ENGLISH ALS PROJECT

(2024-25)

TOPIC:
CHILD LABOR IN INDIA

-By Gautham Sangameshwar

Grade: 11-P

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my English teacher Swapna ma’am for
providing me with the opportunity to undertake this project. Your
guidance and encouragement have been invaluable throughout this
process.
I also wish to extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents for their
unwavering support and assistance. Your help has been instrumental
in bringing this project to fruition.
I’d like to thank myself for putting in the hours by doing this project.
This was the first time I dug into the second page of the google search
results, and looked at many more sources. I truly deserve some kind
of recognition.
Finally, I would like to thank YOU, dear reader for going through this
project, even if you directly skipped past this page (but the fact that
you’re still here proves otherwise).
Thank you to everyone who has been a part of this monumental feat.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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 Topic Page no.
1.1) Definition And Brief Overview Of Child Labour 4
1.2) Global Perspective On Child Labour 5
1.3) Child Labour In India: A Historical Context 5
2.1) Legal Framework And Policies 6
2.2) Statistics And Current Trends 7
2.3) Socioeconomic Factors Causing Child Labour 7
3.1) Types Of Work Involving Children 9
3.2) Case Study Of Child Labour In Urban And Rural Area 10
3.3) Impact On Health, Education, And Well-Being 11
4.1) Overview Of Major Slums In India 13
4.2) Child Labor In Slums 13
5.1) Continued Prevalence Of Child Labor In India 15
5.2) Proposals For Addressing Child Labour In India 15
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
1.1) DEFINITION AND A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CHILD LABOR:
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 Child labour refers to the exploitation of children
through any form of work that interferes with their
ability to attend regular school or is harmful to their
physical, mental, social, and moral development. The
International Labour Organization (ILO) defines child
labour as work that is mentally, physically, socially, or
morally dangerous and harmful to children and that
interferes with their schooling by depriving them of the
opportunity to attend school, obliging them to leave school prematurely, or requiring them to
attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work

Characteristics of Child Labor

1) Hazardous Work: Certain types of work are considered hazardous by nature or the
conditions under which they are carried out, likely harming the health, safety, or
morals of children. This includes tasks that expose children to physical,
psychological, or sexual abuse; work underground, underwater, at dangerous heights,
or in confined spaces; work with dangerous machinery, equipment, and tools;
handling heavy loads; exposure to hazardous substances, agents, or processes; and
work for long hours or during the night.
2) Age Factor: Child labour laws often define the permissible age for work. ILO
establishes 15 years as the minimum age for work, though 14 years is allowed in some
cases. For hazardous work, the minimum age is 18. This legal framework aims to
ensure that children are not employed too young and are instead given opportunities
for education and healthy development.
3) Worst Forms of Child Labor: The ILO focuses on the elimination of the worst
forms of child labour, which include all forms of slavery or practices similar to
slavery (such as the sale and trafficking of children), debt bondage, serfdom, forced or
compulsory labour, including recruitment for use in armed conflict, prostitution,
pornography, and illicit activities, particularly drug production and trafficking

Brief overview:
Child labour has existed throughout history and was especially prevalent during the Industrial
Revolution. During this period, children worked in hazardous conditions for long hours with
minimal pay. The exploitation of child labour in industries such as textiles, mining, and
manufacturing led to severe health risks and educational deprivation.
As of 2020, an estimated 160 million children were engaged in child labour worldwide, with
79 million of them working in hazardous conditions. Child labour is most prevalent in the
agricultural sector, accounting for the largest share of child labour globally. Sub-Saharan
Africa has the highest incidence, with nearly 1 in 4 children engaged in child labour.
The primary driver of child labour is poverty, which forces families to depend on their
children's contributions for survival. Other factors include lack of access to quality education,
social norms, and inadequate enforcement of labour laws.

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1.2) GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHILD LABOUR:
Global perspectives on child labour recognize it as a profound violation of children's rights
that necessitates immediate and concerted efforts for eradication. While significant progress
has been made, especially in regions like Asia and the Pacific and Latin America, the increase
in child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic underscore
the need for sustained global action and enforcement of existing legal frameworks.
Comprehensive strategies that address underlying socio-economic factors, enhance
educational opportunities, and implement stringent labour laws are essential for the
elimination of child labour.

