11

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2: Module 5-7
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: MICHELLE ANN V. VILLACORTA, Teacher III
TERESITA K. DELA CRUZ, Teacher III
ALVIN P. GUIYAB, Teacher II

CONSOLIDATOR: MICHELLE ANN V. VILLACORTA, Teacher III

LANGUAGE EDITOR: CATHERINE P. DE LOS REYES, Teacher I

CONTENT
VALIDATORS: AYRA PATRICIA S. ALVERO, Teacher III
CHRISTIAN MARU S. GARCIA, Teacher III
JOSELITO P. GRANDE JR., Teacher II

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

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 General and Unique Characteristics of the
Module 5 Different Organ Systems in Representative
Animals.

Most Essential Learning Competencies

⚫ Describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems
in representative animals. (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 21)
⚫ Analyze and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ
systems in ensuring animal survival (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 21)

What’s In

Animals have unique and general characteristics of the different organ systems
for ensuring survival of the species in each phylum. All members of animalia are
multicellular eukaryotes that are made of cells, the basic structural unit of all living
things including the invertebrates and vertebrates. These specialized cells come
together to form tissues and organs. An organ is a complex structure within the body.
It has a special job or jobs to do. Organs and organ systems represent two levels in the
structural hierarchy of living things. The hierarchy is composed of five levels of
organization that interact within the body to maintain homeostasis. The most basic level
of organization is the cell. From the cell, in order of increasing complexity, the other
levels are the tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism itself.

Organs are usually composed of more than one cell type. Recall that the
stomach contains all four animal tissue types: epithelium to line the stomach and
secrete gastric juices; connective tissues to give the stomach flexibility to expand after
a large meal; smooth muscle tissues to churn and digest that meal without the need for
conscious thought, but there are also some animals that have incomplete organ system
in which these animals only have one opening for food intake and waste removal like
the digestive systems of invertebrate animals for instance the jelly fish and sea
sponges.

In many animals, organs form organ systems, such as a nervous system. Higher
levels of organization allow animals to perform many complex functions.

What can animals do that most other living things cannot? Most animals share
these characteristics: sensory organs, movement, and internal digestion. Animals have
different organ systems which work together to perform specific job in their body in

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 ensuring for survival. Below are some of the organ systems possessed by
invertebrates and vertebrate animals.

Digestive System:

Animals need to break down the food they eat into its essential components in
order to fuel their metabolism. Invertebrate animals have simple digestive systems—in
one end, out the other (as in the case of worms or insects)—but all vertebrate animals
are equipped with some combination of mouths, throats, stomachs, intestines, and
anuses or cloaca, as well as organs (such as the liver and pancreas) that secrete
digestive enzymes that helps in the breaking down of food to be used by the body cells.

Examples of digestive systems of animals that varies in complexity.

Image source: [Link]

Image source: [Link]
faculty/farabee/biobk/[Link]
carotenoids-and-vit-A-in-rabbits_fig1

Respiratory System:
• Respiration in animals:

Whether they live in water or on land, animals must respire. To respire means
to take in oxygen from the environment and give off carbon dioxide. Some animals rely
on simple diffusion from their skin to respire like earthworm and amphibians, while
other animals have developed large complex organ systems for respiration like the
mammalians. All cells need oxygen, the crucial ingredient for extracting energy from
organic compounds. Animals obtain oxygen from their environment with their
respiratory systems, the lungs of land-dwelling vertebrates gather oxygen from the air,

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the gills of ocean-dwelling vertebrates filter oxygen from the water. Below are examples
of animals with different ways of breathing:

Image source: [Link] Image source: [Link]

system

Circulatory System:

• Circulatory System Variation in Animals

The circulatory system varies from simple systems in invertebrates to more

complex systems in vertebrates. The simplest animals, such as the sponges (Porifera)
and rotifers (Rotifera), do not need a circulatory system because diffusion allows
adequate exchange of water, nutrients, and waste, as well as dissolved gases while the
vertebrate animals supply oxygen to their cells via their circulatory systems, which are
networks of arteries, veins, and capillaries that carry oxygen-containing blood cells to
every cell in their bodies. The circulatory systems of invertebrate animals are much
more primitive; essentially, their blood diffuses freely throughout their much smaller
body cavities. The circulatory system in higher animals is powered by the heart, a
dense mass of muscle that beats millions of times throughout a creature's lifetime.

Muscular System:

Muscles are the tissues that allow animals both to move and to control their
movements. There are three main components of the muscular system:
• skeletal muscles (which enable higher vertebrates to walk, to run, swim, and
grasp objects with their hands or claws),
• smooth muscles (which are involved in breathing and digestion, and are not
under conscious control); and

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 • cardiac or heart muscles, which power the circulatory system. (Some
invertebrate animals, like sponges, completely lack muscular tissues, but can
still move because of epithelial cells).

