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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

MÁRQUEZ AND MAGICAL REALISM

A When Gabriel García Márquez died in 2014, he was mourned around the world, as readers recalled
his 1967 novel, One hundred years of solitude, which has sold more than 25 million copies, and led to
Márquez ‘s receipt of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature.
B Born in 1927, in a small town on Colombia’s Caribbean coast called Aracataca, Márquez was
immersed in Spanish, black, and indigenous cultures. In such remote places, religion, myth, and superstition
hold sway over logic and reason or perhaps operate as parallel belief systems. Certainly, the ghost stories
told by his grandmother affected the young Gabriel profoundly, and a pivotal character in his 1967 epic is
indeed a ghost.
Márquez’s family was not wealthy: there were twelve children, and his father worked as a postal clerk, a
telegraph operator, and an occasional pharmacist. Márquez spent much of his childhood in the care of his
grandparents, which may account for the main character in One hundred years of solitude resembling his
maternal grandfather. Although Márquez left Aracataca aged eight, the town and its inhabitants never
seemed to leave him, and suffuse his fiction.
C One hundred years of solitude was the fourth of fifteen novels, but Márquez was an equally
passionate and prolific journalist. In Bogota, during his twenties and thirties, Márquez experienced La
Violencia, a period of great political and social upheaval, when around 300,000 Colombians were killed.
Certainly, life was never safe for journalists, and after writing an article on corruption in the Colombian
navy in 1955, Márquez was forced to flee to Europe. Incidentally, in Paris, he discovered that European
culture was not richer than his own, and he was disappointed by Europeans who were patronising towards
Latin Americans. On return to the southern hemisphere, Márquez wrote for Venezuelan newspapers and the
Cuban press agency.
D In terms of politics, Márquez was leftwing. In Chile, he campaigned against the dictatorship of
General Augusto Pinochet; in Venezuela, he financed a political party; and, in Nicaragua, he defended
revolutionaries. He considered Fidel Castro, the President of Cuba, as a dear friend. Since the US was
hostile towards Castro’s communist regime, which Márquez supported, the writer was banned from visiting
the US until invited by President Clinton in 1995. The novels of Márquez are imbued with his politics, but
this does not prevent readers from enjoying a good yarn.
E Márquez maintained that in Latin America so much that is real would seem fantastic elsewhere,
while so much that is magical seems real. He was an exponent of a genre known as Magical Realism.
‘If you can explain it,’ said the Mexican critic, Luis Leal, ‘then it’s not Magical Realism.’ This demonstrates
the difficulty of determining what the genre encompasses and which writers belong to it.
The term Magical Realism is usually applied to literature, but its first use was probably in 1925 when a
German art critic reviewed paintings similar to those of Surrealism.
Many critics define Magical Realism by what it is not. Realism describes lives that could be real; Magical
Realism uses the detail and the tone of a realist work but includes the magical as though it were real. The
ghosts in One hundred years of solitude and in the American Toni Morison’s Beloved are presented by their
narrators as normal, so readers accept them unhesitatingly. Likewise, a character can live for 200 years in a
Magical Realist novel. Surrealism explores dream states and psychological experiences; Magical Realism
does not. Science Fiction describes a new or an imagined world, as in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World,
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but Magical Realism depicts the real world. Nor is Magical Realism fantasy, like Franz
Kafka’s Metamorphosis, in which an ordinary man awakens to find he has transformed into a cockroach.
This is because the writer and the reader of that story cannot decide whether to ascribe natural or
supernatural causes to the event. In contrast, in a work by Márquez, the world is both
natural and supernatural, both rational and irrational, and this binary nature fascinates readers.
Magical Realism does share some common ground with post-modernism since the acts of writing and
breading are self-reflexive. A narrative may not be linear, but may double back on itself, or be
discontinuous, and the notion of character is more illusive than in other genres.
Naturally, some of these elements disturb a reader although the enormous success of One hundred years of
solitude and the hundreds of other Magical Realist works from authors as far apart as Norway, Nigeria, and
New Zealand would seem to belie it.
F Latin America has had a long history of conquest, revolution, and dictatorship; of hunger, poverty,
and chaos, yet, at the same time, is endowed with rich cultures, with warm, emotional people, many of
whom, like Márquez, remain optimistically utopian. Gabriel Garcia Márquez has passed away, but his
fiction will certainly endure.

Questions 1-7
Passage 1 has six sections, A-F. Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB: You may use any letter more than once.
1. Márquez ‘s background
2. how Márquez felt about Europe
3. influences on Márquez
4. the extent of Márquez ‘s fame
5. why the US did not welcome Márquez
6. what constitutes a Magical Realist work
7. other writing important to Márquez

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Questions 8-13
Complete the summary below using the dates or words, A-L, below. Write the correct letter, A-L, in
boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
A accept B adapting C adopting D believes
E fantasy F non-linear G novel H rational
I supernatural J use K 1925 L 1927

What is Magical Realism?

