. Matthews, Robert (8 November 2001). "Time Travel" ([Link]
nce/science-news/4767204/[Link]). The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 October
2020.
62. "Body Shock: The Girl With X-Ray Eyes" ([Link]
M), Discovery Channel, 2004 (for a display from Demkina's perspective, see part 2 ([Link]
[Link]/watch?v=g0-si-E6rV0), from 04:00 mins; for the second, more controlled,
experiment, part 2 ([Link] from 10:30 mins and
part 3 ([Link]
Andrew A. Skolnick, "Natasha Demkina: The Girl with Very Normal Eyes" ([Link]
[Link]/[Link]), LiveScience, 28 January 2005.
63. Phil Baty, "Scientists fail to see eye to eye over girl's 'X-ray vision'" ([Link]
[Link]/news/scientists-fail-to-see-eye-to-eye-over-girls-x-ray-vision/[Link]),
Times Higher Education, 10 December 2004.
Brian Josephson, "Scientists' unethical use of media for propaganda purposes" ([Link]
[Link]/~bdj10/propaganda/), Cavendish Laboratory, 2004.
Brian Josephson, "Distorted visions 2" ([Link]
ers/distorted-visions-2/[Link]), Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
Also see Rupert Sheldrake, "Distorted visions 1" ([Link]
mment/letters/distorted-visions-1/[Link]), Times Higher Education, 17 December
2004.
64. Keith Rennolls, "Distorted visions 3" ([Link]
s/distorted-visions-3/[Link]), Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
65. George (New Scientist) 2006 ([Link]
[Link]), p. 56.
Brian Josephson, "Molecule memories" ([Link]
y/ns/[Link]), letters, New Scientist, 1 November 1997.
Brian Josephson, "Molecular memory" ([Link]
y/[Link]), The Independent, 22 March 1999.
Dana Ullman, The Homeopathic Revolution, North Atlantic Books, 2007, p. 130ff ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=BXZlprZRTJoC&pg=PA130).
66. Brian Josephson, "Martin Fleischmann obituary" ([Link]
2/aug/31/martin-fleischmann), The Guardian, 31 August 2012.
Brian Josephson, "Fleischmann denied due credit" ([Link]
90/n7418/full/[Link]), Nature, 490, 4 October 2012, p. 37 (also available here (http://
[Link]/~bdj10/articles/Nature_re_Fleischmann.html)).
For background on cold fusion, see Thomas F. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science:
Credibility on the Line, University of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 183–232 ([Link]
etails/culturalboundari0000gier/page/183).
67. Reisz (Times Higher Education) ([Link]
e=411401), 19 April 2010.
Antony Valentini, "Private email, public mob" ([Link]
nt/letters/private-email-public-mob/[Link]), Times Higher Education, 13 May 2010.
"21st-century directions in de Broglie-Bohm theory and beyond" ([Link]
b/20100703133417/[Link] Physics World, July 2010.
68. Winter, David. "The nobel disease" ([Link]
disease/). Sciblogs. Science Media Center. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
69. Basterfield, Candice; Lilienfeld, Scott; Bowes, Shauna; Costello, Thomas (2020). "The
Nobel disease: When intelligence fails to protect against irrationality". Skeptical Inquirer. 44
(3): 32–37.
70. Peter Stubbs, "Tunnelling for physicists" ([Link]
C&pg=PA334), New Scientist, 60(870), 1 November 1973.
71. Curriculum Vitae at [Link] ([Link]
3/[Link])

Further reading
Brian Josephson's home page ([Link] University of
Cambridge.
Brian Josephson ([Link] [Link].
"bdj50: Conference in Cambridge to mark the 50th Anniversary of the Publication of Brian
Josephson’s Seminal Work" ([Link]
 [Link]/conferences/Josephson/), Department of Physics, University of Cambridge.
Anderson, Philip. "How Josephson Discovered His Effect" ([Link]
0607182112/[Link]
5%20-%20How%20Josephson%20Discovered%20his%[Link]), Physics Today,
November 1970. Anderson's account of Josephson's discovery; he taught the graduate
course in solid-state/many-body theory in which Josephson was a student.
Barone, A. and Paterno, G. Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, 1982.
Bertlmann, R. A. and Zeilinger, A. (eds.), Quantum (Un)speakables: From Bell to Quantum
Information, Springer, 2002.
Buckel, Werner and Kleiner, Reinhold. Superconductivity: Fundamentals and Applications,
VCH, 1991.
Jibu, Mari and Yasue, Kunio. Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness: An
Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing, 1995.
Josephson, Brian; Rubik, Beverly A.; Fontana, David; Lorimer, David. "Defining
consciousness" ([Link]
Nature, 358(618), 20 August 1992.
Rosen, Joe. "Josephson, Brian David," Encyclopedia of Physics, Infobase Publishing, 2009,
pp. 165–166 ([Link]
Stapp, Henry. "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness," in Philip David Zelazo, Morris
Moscovitch and Evan Thompson (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, 2007.
Stenger, Victor J. The Unconscious Quantum: Metaphysics in Modern Physics and
Cosmology, Prometheus Books, 1995.

External links
Brian Josephson ([Link] on [Link] including the
Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1973 The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents

Retrieved from "[Link]