Reproductive System:

To reproduce, animals need a male and female gamete to procreate an offspring

or babies like chicken, fish, and snakes lay eggs which contain their own kind. Lion,
and sheep, on the other hand, grow their offspring inside them until they are developed
to be born and they are called mammals in which their young are born alive. All animals
have reproductive organs, though they vary in complexity depending upon the animal.
In humans and other mammals, the female reproductive organs include the uterus and
ovaries; the primary reproductive organs in males are the testes and the penis.

The most important organ system from the perspective of evolution is

reproduction, a process wherein all animals make their own kind. Reproductive system
enables animals to create offspring for continuity of species. Invertebrate animals
exhibit a wide range of reproductive behavior. At some point during the process,
females produce eggs and males fertilize the eggs, either internally or externally while
the vertebrate animals—from fish to reptiles to human beings—possess gonads, paired
organs that create sperm (in males) and eggs (in females).

Two Types of Reproduction:

1. Asexual Reproduction- It is a process in which an organism produces offspring

that are genetically identical to the parent cell and which does not require male
and female gametes.

Examples:

• Hydra - budding -results from the out-growth of a part of the body leading to a
separation of the bud.
• Sea Anemone- fission or binary fission organisms split into two parts

(a) Hydra (b) sea anemone Image sources: (a)

[Link]
m/slide/6493540/ (b) [Link]
anemone-edible-all-facts-about-sea-anemone/

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2. Sexual Reproduction- refers to the production of new organisms through the union
of male and female gametes.

Examples: Tiger and Lion

Nervous System:

The nervous system is what enables animals to send, to receive, and to process
nerve and sensory impulses as well as to move their muscles. In vertebrate animals,
this system can be divided into three main components: the central nervous system
(which includes the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (the smaller
nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and carry nerve signals to distant muscles
and glands), and the autonomic nervous system (which controls involuntary activity
such as the heartbeat and digestion)

Lower animals have many of the same organs as those found in higher animals,
though the organs may exhibit differences in structure or complexity. For example, the
brain in many insects and other invertebrates may consist of several simple nerve
clusters, or ganglia.

Simple organ systems are found in many lower animals. In flatworms, for
example, the nervous system is composed of two cerebral ganglia—nerve clusters in
the head that function as the brain—connected to nerve cords that extend throughout
the body. However, some animals, such as jellyfish, lack organs altogether. In these
animals, all functions are handled at the cellular or tissue level.

Image source: [Link]

Endocrine system:

The endocrine system encompasses a group of tissues that release hormones

into circulation for travel to and action on distant targets. An endocrine tissue is

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typically a ductless gland (e.g., pituitary, thyroid) that releases its hormones into
capillaries that penetrate the tissue. The endocrine system controls growth and
development during childhood, regulation of bodily functions in adulthood, and the
reproductive process.
Functions of the Endocrine System:

• Metabolism
• growth and development
• sexual function and reproduction
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• appetite
• sleeping and waking cycles
• body temperature

Immune System:

All animals are continuously exposed to substances that are capable of causing
them harm. Most organisms protect themselves against such substances in more than
one way, with physical barriers, for example, or with chemicals that repel or kill
invaders. An immune system is a complex network of organs containing cells that
recognized foreign substances in the body and destroy the possible pathogens that
may cause diseases. It protects infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and
other parasites.

Two Kinds of Immunity

All animals possess a primitive system of defense against the pathogens to which they
are susceptible. This defense is called innate, or natural, immunity and includes two
parts. One part, called humoral innate immunity, involves a variety of substances found
in the humors, or body fluids. These substances interfere with the growth of pathogens
or clump them together so that they can be eliminated from the body. The other part,
called cellular innate immunity, is carried out by cells called phagocytes that ingest and
degrade, or ``eat'' pathogens and by so-called natural killer cells that destroy certain
cancerous cells. Innate immunity is nonspecific --- that is, it is not directed against
specific invaders but against any pathogens that enter the body.

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 What’s More
Activity 1: Animal Organ Systems (ClozeTest)
Directions: Fill in the blanks with words from the box below.

Cells circulatory digestive endocrine

excretory muscular nervous organs
respiratory skeletal systems tissues

1._____________are the basic building blocks of living organisms. Cells work together
with similar cells and form 2. _________________. These tissues then combine to form
3. _________________, which in turn are connected together in organ 4.
_________________. Your lungs, for example, are part of the 5.
_________________system, which is responsible for bringing oxygen into your body
and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Your heart is part of the 6.
________________system, which is responsible for circulating blood containing food
and oxygen to all of the cells in your body. Your stomach is part of the
7._________________system, which is responsible for breaking down food so that your
cells can use it. Your kidneys are part of the 8. _________________system, which is
responsible for eliminating waste from your body. Your bones are part of the 9.
_______________system, which give your body structure. Your muscles are part of the
10. _________________system, which allows your body to move. Your brain is part of
the 11. _________________, which controls muscle movement and your senses. Finally,
your glands are part of the 12. _________________system, which produces hormones
that regulate your body.

