Nompilo Dube
University of the People
Assignment Activity Unit 6
BIOL 1121 Biology 1 for Health Studies Major
Morales, M. (Instructor)
August 1, 2024
Virtual Laboratory Activity - BIOL 1121 - Unit 3
Data Collection and Result
1. Data Collection Tables
A. First Set – Presence of Green and Blue leakage channel
No. Solution Movement Across Membrane
1. Green Particles 1
2. Blue Particles 3
Overall observation:
A higher amount of blue particles were able to pass over to
the other membrane more than the green particles.
B. Second Set – One green and one blue gated channels
No. Solution Movement Across Membrane Movement Across Membrane
when the channels are closed when the channels are open
1. Green Particles 0 2
2. Blue Particles 0 3
Overall observation:
When the gated channels were closed it did not allow any of the particles to pass over to
the other membrane, whereas when they were open access was allowed for the particles
to crossover.
C. Third Set – One green gated and one blue leakage channels
No. Solution Movement Across Movement Across Membrane
Membrane (Closed green (Open green gated channel)
gated channel)
1. Green Particles 0 3
2. Blue Particles 2 6
Overall observation:
When the green gated channel was closed it did nit allow access for any green particles to
crossover to the other membrane, whereas when it was open a total of 3 particles were
able to crossover. This also allowed more blue particles to spread and crossover.
D. Fourth Set – Four green gated channels and four blue leakage channels
No. Solution Movement Relative Movement Relative
Across Concentrations Across Concentrations
Membrane (Closed green Membrane (Open green
(Closed green gated channel) (Open green gated channel)
gated gated
channel) channel)
1. Green 0 Higher 3 Higher
Particles concentration of concentration of
green 10:6 green 7:5
2. Blue 6 higher 5 Higher
Particles concentration of concentration of
blue 10:0 blue 5:3
Overall observation:
When the gate was closed t did not allow any access of particles to crossover therefore
making the concentration higher for the blue.
Once the gate was open it allowed access to the green particles to also crossover which
has allowed the concentration to be more or less equal.
2. Conclusion
Write a conclusion about this virtual lab activity in 5-6 sentences.
This virtual lab activity has allowed us the opportunity to identify and fully
participate in this week topic of membranes. Going through all the sets has allowed
myself as a learner to fully immerse myself in the experience, all these sets provided
a different element to understanding the topic of the week. This experiment
provides a visual understanding how particles operate and hat hinders them from
progressing as well.
Virtual Laboratory Activity - BIOL 1121 - Unit 4
Data Collection and Result
1) Data Collection Tables
E. First Set
Component Initial Value Component Final Value
Carbon Dioxide 100 Carbon Dioxide 100
Water 25 Oxygen 0
Light Intensity 0 Sugar 0
Overall observation:
The amount of light was zero meaning there was no light which contributed to no
oxygen and sugar.
F. Second Set
Component Initial Value Component Final Value
Carbon Dioxide 100 Carbon Dioxide 72
Water 25 Oxygen 28
Light Intensity 50 Sugar 4
Overall observation:
The inclusion of light attributed to the increase in oxygen and sugar. Carbon dioxide
and oxygen sum up to the initial amount of carbon dioxide present at the
beginning.
G. Third Set
Component Initial Value Component Final Value
Carbon Dioxide 200 Carbon Dioxide 112
Water 50 Oxygen 88
Light Intensity 50 Sugar 13
Overall observation:
The value of carbon dioxide and water were doubled as the initial value whilst light
intensity remained the same. Hence this has increased the component of sugar
found.
H. Fourth Set
Component Initial Value Component Final Value
Carbon Dioxide 200 Carbon Dioxide 120
Water 50 Oxygen 80
Light Intensity 100 Sugar 12
Overall observation:
Light intensity has increased from 50 to 100, this change did not make a drastic
change to the results as they are ore or less the same from the third set.
2) Conclusion
Write a conclusion about this virtual lab activity in 5-6 sentences.
This virtual experiment seeks to provide us with understanding of how the conversion of
water and carbon dioxide to sugar and oxygen through light-absorbed energy. I was able
to identify the importance of the presence of heat for the conversion to be successful.
Light clearly plays a significant role in this conversion and we can identify that in set 1
when light was not present a conversion did not occur. The reliability of this experiment
was confirmed by keeping components such as time and the number of chloroplasts the
same all throughout. In conclusion, the presence of light is important for a conversion
such as this one to occur.