1.3) CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA: A HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

Child labour in India can be traced back to ancient times, as evidenced by mentions in
Kautilya's Artha Shastra, dating back to the 3rd century B.C. In those times, children were
often placed as trainees under artisans and craftsmen, with certain crafts relying heavily on
their employment.
During the British colonial period in India, child
labour became more formalized, particularly in
industries such as textiles and mining. Economic
necessities led to the increased exploitation of
children, who were often employed for long hours in
hazardous conditions. Children's labour significantly
contributed to the colonial economy, which further
entrenched the practice within Indian society.
Upon gaining independence in 1947, India sought to address the issues surrounding child
labour through various laws and amendments. However, despite legislative efforts, including
the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986, enforcement remains a significant
challenge due to widespread poverty and socio-economic disparities.

EXISTENCE OF CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA

2.1) LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND POLICIES

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1. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 is a
cornerstone legislation aimed at curbing child labor in India. The
Act prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in
various hazardous occupations and processes. Additionally, it
regulates the working conditions of children in other sectors that
are not deemed hazardous.

2. Amendments to the Act

Significant amendments to the Child Labour Act were made in 2016 to strengthen the
prohibition. The amendment prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in all
occupations and processes, while adolescents (14-18 years) are restricted from working in
hazardous occupations and processes. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation)
Amendment Act, 2012 also allows for the punishment of both parents and employers if a
child is employed.

3. The Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act of 1948 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in any
factory. This law also contains provisions regarding the regulation of adolescent labor (aged
15-18 years), including stipulations on working hours and conditions.

4. The Mines Act, 1952

The Mines Act of 1952 completely bans the employment of children below 18 years in mines,
recognizing the severe hazards associated with mining activities.

5. Right to Education Act, 2009

The Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 aims to eliminate child labor by ensuring that all
children aged 6-14 are provided free and compulsory education. This Act underscores
education as a fundamental right and includes provisions for infrastructure and quality of
education to help in the eradication of child labor.

6. National Child Labour Project (NCLP)

The National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme, initiated by the government, focuses on
the rehabilitation of child laborers and their integration into formal education systems. The
NCLP also involves the setting up of special schools to cater to former child laborers.

[Link] Policy on Child Labour, 1987

The National Policy on Child Labour, formulated in 1987, adopts a gradual and sequential
approach to combat child labor. It emphasizes legislative action, project-based interventions

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in high-incidence areas, and the overall development of families to eliminate the need for
child labor.

2.2) STATISTICS AND CURRENT TRENDS

Statistical Overview
According to the 2011 Census, the number of working children in India between the ages of
5-14 was approximately 10.1 million. This number has shown a downward trend due to
concerted efforts from the government and various NGOs. However, recent trends indicate
that the COVID-19 pandemic has stalled progress, with an increase in child labor observed in
some regions.

Sectoral Distribution
Child labor remains most prevalent in the agricultural sector, accounting for about 70% of
working children. This is followed by service sectors and industries such as textile, brick
kilns, and domestic work.

Urban vs. Rural Distribution

While reductions in child labor have been more significant in rural areas, there has been a
noticeable increase in urban child labor. The migration of families to cities in search of better
opportunities has pushed children into hazardous labor in urban settings

2.3) SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS CAUSING CHILD LABOUR

1. Poverty
Poverty is the most significant driver of child labor in India. Families often rely on the
additional income generated by their children to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, and
clothing. This economic necessity forces children into the workforce at a young age.

2. Lack of Education
Limited access to quality education exacerbates child labor. In many impoverished regions,
schools are either non-existent or lack the necessary infrastructure and resources, making
education inaccessible. The lack of educational opportunities pushes children directly into
labor.

3. Cultural Norms
Cultural practices and norms also play a role in perpetuating child labor. In some
communities, child labor is seen as a norm, and children are often expected to contribute to

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the family income from an early age. Additionally, certain industries prefer child labor due to
their ability to perform delicate tasks that adults cannot.

