TOPIC 3 (CONT’D)

CONCRETE WORK
(REINFORCEMENT & FORMWORK)

REINFORCEMENT
i) BAR REINFORCEMENT
ii) FABRIC REINFORCEMENT

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 BAR REINFORCEMENT
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1. Bar reinforcement
• Mild steel & high tensile
• Measurement in kg/tonne

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2. Tying wire
• Bars are fixed and secured in position using tying
wire and spacer blocks

Diameter of Tying Wire for 1 tonne of

Reinforcement bar (mm) bars (kg)
6-12 10
16-25 6
32-50 5

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 3. Spacer Block & Wastage

• Cost of spacer blocks is minimal and may be

included in the allowance for waste.
• For bars cut and bent on site – allow additional 5%
to cost of bars for wastage and spacers.
• Less wastage for bars delivered cut and bent –
allow additional 2% to cost of bars for wastage and
spacers.
• Wastage also includes damage and loss.

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 LABOUR
Same Labour Constants Application For High Tensile And
Mild Steel Bar Reinforcement

1. Unloading and stacking of bars

• Unskilled workers hours for 1 tonne of bar reinforcement =
1.50 hour

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 LABOUR
Same Labour Constants Application For High Tensile And
Mild Steel Bar Reinforcement
2. Cutting and bending of bars to required lengths and shapes.
• Time taken dependent on sizes of bars
• Labour constant for cutting & bending bars
Steel fixer hours for 1 tonne of bar reinforcement
Types 6-8mm Ø 10-12mm Ø 16-20mm Ø > 25mm Ø
Straight & bent bars 40 30 20 15
Links & stirrups 65 50 30 -

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FIXING BARS INTO POSITION

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3. Fixing bars into position
• location affects cost of fixing

Location Steel fixer hours for 1 tonne of bar reinforcement

6-8mm Ø 10-12mm Ø 16-20mm Ø > 25mm Ø
Foundation 40 30 25 20
and bed
Suspended 50 40 30 25
slabs & roof
Wall, columns, 70 50 35 30
beams &
staircases
Links & stirrups 90 70 60 -

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 PLANT

• Steel bar reinforcement – bulky and heavy material

• Requires plant example crane, forklift, etc for
unloading, lifting, placing, etc
• Most of these machines can also be used for other
purposes – normally allowed for and priced in the
Preliminaries section
• Plant cost therefore not normally considered in
calculation of rates for reinforcement bars
• Exceptions – special plant required for
reinforcement works only and not included in the
Preliminaries – to be considered in the rates

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 EXAMPLE 1
16mm diameter high tensile reinforcement in straight and bent bars in foundation. - Kg
Data:
16mm diameter high tensile bars delivered to site = RM 4,150/tonne
Tying wires = RM 5.00/kg
Bar bender = RM 130.00/day Unskilled worker = RM 90.00/day
Material cost
1. 16mm diameter bars RM 4,150.00
2. Add 5% for waste and spacer block RM 207.50
3. Tying wire = 6 kg x RM 5.00/kg RM 30.00
Labour cost
1. Unloading and stacking = 1.50 hour/tonne x RM 90.00 RM 16.88
8 hours
2. Cutting, bending and fixing = 45 hours x RM 130.00 RM 731.25
8 hours
Total (material + labour) RM 5,135.63
15% profit and overhead RM 770.34
Price for 1000kg RM 5,905.97
Price / kg = RM 5,905.97 = RM 5.91/kg
1000 kg 10
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 FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1. Fabric reinforcement
• Measure – m2
• Size 5.0 m x 2.0 m

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 FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
2. laps at joints
• Fabric size 5.00m x 2.00m with 150mm end and side
laps:

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 FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
2. laps at joints
• Fabric size 5.00m x 2.00m with 150mm end and side
laps:
• Area of sheet = 5m x 2m = 10.00m2
• Less net area = 4.85m x 1.85m = 8.97m2
• Area of lap = 1.03m2
• % of lap to net area covered
= 1.03 x 100 = 11.48% = 12%
8.97
• Allow additional 12% to cost of fabric reinforcement

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 Percentage Addition For Laps

Amount Of End And Side Laps Addition For Laps (%)

(mm)
150 12
200 16
250 20
300 25

3. Wastage
• Allow additional 5% to cost of fabric reinforcement

4. Tying wire and spacer blocks for fixing fabric

reinforcement into position
• Allow additional 10% to cost of fabric reinforcement

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 LABOUR REQUIRED
1. Unloading and stacking of bars
• Unskilled workers hours for 1 m2 of fabric reinforcement = 1/6
hour

2. Cutting to required sizes and shapes and laying in position

• Time taken is dependent on location
• Labour constant for laying (cutting, fixing & tying, etc)