The genre of Márquez ‘s fiction is known as Magical Realism, a term first applied to a painting in 8.
………………… Magical Realism is often described in negative terms, as not being Realism, Surrealism,
Science Fiction, or 9.…………………

In a Magical Realist novel, the world people live in – which is the real world – is described in detail, but
magical or 10.……………….. elements intrude. These are treated like real ones so that a reader 11.
……………….. them. For instance, characters live longer than natural lives, and ghosts exist. Time, in a
Magical Realist work, may also be 12.…………………

Despite requiring a suspension of disbelief by readers, Magical Realism has enjoyed great success, with
writers from all over the world 13.……………….. the style.

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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Recent stock-market crashes

For as long as there have been financial markets, there have been financial crises. Most economists agree,
however, that from 1994 to 2013 crashes were deeper and the resultant troughs longer-lasting than in the 20-
year period leading up to 1994. Two notable crashes, the Nifty Fifty in the mid-l 970s and Black Monday in
1987, had an average loss of about 40% of the value of global stocks, and recovery took 240 days each,
whereas the Dot-com and credit crises, post-1994, had an average loss of about 52%, and endured for 430
days. What economists do not agree upon is why recent crises have been so severe or how to prevent their
recurrence.
John Coates, from the University of Cambridge in the UK and a former trader for Goldman Sachs and
Deutsche Bank, believes three separate but related phenomena explain the severity. The first is dangerous
but predictable risk-taking on the part of traders. The second is a lack of any risk-taking when markets
become too volatile. (Coates does not advocate risk-aversion since risk-taking may jumpstart a depressed
market.) The last is a new policy of transparency by the US Federal Reserve – known as the Fed – that may
have encouraged stock-exchange complacency, compounding the dangerous risk-taking.
Many people imagine a trader to have a great head for maths and a stomach for the rollercoaster ride of the
market, but Coates downplays arithmetic skills, and doubts traders are made of such stern stu ff. Instead, he
draws attention to the physiological nature of their decisions. Admittedly, there are women in the industry,
but traders are overwhelmingly male, and testosterone appears to affect their choices.
Another common view is that traders are greedy as well as thrill-seeking. Coates has not researched
financial incentive, but blood samples taken from London traders who engaged in simulated risk-taking
exercises for him in 2013 confirmed the prevalence of testosterone, cortisol, and dopamine – a
neurotransmitter precursor to adrenalin associated with raised blood pressure and sudden pleasure.
Certainly anyone faced with danger has a stress response involving the body’s preparation for impending
movement – for what is sometimes called ‘Fight or flight’, but, as Coates notes, any physical act at all
produces a stress response: even a reader’s eye movement along words in this line requires cortisol and
adrenalin. Neuroscientists now see the brain not as a computer that acts neutrally, involved in a process of
pure thought, but as a mechanism to plan and carry out a movement, since every single piece of information
humans absorb has an attendant pattern of physical arousal.
For muscles to work, fuel is needed, so cortisol and adrenalin employ glucose from other muscles and the
liver. To burn the fuel, oxygen is required, so slightly deeper or faster breathing occurs. To deliver fuel and
oxygen to the body, the heart pumps a little harder and blood pressure rises. Thus, the stress response is a
normal part of life, as well as a resource in fighting or fleeing. Indeed, it is a highly pleasurable experience
in watching an action movie, making love or pulling off a multi-million-dollar stock-market deal.
Cortisol production also increases during exposure to uncertainty. For example, people who live next to a
train line adjust to the noise of passing trains, but visitors to their home are disturbed. The phenomenon is
equally well-known of anticipation being worse than an event itself: sitting in the waiting room thinking
about a procedure may be more distressing than occupying the dentist’s chair and having one. Interestingly,
if a patient does not know approximately when he or she will be called for that procedure, cortisol levels are
the most elevated of all. This appeared to happen with the London traders participating in some of Coates’
gambling scenarios.
When there is too much volatility in the stock market, Coates suspects adrenaline levels decrease while
cortisol levels increase, explaining why traders take fewer risks at that time. In fact, typically traders freeze,
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becoming almost incapable of buying or selling anything but the safest bonds. In Coates’ opinion, the
market needs investment as it falls and at rock bottom – at such times, greed is good.
The third matter – the behaviour of the Fed – Coates thinks could be controlled, albeit counterintuitively.
Since 1994, the US Federal Reserve has adopted a policy called Forward Guidance. Under this, the public is
informed at regular intervals of the Fed’s plans for short-term interest rates. Recently, rates have been raised
by small but predictable increments. By contrast, in the past, the machinations of the Fed were largely
secret, and its interest rates fluctuated apparently randomly. Coates hypothesises these meant traders were on
guard and less likely to indulge in wild speculation. In introducing Forward Guidance, the Fed hoped to
lower stock and housing prices; instead, before the crash of 2008, the market surged from further risk-
taking, like an unleashed pit bull terrier.
There are many economists who disagree with Coates, but he has provided some physiological evidence for
both traders’ recklessness and immobilisation and made the radical proposal of greater opacity at the Fed.
Although, as others have noted, we could just let more women onto the floor.