4. Debt Bondage
Debt bondage is another critical factor wherein families indebted to money lenders or
employers are forced to pledge their children into labor. This practice is prevalent in rural
areas, particularly among poor farmers.

5. High Illiteracy Rates

High illiteracy rates among parents contribute to the persistence of child
labor. Illiterate parents are often unaware of the legal frameworks and the
importance of education, making it more likely for them to send their
children to work.

CHILDREN UNDER FOURTEEN ENGAGED IN

WORK IN INDIA

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3.1) TYPES OF WORK INVOLVING CHILDREN
Child labor encompasses a wide range of work activities that can adversely affect a child's
physical, mental, and educational development. This includes not only hazardous jobs but
also forms of labor that prevent children from attending school or fulfilling their potential.
The distinction between acceptable work and child labor is crucial, as some work can be
appropriate for children's development while others are exploitative or harmful.

1. Hazardous Work
Hazardous work refers to tasks that expose children to dangerous conditions, risking injury or
harm. This includes activities such as mining, construction, and work in factories, where
children may encounter heavy machinery, toxic substances, and unsafe environments. For
instance, around one million children work in mines worldwide, facing appalling conditions
and significant dangers that can lead to severe physical harm or death.

2. Domestic Work
Domestic work, especially among girls, is another prevalent form of child labor. In many
households, girls perform household chores like cleaning, cooking, and caring for younger
siblings. Although some may not be paid in cash, they contribute significantly to household
functioning and may work in exploitative conditions without access to education.

3. Agricultural Work
Agriculture remains the largest sector employing child laborers, accounting for approximately
70% of child laborers globally. Children are often involved in labor-intensive farming tasks,
such as planting, harvesting, and livestock tending, which can be physically demanding and
expose them to harmful pesticides and other chemicals.

4. Street Work
Many children engage in street work, which includes selling goods, providing services, or
scavenging for materials. This type of labor often exposes children to exploitation and abuse,
while also preventing them from attending school. The work can be menial and does not
provide them with the skills or education needed for better future opportunities.

5. Forced Labor and Trafficking

Forced labor and trafficking represent some of the most
severe and abusive forms of child labor. Children may be
coerced into working against their will, including roles such
as child soldiers, or forced into sexual exploitation and
illegal activities. These situations often involve serious
violations of their rights and dignity, leading to long-term trauma and psychological distress.

6. Work in Informal Sectors

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Children often find themselves working in informal sectors, such as family-run businesses or
small workshops, where they are less likely to be protected by labor laws. These jobs
typically lack basic health and safety regulations, exposing children to various hazards while
depriving them of educational opportunities.

7. Employment in Factories
Employing children in factories remains a significant concern, particularly in developing
regions. Factory work can include long hours under poor conditions, often with inadequate
safety measures. Many child laborers in this sector face physical and mental strain due to the
nature of the tasks and the environment

3.2) CASE STUDY OF CHILD LABOUR IN URBAN AND RURAL

AREAS
A) Case Study Of Child Labor In Urban Areas: Punjab, India
Child labor in urban Punjab has been documented in
numerous sectors. A comprehensive study was
conducted over a six-month period in urban and rural
areas of Punjab, highlighting the prevalence and nature
of child labor in urban environments. This study
focused on services such as hotels, restaurants,
transport, and retail, as well as industrial activities like
manufacturing.
1. Sectoral Employment: Children in urban Punjab are often employed in:
 Hotels and Restaurants: Many children work as dishwashers, servers, or cleaners.
The work is physically demanding and usually carried out under poor working
conditions.
 Transport Sector: Children assist in loading and unloading goods, helping
mechanics, or working as cleaners for vehicles.
 Retail Outlets: Small shops and local markets often employ children for tasks like
stocking shelves, cleaning, and running errands.
 Manufacturing Units: Small-scale manufacturing units employ children in various
tasks, including assembling products, packaging, and other labor-intensive roles.