Virtual Laboratory Activity - BIOL 1121 - Unit 5
Data Collection and Result
While you are working on this virtual lab activity, please record your data in the tables
below.
3. Data Collection Tables
Cell Type Light Nitric Oxide Cytokine/Growth Hormone
Factor
Muscle -Cell type does not -Causes these -Responds to the -Responds by
respond to light. muscle cells to stimulus by taking up
relax. dividing to make nutrients for
two cells. nearby blood
vessels.
Photoreceptor -A signal is picked -Responds -No response for -No response for
up in visible light through light this type of this type of
that is then adaptation. cytokine. hormone.
transmitted to the
visual centre of
the brain.
Cancer -Sun damage -The skin cancer -The skin cancer -The skin cancer
caused by cell responds to cell responds to cell responds by
ultraviolet light the stimulus by stimulus by branching out
causes a mutation initiating growing and into nearby
change in apoptosis. dividing. blood vessels and
DNA ,this cause invading another
cancer cells to tissue in the
grow and divide body.
rapidly.
Leaf -Photosynthesis -Stimulus causes -No response for -No response
Parenchyma occurs, growth and this particular from this type of
chloroplasts use division. cytokine. hormone.
stimulus to
convert water and
carbon dioxide
into sugar.
Fibroblast -No response for -Stimulus causes -Responds by -The production
this stimulus. cell to branching out into and release of
differentiate into nearby blood proteins occurs,
another cell, vessels and these proteins
fibroblast is invading another will serve as the
turning into tissue in the body. glue that will
myofibroblast. hold the cell in a
tissue together.
4. Questions
Based on your observations and from your readings of the chapter answer the following
questions:
1. What type of biomolecules are receptors?
-Receptors are proteins that that are involved in cell signaling and communication.
2. Once triggered, how is the signal processed inside the cell?
-Once the molecule has been received by the target cell, it triggers a series of steps that
help decode the signal transduction pathway.
3. What are the most common receptors for growth factors?
-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), Cytokine Receptors, Notch Receptors, Transforming
Growth Factor-beta, Insulin Receptors.
4. What types of signaling proteins are common in animals but absent from plant cells,
and vice versa?
-Signaling proteins that are unique to animal cells are associated with gap junction, while
those absent in animal cells are linked to plasmodesmata in plants.
5. How does signaling by hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones differ from
signaling by peptide hormones?
-Hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones can diffuse through the plasma
membrane and bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptor. On the other hand, hydrophilic
molecules like peptide hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, they therefore act
by binding to receptors on the cell surface.
6. NO (nitric oxide) does not have a specific cellular receptor. How, then, does it act as a
signaling molecule?
-Through diffusion-based signaling, through these independent pathways they modulate
downstream proteins via specific post translation modifications.
7. Discuss the validity of the following proposition. A signaling molecule (hormone,
growth factor, or neurotransmitter) elicits identical responses in different types of target
cells if they contain identical receptors. Cite an example.
-This is valid, as the response of a target cell to a signaling molecule is primarily
determined by the interaction between the signaling molecule and its receptor. If the
target cells have identical receptors, they are likely to respond in a similar manner.
-The hormone insuline is a good example of this preposition. Insulin is produced by the
pancreas and acts as a signaling molecule in various target cells throughout the body.
Insulin binds to insulin receptors present on the surface of target cells ,such as liver
cells ,muscle [Link].
-when insulin binds to its receptors on muscle cells ,it promotes the uptake of glucose
from the bloodstream into the muscle cells, leading to increased energy production.
-Therefore, the example of insulin supports the validity pf the preposition that a
signaling molecule elicits identical responses in different types of target cells if they
contain identical receptors.
8. What is the relationship between signal transduction pathways and second
messengers?
-Single transduction pathways rely on second messengers to amplify and propagate
signals from the cell surface to the interior, allowing cells to respond to their
environment and adapt to changing conditions.
9. Why are some hormone receptors intracellular proteins? What are some dangers of
nonmedical use of steroids and growth hormones?
-Some hormone receptors are intracellular proteins because they respond to lipid -
soluble hormones, also known steroid hormones or nuclear hormones. These hormones
can diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to their receptors inside the cell.
-Nonmedical use of steroids and growth hormones can pose serious health risks,
including cardiovascular problems, hormonal imbalance, joint pain and swelling, and
nerve damage.
10. What effects does amplification have on the signal transduction pathway?
-Increased sensitivity , enhanced specificity, coordination of multiple responses.
