Lecture Notes 2

2. Integration by partial fractions

Algebraic fractions (i)

Proper Improper
Deg. of N <
Deg of D
Deg of
.
N =
Deg. of D

Quadratic
finear
Repeated Proper

Linear Quadratic
Repeated

Properties of log :

①
log(axb) =
loga +
logb
②
log() =
loga-logb
③ loga" =
bloga
⑦
loga
⑤
log1 = 0
FORMULAE :

①(ada =
② Jadu = ax + c

③ /lan + bldn =

Lautb
①
Stdu = In

⑤
Jindn =+
b)
au

8) d =
tan

⑦) dn = I flat he
① Proper: linear case
N = 1
N < D Proper (linear)
D= 2

Consider 33
=
A B I
+

(x + 1)(x 2) x+ 1 x 2
-
-

33
=
* (x -
2) + B(x + 1)

(x + 1)(x -
2) (x + 1)(x 2) -

3x = A(x -
2) + B(x + 1)2

Put x + 1 = 0 = x = -
1

3( 1) -
= Al 3) - A= 1

Putx -z = 0 = x = 2

3(2) = B(2 + 1) B = 2

33
=
12
+

(x + 1)(x 2) x+ 1 x 2
-
-

Now

9th (d0) da =

Glant
a

-2)
2)
= 0

(fn(x + 1) + 2h(x -

(9n5 + 212) -
(11 + 2)
25 + 24 - 24

In 5
②

N= 1 N2 Proper (Linear)
D=2

2x + 7 A B -1
=
t

(2n + 1)(x + 2) 2x + 1 7) + 2

2x + 7 A(x + 2) + B(2n+ 1)
=

(2n + 1)(x + 2) (2u+ 1)(x + 2)

2x + 7 = A( + 2) + B(2n + 1) 2

Put 2x + 1 = 0 = x = 12

2(y) + y =
A(- + 2) A 4 =

Put x+ 2 = 0 = x = -
2

2 (2) + 7 = B( 4 + 1)
- B= 1
-

-stz
2x + 7
=

(2n + 1)(x + 2)

Now
-] da

o)!
% du
Glat
a

2))
=

(42(2n + 1) -
f(x +

· Gab = bea
(2115 -
119) - (2211 -
2-2)

In 225 - 119 + 12

In 225 x2

In 50 shown
③ Proper: Repeated case
I
NLD Proper (Repeated)
-

D = 3

(i) 7x + 4

(2x + 1)(x + 1)2

I

+
2
7x + 4 * (x + 1) + B(2n+ 1)(x + 1) + c(2n + 1)
=

(2x + 1)(x + 1)2 (2x + 1)(x+ 1)2

7x + 4 = A(x + 1)2 + B(2u+ 1)(x + 1) + c(2n + 1)2

Put 2x + 1 = 0 = x
So
= -

A=
7)
(2) (t 1)
A 2
+ + = +

=
Put ( + 1) = 0 => x = - 1

7( x) + 4 = c) - 2+ 1)) = 3

By substitution
self x = 0

4 = 2(1) + B(1)(k) + 3(1) B = 1

7x + 4
1) +75
2
=

(2x + 1)(x + 1)2 (2x +

 Slac + b)" =
(actbt
↑ (iii) <
da

Y( +
- +
+
3(a+
15 2]da

29(2x + -I + ) +
3 %
2

hn(2n + 1) - ((x + 1) -
3

x +
10

(95 - (13 -
1) -
(b) -
21 -
3)

In5 - 13 - 1 + 3

2 +
& shown
④

2 2

(i) f(x) =
11x + 7
--
2 I
#
3

(2x -
1) (x + 2)2 2x -
1 x+ 2
(x + 2)2

S + 31+
212] da
J dr =+
a
Slan
*
+ b)"du = (an+ b)

-
+

3(x+2)")
a(n+ 1)
2fn(2m -
1)
-
(n(x+ 2) +

I In (20 -
1) -
((x + 2)
- 3
(93 - 2 -

2) -

(a) - 23 -
1)

(3 2n4 13
2 + + 1
- -

In
+
h shown
⑤ Proper: Quadratic Case
N = 2 NXD
Proper (Quadratic
D = 3

(1) 2x2 + x + 8
=
A
t
Bx + C I

(2x 1)(x2 + 2)
- 2x -
1 x2+ 2

2x2 + x + 8 * (x2 + 2) + (Bx+ c)(2x 1) -

(2x 1)(x2 + 2)
-
(2x -
1) (x2+ 2)

2x2 + x + o = Ak =+ 2) + (Bx + 2)(2x -

1)2

Put 2x -1 = 0 x =
1

2(f) ( + + 8 = A(
+ 2)+ A= 4

Eq2 =

2x2 + x + 0 = 4x2 + 0 + 2Bx2 - Bu + 2( - C

x2 : x :