2. Statistics
The study revealed substantial numbers of children engaged in these labor sectors. Although
specific numerical data from the study in Punjab is not detailed in the document, the general

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trend indicates a high incidence of child labor in these urban sectors, driven by economic
necessity and lack of educational opportunities.

B) Case Study Of Child Labor In Rural Areas: West Bengal, India

A detailed study in rural West Bengal provides insight into the job patterns and socio-
demographic characteristics of child laborers. The focus was on a rural Block of West Bengal,
highlighting various aspects of child labor in an agrarian setting.
1. Employment Patterns - Children in rural West
Bengal are mainly working in:
 Agriculture: Most children engage in
planting, weeding, harvesting, and other
farm-related activities. Agricultural labor is
highly labor-intensive and exposes children
to long hours in often harsh environmental
conditions.
 Construction: Children also work in
construction, performing tasks such as
mixing materials, carrying bricks, and
assisting skilled laborers.
 Pedicabs and Transport Hubs: A relatively smaller but significant number of
children earn a living by driving pedicabs or working at transportation hubs, assisting
with loading and unloading goods.
2. Socio-Economic Characteristics
The majority of child laborers in rural West Bengal come from socio-economically
disadvantaged backgrounds. Factors contributing to child labor include:
 Poverty: The primary driver of child labor, where families rely on children's incomes
for sustenance.
 Unpaid Family Work: A significant number of children work without direct
remuneration, contributing to family-run farms and enterprises.
 Limited Livelihood Options: Lack of alternative employment opportunities for
adults forces children to work, often in family undertakings.

C) Conclusion On Case Studies

These case studies from Punjab and West Bengal illustrate the stark reality of child labor in
both urban and rural settings. In urban Punjab, children are absorbed into the informal sectors
of services and manufacturing. Meanwhile, in rural West Bengal, child labor is deeply
embedded in agriculture and construction work. Both environments reflect the pressing socio-
economic challenges that drive child labor, primarily poverty and the lack of educational and
employment opportunities for families.

3.3) IMPACT ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELL-BEING

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Physical Health Impacts of Child Labor
Child labor has substantial negative impacts on children's physical health. Children engaged
in labor-intensive work often experience stunted growth, hunger, and chronic tiredness due to
long working hours and inadequate nutrition. These children are also prone to a higher
susceptibility to accidents and infections, as they frequently work in hazardous environments
without adequate protective measures.
In specific industries, such as the gem polishing industry in Jaipur, India, where 37% of child
laborers suffered finger injuries, 28% had headaches, and 27% experienced respiratory
discomfort, all exacerbated by poor ventilation and lack of protective equipment.

Mental Health Impacts

Children subjected to labor often suffer from anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. They
are at a heightened risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to exposure
to abusive and exploitative conditions.
Studies have shown that children who begin working at a very young age are particularly
vulnerable to mental health issues. For instance, children in Brazil who started working early
had a significantly higher prevalence of depression compared to those who began working
later or not at all. Factors contributing to this include inadequate emotional and psychological
support, exposure to abuse, and chronic stress from strenuous working conditions.

Educational Impacts
Child labor significantly hampers children's
educational attainment. Work commitments often
prevent children from attending school regularly
or performing well academically when they do.
There is a strong negative correlation between
child labor and school attendance, with working
children often exhibiting lower primary
enrollment ratios and higher dropout rates.
For instance, in several countries, school attendance among working children is about half
that of non-working children. This reduced attendance consequently results in lower literacy
rates and educational achievement, impeding children's long-term career prospects and
perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Moreover, children from poorer households engaged in labor exhibit lower foundational
reading and numeracy skills than their more affluent counterparts. This educational deficit is
compounded over time, leading to diminished opportunities for future employment and
socioeconomic mobility.

Long-term Well-being

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The long-term well-being of child laborers is profoundly affected by their early work
experiences. Chronic exposure to hazardous working conditions, combined with limited
educational opportunities, results in poor physical and mental health, lower socioeconomic
status, and reduced quality of life in adulthood.
Child laborers often grow up to be adults with limited skills and earning potential,
perpetuating the cycle of poverty across generations. The intensity and duration of child labor
are critical determinants of the extent of harm experienced, with the youngest laborers facing
the greatest risk of severe long-term damage.