Questions 14-19
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. What do most economists agree about the financial crashes from 1994 to 2013?
A. They were the worst global markets had ever experienced.
B. Global stocks fell around 40% for a period of 240 days.
C. They were particularly acute in the US.
D. They were more severe than those between 1974 and 1993.

15. What does John Coates think about risk-taking among stock-market traders?
A. It is almost invariably dangerous.
B. It was prevalent at Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank.
C. It should be regulated by the US Federal Reserve.
D. It can sometimes assist a weak market.

16. What is some popular belief about traders?

A. They are clever, calm, and acquisitive.
B. They are usually men who are good at maths.
C. They love danger and seek it out.
D. They do not deserve their high salaries.

17. What did Coates find in blood samples from London traders in 2013?
A. They had high levels of testosterone and dopamine.
B. They produced excessive glucose and oxygen.
C. They experienced high blood pressure.
D. They drank large amounts of alcohol.

18. How do neuroscientists now view the brain?

A. As an extraordinary computer.
B. As an organ to control movement.
C. As the main producer of adrenaline and cortisol.
D. As a significant enhancer of pleasure.
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19. Why might a person wait to see a dentist have extremely high cortisol levels?
A. He or she may dislike going to the dentist.
B. He or she may be worried about the procedure.
C. He or she may not have a specific appointment.
D. He or she may not be able to afford the consultation.

Questions 20-24
Complete the flowchart below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.

Questions 25-27
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?
In boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet, write:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
25. Coates’ views are held by many other economists.
26. Coates’ suggestion of less transparency at the Fed is sound.
27. Raising the number of female traders may solve the problem.
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