2 = 4 + 2B 1 = - B + 2C

B= - 1 1 = 1 + 2C

c= 0

-
2x2 + x + 8

(2x 1)(x2 -
+ 2)
= -

+
 &
<

z
da
J f du = If
a

↑
In(2-1) -Jait d 1
=

2 h _

2) Les -

&n 81 - In27 + 13

In 153
27

In 27 Am
⑥

N= 1 (Quadratic)
N D Proper
D = 3

Tx + 18
+
a) Bx + C ↓
I
t

(3x + 2)(x2 + 4) 2 x2 + 4

Tx + 10 = A(x* + 4) + (Bx + c)(3x+ 2)2

Put 3x + z = 0 = > x = -

23

7) (
-) + 18 =
A(f + 4) A= 3

Eq2 =
)

7) x + 10 = 3x2 + 12 + 3Bx + 2Bn + 3(x + 2

x2 : xi

0 = 3 + 3B 1 = 2 B + 3C

B =
- 1 7 = - 2 + 3C

c = 3

Tx + 18 3 3 - x
I
t

(3x + 2)(x2 + 4) 3x + 2 x2 + 4
 Standa = tan

-
<

+ + 4
da

S
#+ 2)

(u -( + 4) +
3x
ant
-

Ino-Lh8 Stan+ -

Inz-th +
It

Ind-in to
++
In
In 22 +
3
Am
⑦ Improper: linear case

(i) 4x2 9x 8
+ 2
+
+
2
-

(x + 2)(2x -
1) +

=
4x + qx - 8
=
2(x + 2)(2x -
1) + B(2a -
1) + ((x+ 2)

(x + 2)(2x -
1) (x + 2)(2x 1) -

4x2 + qx - 8
=>
2(x + 2)(2x -
1) + B(2a -
11 + ((x+ 2)2

Put x+ 2 = 0 => x = -
2 B = 2

Put 2x-1 = 0 => x =

12 c = -
1

4x2 qx 8
+
+

+2
2
-

(x + 2)(2x -
1)
 &

S +2 d
2
<

19
(2x + 28x(x + 2) = 2(2m
2
-

S ,

223 ti)
-

8 296 (2
+(7
+ -
+ -

2136 ht 2 119
8 + -
-
-

6 136
+

= 6 + 24
9 F F

= 6 +
h
= 6 +
h(7)t
= 6 +
11 show
⑨ Improper: Repeated case

2
N = 3 1
N= D =

2
D = 3
Improper

(i) 2x3 1 1
( 4+
I
-
+

=
+

> (2x 1) -
-

2x3 - 1 x (2x -
1) + Bx(2n 1) - + c(2u 1) -
+ Dx2
=

> (2x 1) -
32(2x 1) -

2x3 - 1 = x (2x -
1) + Bx(2x -
1) + ((2x 1) -
+ Dx C

Put x= 0 = ) x = 0

- 1 = C( 1) -
c = 1

Put 2x - 1 = 0 => x = 12

2
(t)3 - 1 =
D(t) -P = -
3

Put x = 1

2 - 1 = 1(k) + B(h)(x) + 1(1) -

3()

X =
y + B + 1 -
3 B = 2

23 1 1
z + -
-

= +

> (2x 1) -
-
 · Jadn = ax +

Y
<

+
= +
m- )d 00
Stdx = In
-
,

1)
·: Jad =

cate
x + 28nx +
c -
32(2x
2
-

·
Seth = In(ax+ b)
I A

28nx
x +
y z((2x 1
-
-
-

X- -
-

2 + 22 -

1 -

23 -

/y + 22 -

24 2133
2 + -

2 +
19331
3312 _
(33)"33

+
ht
+
E7

& shown
 Improper: Quadratic Case
⑨

N=3

D= 3
N= D = 1

Improper

(i) <3-x-2 1 B (x + D I
= + +

(x 1)(x" + 1)
-
x -
1 x+1

3
· - x - 2
=
(x 1)(x2+ 1)
-
+ B(x+ 1) + (( + D(x 1) -

(x 1)(x" + 1)
-
(x 1)(x2+ 1)
-

3
> - x -
2 = (x -
1)(x + 1) + B(x+ 1) + ((x + D)(x 1)2 -

Put x - 1 = 0 => x = 1

1 -
1 -
z = B(1 + 1) B = 1

Eq2 =
x3 - x -
2 = x3 + x - x - 1 - x - 1 + (x= ( + Da D -

3 % 2 : x !

1 = 1 0 = - 1 - 1 2 +
- 1 = 1 -
1 + D

C = 2 -
1 = 1 -
2 +D

D = G

3 2
· x -
I 21
1
-

-
=
t

(x 1)(x" + 1)
-
x -
1 x+1
 -
(x = f(x -
1 + 2(x7+ 1)]
(3 - 112 + (10) -
(2 - 21 + 25)

3 - 112 + 210 - 2 + 0 - 25

1 +
In
1 + 21 = 1 shown