BIGGEST SLUMS AND CHILD LABOUR

4.1) OVERVIEW OF MAJOR SLUMS IN INDIA
1. Dharavi Slum, Mumbai
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 Dharavi Slum is regarded as one of the largest slums
in the world and the most densely populated area in
India, accommodating approximately 1,000,000
inhabitants within an area of just over 2.1 square
kilometers. Established in 1884, it has become a
vibrant hub for various small-scale industries,
including leather goods, pottery, and textiles,
contributing to an estimated annual turnover of over
USD 1 billion. Dharavi is a significant center for
informal economic activity due to its strategic location between Mumbai's main suburban rail
lines, offering affordable housing options despite the challenging living conditions marked by
poor sanitation and overcrowding.

2. Bhalswa Slum, Delhi

Bhalswa Slum is notable for housing around 22,000 residents, contributing to the fact that
approximately 24 percent of Delhi's population lives in slums. This area is characterized by
its high density and is home to one of the largest child labor populations in the capital. The
slum primarily consists of migrants from various parts of Delhi who sought improved living
conditions, only to find themselves in dire circumstances with limited access to resources and
services.

3. Nochikuppam Slum, Chennai

Nochikuppam is an urban slum located near Marina Beach, comprising over a thousand
families, predominantly involved in fishing. The slum has faced several natural disasters,
such as the 2004 tsunami and severe floods in 2015, which exacerbated the already
precarious living conditions. Many families here live below the poverty line, often struggling
to meet basic nutritional needs.

4.2) CHILD LABOR IN SLUMS

Child labor is a significant issue in slums across India, driven primarily by poverty and lack
of educational opportunities. Dharavi, one of the world's largest slums and located in
Mumbai, has a substantial number of working children, especially in hotels and
manufacturing sectors . An alarming statistic from a study conducted in Dharavi revealed that
68% of working children were employed as hotel boys. This trend is not confined to Dharavi
alone; Bhalswa Slum in Delhi, with around 22,000 residents, also has a high child labor
population, which seems to be symptomatic of the broader situation in urban Indian slums

Types of Work
 Hotel and Restaurant Jobs: Children often work as dishwashers, cleaners, and
servers in local hotels and restaurants. The work is usually physically demanding and
conducted in poor conditions.

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  Manufacturing and Workshops: Many children work in informal factories and
workshops, performing tasks such as assembling products, packaging, and other
labor-intensive roles.
 Street Work: Street work, including selling goods and scavenging for materials, is
common. Such work exposes children to the risks of exploitation and abuse while
preventing them from attending school.
 Waste Picking and Begging: Children in slums may also be involved in activities
like waste picking and begging, which are dangerous and demeaning.
 Agricultural Work: Although less common in urban settings, some children in peri-
urban slums engage in farming activities.

CONCLUSION
5.1) CONTINUED PREVALENCE OF CHILD LABOR IN INDIA
Despite efforts to combat child labor, India continues to face significant challenges in
eradicating this issue. Current estimates suggest that approximately 10 million children are

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actively engaged in or seeking work in India. This figure reflects the persistent and
widespread nature of child labor across various sectors, exacerbated by the socio-economic
conditions prevailing in the country.

Geographic Disparities
The incidence of child labor has notably
decreased by 2.6 million between 2001 and
2011, with the decline more visible in rural
areas. However, urban areas have seen a
troubling increase in child labor instances,
indicating a shift from rural to urban settings
where families migrate in search of better
opportunities but often end up in vulnerable
conditions.

Economic and Social Drivers

Poverty remains the most significant driver of
child labor in India. Families living in dire
economic conditions resort to child labor as a
means of survival. Additional factors include
high illiteracy rates, unemployment,
overpopulation, and a lack of social security and protection. Without adequate educational
opportunities and with adult unemployment rife, children are forced into labor to contribute
to household incomes.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated child labor issues. The economic downturn
and resulting loss of livelihoods have driven many families deeper into poverty, compelling
them to send their children to work. This trend is particularly noticeable in sectors such as
agriculture, small manufacturing units, and informal sectors like domestic work and food
services where child labor laws are difficult to enforce.