Location Unit Unskilled worker

(Hour)
Beds, suspended slabs and roof M2 1/5
Foundations M2 1/4
Walls M2 1/3
staircases M2 1/2
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 EXAMPLE 2
Fabric reinforcement to BS 4483 ref A 142 with 150mm side and end laps in
suspended floor slab. –M2
Data : Fabric reinforcement = RM 17.50/m2 (delivered to site)
Material cost
1. Fabric reinforcement RM 17.50
2. Laps, wastage, tying wire and spacer block RM 4.73
Laps = 12%
Waste = 5%
Tying wire and spacer block = 10%
Total % = 27%
Labour cost
1. Unloading and stacking = 1/6 hour/m2 x RM 90.00 RM 1.91
8 hours
2. Cutting and laying = 1/5 hour/m2 x RM 90.00 RM 2.25
8 hours
Total (material + labour) RM 26.39
15% profit and overhead RM 3.96
Cost / m2 RM 30.35/m2
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 FORMWORK
Material Required:
1. Shuttering board
• Types – timber board, plywood, metal sheets, etc
for working faces
• Measurement – m / m2
• Can be used more than once and the number of
uses is dependent on the concrete member
• No of uses for formwork
Location No of Uses
Suspended slabs, roofs 6
and walls
Foundations, columns 4
and beams
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2. Timber supports
• Include joists, battens, props, struts, etc
• Different types of supports required for different
member – e.g walls, columns, suspended slab, etc
• Amount of timber supports also dependent on size,
height, etc of members and also amount of
concrete to be supported

• Amount of timber support/m2 of formwork not

exceeding 3.5m high
Location Amount of timber support (Props,
struts, etc)
Sides of columns 0.02 m3
Sides of foundations and walls 0.04 m3
Sides and soffit of beams 0.05 m3
Soffit of suspended slabs 0.06 m3
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3. nails
• Normally can be used only once
• Quantity required = ½ kg/m2 of formwork

4. wastage
• Allow additional 10% of the total material cost

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 LABOUR REQUIRED
1. Making and fixing of formwork
2. stripping and storing of formwork
• Formwork to be stripped off on completion of concrete
work and put aside for re-use or removal
Labour constant for making, fixing, stripping and storing
formwork
Location Making and fixing Stripping and
storing
Carpenter Labourer Labourer
Suspended slabs, 1 hour/m2 ¾ hour/m2 ¾ hour/m2
roof & walls
Beams, columns, 1 ¾ hour/m2 ¾ hour/m2 ¾ hour/m2
lintels
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 EXAMPLE 3
Formwork to horizontal soffit of slab. – M2
Data:
12mm thick plywood (2.40m x Labour cost
1.20m) = RM 142.00/piece
Timber = RM 1500/tonne (1.40m3) 1. Making and fixing formwork,
Nails = RM 3.50/kg a) Carpenter =
1 hour/m2 x RM 125.00 RM 15.63
Material cost 8 hours
1. Timber board, plywood = RM 49.31 b) Unskilled =
RM 142.00 ¾ hour/m2 x RM 90.00 RM 8.44
(2.40m x 1.20m) 8 hours
2. Stripping and storing, unskilled RM 8.44
2. Timber supports, struts = RM 64.29
worker =
0.06m3/m2 x RM 1500
¾ hour/m2 x RM 90.00
1.40m3
8 hours
RM 113.60 Total labour cost RM 32.51
3. Assume board can be used for
6 times: The cost of formwork for RM 18.93 Total (material + labour) RM 55.26
using once = RM 113.60 15% profit and overhead RM 8.29
6 times
Price/m2 RM
4. Nails = RM 3.50/kg x ½ kg RM 1.75
63.55/m2
RM 20.68
5. Wastage , 10% RM 2.07
Total material cost RM 22.75
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 TUTORIAL

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 DATA

1) 20mm diameter reinforcement

deliver to site = RM 3,820/tonne
1. 20mm diameter high tensile bar
reinforcement in straight and bent bars in 2) 10mm diameter mild steel = RM
horizontal roof beams. – kg 3,980/tonne

3) Fabric reinforcement deliver to site

2. 10mm diameter mild steel reinforcement = RM 43.00/m2

in links and strirrups in column. – kg 4) 12mm thick plywood size 2.40m x

Data: Material delivered cut and bend by 1.20m = RM 52/piece
supplier
5) Timber = RM 1,700/tonne
(1.60m3)
3. Fabric reinforcement A318 with 300mm
6) Nails = RM 4.00/kg
side and ends laps in roof. – m2
• 7) Tying wire = RM 5.50/kg
4. Formwork to sides of column. – m2
8) Bar bender = RM 130/day
•
5. Formwork to sides of walls. – m2 9) Unskilled worker = RM 90/day

10) Carpenter = RM 125/day

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•