ANIMAL PERSONHOOD
Aristotle, a 4th-century-BC Greek philosopher, created the Great Chain of Being, in which animals, lacking
reason, ranked below humans. The Frenchman, Rene Descartes, in the 17th century AD, considered animals
as more complex creatures; however, without souls, they were mere automatons. One hundred years later,
the German, Immanuel Kant, proposed animals are treated less cruelly, which might seem an improvement,
but Kant believed this principally because he thought acts of cruelty affect their human perpetrators
detrimentally. The mid-19th century saw the Englishman, Jeremy Bentham, questioning not their rationality
or spirituality, but whether animals could suffer irrespective of the damage done to their victimisers; he
concluded they could; and, in 1824, the first large organisation for animal welfare, the Royal Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, was founded in England. In 1977, the Australian, Peter Singer, wrote the
highly influential book Animal liberation, in which he debated the ethics of meat-eating and factory farming,
and raised awareness about inhumane captivity and experimentation. Singer’s title deliberately evoked other
liberation movements, like those for women, which had developed in the post-war period.
More recently, an interest in the cognitive abilities of animals has resurfaced. It has been known since the
1960s that chimpanzees have sophisticated tool use and social interactions, but research from the last two
decades has revealed they are also capable of empathy and grief, and they possess self-awareness and self-
determination. Other primates, dolphins, whales, elephants, and African grey parrots are highly intelligent
too. It would seem that with each new proof of animals’ abilities, questions are being posed as to whether
creatures so similar to humans should endure the physical pain or psychological trauma associated with
habitat loss, captivity, or experimentation. While there may be more laws protecting animals than 30 years
ago, in the eyes of the law, no matter how smart or sentient an animal may be, it still has a lesser status than
a human being.
Steven Wise, an American legal academic, has been campaigning to change this. He believes animals, like
those listed above, are autonomous – they can control their actions, or rather, their actions are not caused
purely by reflex or from innateness. He wants these animals categorized legally as nonhuman persons
because he believes existing animal-protection laws are weak and poorly enforced. He famously quipped
that an aquarium may be fined for cruel treatment of its dolphins but, currently, the dolphins can’t sue the
aquarium.
While teaching at Vermont Law School in the 1990s, Wise presented his students with a dilemma: should an
anencephalic baby be treated as a legal person? (Anencephaly is a condition where a person is born with a
partial brain and can breathe and digest, due to reflex, but otherwise is barely alert, and not autonomous.)
Overwhelmingly, Wise’s students would say ‘Yes’. He posed another question: could the same baby be
killed and eaten by humans? Overwhelmingly, his students said ‘No’. His third question, always harder to
answer, was: why is an anencephalic baby legally a person yet not so a fully functioning bonobo chimp?
Wise draws another analogy: between captive animals and slaves. Under slavery in England, a human was a
chattel, and if a slave were stolen or injured, the thief or violator could be convicted of a crime, and
compensation paid to the slave’s owner though not to the slave. It was only in 1772 that the chief justice of
the King’s Bench, Lord Mansfield, ruled that a slave could apply for habeas corpus, Latin for: ‘You must
have the body’, as fee men and women had done since ancient times. Habeas corpus does not establish
innocence or guilt; rather, it means a detainee can be represented in court by a proxy. Once slaves had been
granted habeas corpus, they existed as more than chattels within the legal system although it was another 61
years before slavery was abolished in England. Aside from slaves, Wise has studied numerous cases in
which a writ of habeas corpus had been filed on behalf of those unable to appear in court, like children,
patients, prisoners, or the severely intellectually impaired. In addition, Wise notes there are entities that
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are not living people that have legally become non-human persons, including ships, corporations,
partnerships, states, a Sikh holy book, some Hindu idols and the Wanganui River in New Zealand.
In conjunction with an organisation called the Non-human Rights Project (NhRP), Wise has been
representing captive animals in US courts in an effort to have their legal status reassigned. Thereafter, the
NhRP plans to apply, under habeas corpus, to represent the animals in other cases. Wise and the NhRP
believe a new status will discourage animal owners or nation-states from neglect or abuse, which current
laws fail to do.
Richard Epstein, a professor of law at New York University, is a critic of Wise’s. His concern is that if
animals are treated as independent holders of rights there would be little left of human society, in particular,
in the food and agricultural industries. Epstein agrees some current legislation concerning animal protection
may need overhauling, but he sees no underlying problem.
Other detractors say that the push for personhood misses the point: it focuses on animals that are similar to
humans without addressing the fundamental issue that all species have an equal right to exist. Thomas
Berry, of the Gaia Foundation, declares that rights do not emanate from humans but from the universe itself,
and, as such, all species have the right to existence, habitat, and role (be that predator, plant, or decomposer).
Dramatically changing human behaviour towards other species is necessary for their survival – and that
doesn’t mean declaring animals as non-human persons.
To date, the NhRP has not succeeded in its applications to have the legal status of chimpanzees in New York
State changed, but the NhRP considers it some kind of victory that the cases have been heard. Now, the
NhRP can proceed to the Court of Appeals, where many emotive cases are decided, and where much
common law is formulated.
Despite setbacks, Wise doggedly continues to expose brutality towards animals. Thousands of years of
perceptions may have to be changed in this process. He may have lost the battle, but he doesn’t believe he’s
lost the war.

Questions 28-33
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet.
28. Why did Aristotle place animals below human beings?
A. He doubted they behaved rationally.
B. He thought them less intelligent.
C. He considered them physically weaker.
D. He believed they did not have souls.

29. Why did Kant think humans should not treat animals cruelly?
A. Animals were important in agriculture.
B. Animals were used by the military.
C. Animals experience pain in the same way humans do.
D. Humans’ exposure to cruelty was damaging to themselves.

30. What concept of animals did Bentham develop?

A. The existence of their suffering
B. The magnitude of their suffering
C. Their surprising brutality
D. Their surprising spirituality
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31. Where and when was the RSPCA funded?
A. In Australia in 1977
B. In England in 1824
C. In Germany in 1977
D. In the US in 1824

32. Why might Singer have chosen the title Animal liberation for his book?
A. He was a committed vegetarian.
B. He was concerned about endangered species.
C. He was comparing animals to other subjugated groups.
D. He was defending animals against powerful lobby groups.

33. What has recent research shown about chimpanzees?

A. They have equal intelligence to dolphins.
B. They have superior cognitive abilities to most animals.
C. They are rapidly losing their natural habitat.
D. They are far better protected now than 30 years ago.

Questions 34-40
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.

A new legal status for animals?

• Steven Wise believes some highly intelligent animals that are

34. ……………… should have a new legal status. While animals
are not humans, the law has a status for 35. ………………., already
applied to ships, companies, and a river in New Zealand.
Arguments
for: • If the legal status of animals were changed, Wise and the NhRP
could file for 36. ……………….., where a detainee is represented
by someone else. Then,
they could take more effective action against animal abusers.

• Richard Epstein believes the 37. ………………. of animals is

important, but if animals had rights, the cost to human society would
Arguments be too great.
against: • Others, like Thomas Berry, argue that rights are bestowed by the
universe and not by humans. Furthermore, 38. ……………….
species have an equal right to exist.

Current Although the NhRP has not 39. ………………. in having the legal
situation in status of any animals altered, it continues its struggle. Changing two
the US millennia’s worth of 40. ……………… could prove difficult.