5.2) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDRESSING CHILD LABOUR

IN INDIA
Addressing child labor in India requires a multifaceted approach involving the strengthening
of legislation, enhancing educational access, poverty alleviation, and extensive awareness
campaigns. Collaboration among the government, NGOs, and the international community is
crucial to create sustainable solutions.

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Strengthening Legislative Framework
Enhancement and strict enforcement of existing laws, such as the Child Labour (Prohibition
and Regulation) Act 1986, which was amended in 2016 to impose stricter penalties for
offenders, is critical. Amendments should align with international standards to close existing
loopholes that allow for the exploitation of children aged 16-18. Additionally, ensuring robust
monitoring and implementation mechanisms is essential for the act's effectiveness.

Enhancing Educational Access

Ensuring universal access to free and quality education is fundamental to combating child
labor. Implementing and enforcing the Right to Education Act 2009 can help reduce dropout
rates and increase school enrollments. Further, providing vocational training and skill
development programs will better equip children and adolescents for future employment
opportunities, thereby reducing dependency on child labor.

Poverty Alleviation
Addressing the root causes of child labor involves robust poverty alleviation programs.
Providing economic support to families living in poverty and promoting livelihood
opportunities for parents can significantly reduce the need for child labor. Social protection
schemes such as conditional cash transfers, mid-day meal programs in schools, and access to
healthcare can also play a pivotal role in this regard.

Awareness and Sensitization Campaigns

Conducting widespread awareness campaigns targeting parents, communities, and employers
about the detrimental effects of child labor is crucial. These campaigns should emphasize the
importance of education and the long-term benefits of keeping children out of labor.

Rehabilitation and Social Protection

Developing and implementing comprehensive rehabilitation programs for rescued child
laborers, including access to education, vocational training, healthcare, and psychological
support, is essential. Establishing social protection schemes for vulnerable families will
prevent children from entering the labor force.

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International Cooperation
Collaborating with international organizations such as the International Labour Organization
(ILO) and UNICEF can facilitate access to expertise, technical assistance, and financial
resources necessary to combat child labor effectively. International cooperation is vital for
sharing best practices and aligning efforts to globally eradicate child labor.

Empowering Local Communities

Involving local communities, including parents, teachers, and community leaders, in
preventing child labor is critical for sustainable change. Empowering communities to identify
and report cases of child labor and support rehabilitation and reintegration efforts can
significantly enhance grassroots-level interventions.

The Bottom Line:

Addressing and eliminating child labor in India is crucial for the well-being of children,
societal progress, and the sustainable development of the nation. It requires concerted efforts,
comprehensive policies, and the active involvement of various stakeholders to ensure the
protection of children's rights and their holistic development

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) November 30, 2020 at 4:40 pm. (2022). Child Labor. Social Welfare
History Project. [Link]
welfarechild-labor/child-labor/

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2) Child labor | Definition, History, Laws, & Facts. (2024). Encyclopedia
Britannica. [Link]
3) Child labour statistics. (2024). International Labour Organization.
[Link]
ipec/child-labour-statistics
4) Momentum. (2021). Child labor: What are the health and social
implications? Baylor College of Medicine Blog Network.
[Link]
social-implications/
5) Florian Zandt. (2024). Infographic: Which Region Has the Highest
Number of Child Laborers? Statista Daily Data.
[Link]
5-17-in-child-labor-in-regions-with-highest-prevalence
6) Momentum. (2021). Child labor: What are the health and social
implications? Baylor College of Medicine Blog Network.
[Link]
social-implications/
7) Dr. Satendra Kumar Singh. (2024). Child labour in India: a historical
perspective | International Journal of Development Research (IJDR).
[Link]. [Link]
historical-perspective
8) Amartya Bag. (2022). Child labour laws in India - iPleaders. iPleaders.
[Link]
9) Child Rights and You. (2023). What Are The Initiatives Taken by Indian
Government To Stop Child Labour in India? Medium.
[Link]
indian-government-to-stop-child-labour-in-india-7a527103dbd

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