Answer the question:

1. Why do organisms maintain homeostasis?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. How does circulatory system works together in an organism?

__________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2: Matching Type1Directions: Match column A with column B. Write the
letter of the correct answer on the line.

A. B.
____1. endocrine system A. takes oxygen into the body
____2. circulatory system B. supports and protects the body
____3. excretory system C. removes wastes product from the body
D. controls body process by means
____4 respiratory system of chemicals
____5. digestive system E. take food into the body and breaks it
down
____6. skeletal system F. transports materials to and from body
cells
____7. nervous system G. for body movements
____8. muscular system H. controls all body activities

____9. reproductive system I. flexibility and expansion of the stomach

____10. connective tissue J. continuity of species
K. protects organism from foreign bodies

What I Have Learned

Directions: Analyze the given analogy below and write your answer on the space
provided.
1. Circulatory: is to transport blood: Respiratory: is to ____________________
2. Circulatory: is to nutrients: Excretory: is to __________________________
3. Skeletal: is to support: Muscular: is to______________________________
4. Circulatory: is to blood: Digestive: is to _____________________________
5. Cell: is to living things: Organ: is to ________________________________
6. Muscular: is to movement: Reproductive: is to _______________________
7. Brain: is to Nervous: Heart: is to__________________________________
8. Muscular: is to muscle: Skeletal: is to______________________________
9. Cerebellum: is to brain: Atrium: is to _______________________________
10. Lung: is to respiratory: Stomach: is to______________________________

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 What I Can Do

Organ Systems and its Functions

Directions: Give an example of how the body regulates, absorbs nutrients,

reproduces, and defends itself against illness or injury. Explain which and how body
systems work together to perform these functions.

Which systems How do they work

together?

1. Regulation

2. Nutrients
absorption

3. Reproduction

4. Defense from injury

and illness

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 Module 6 Evolutionary Relationships of Organisms

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Explain how populations of organisms have changed and continue to change over
time showing patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to
produce the organismal diversity observed today (S11/12LT-lla-26)
• Describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on
evolutionary relationship (S11/12LT-lla-27)

What’s In

For billions of years, Earth has become a witness to countless life forms that live
in its every conceivable corner. Planet Earth has been a major factor in the emergence
and disappearance of many organisms that diversify into various forms in order to
survive. From single-celled bacteria to the biggest whale, all organisms provide
uniqueness to Earth’s colorful and caring landscape. The diversity of life on Earth is
the result of evolution, a continuous process that persists up to this very day and will
go on as long as there are organisms out there trying to survive.
Evolution refers to the cumulative change in a population of organisms over
time. Many people think of evolution as something that takes a long period of time or
something that might require millions of years. Today, with the experience in antibiotic
and pest resistance, it has been discovered that bacteria and insects can go through
an evolutionary fast track. Within weeks a population of bacteria can virtually reinvent
themselves because they can reproduce quickly, generate mutations at a rapid rate,
and transfer adaptive traits among the different members of their population. They
have an ability to evolve quickly due to their adaptive characteristics that allow them
to survive the killing effects of drugs, reignite infections, or infect more hosts in a single
cough.
Our present and extensive knowledge of evolution is a contribution of many
scientists who were bold enough to understand how life started on the planet. Until the
end of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, most naturalists believed
that species have been created separately and remained unchanged from the time of
their creation. This long-held belief was grounded in the teaching of Plato. Several of
the notable scientists at that time that supported this idea were George-Louis Leclerc,
Comte de Buffon, and even Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.

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 George-Louis Leclerc Charles Darwin Erasmus Darwin Alfred Wallace Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Famous scientists that laid on the foundation of evolution among organisms. Image source:
[Link] [Link]
not-know-about-charles-darwin, [Link] [Link]
Russel-Wallace, [Link]

The reason why Darwin’s theory of evolution was not accepted universally in
the scientific community was because of the lack of supporting evidence. All he had at
that time were based on his observations. Darwin had died several years already
before other scientists found supporting evidence for evolution. Even up to the present
times, pieces of evidence have been added and have validated the concept of
evolution as first proposed by Darwin. Fossil Records are the remains of dead plants
and animals of long ago. They provide concrete evidence of what extinct organisms
looked like and how they lived. Archaeologists study fossil records in ancient sites to
learn about the past, they carry out excavations to record, to analyze and to interpret
archaeological remains.
One most common belief is the continental drift theory that the continents move
along with the movement of the lithospheric plates. As the continents move, species
are distributed in the process.

Homologous structures among bat, whale, cat

and human. One argument that Darwin
revealed in his modification theory was about
the inheritance of changes wherein the
anatomy of living organisms resembles that of
bat their extinct relatives but with intermediate
whale modifications. One possible explanation could
wha
come from a five-fingered amphibian that
became modified over time by natural
selection to facilitate the demands of survival
tasks necessary during that period. Thus,
organs that have different functions but have
similarities in structures are called
cat human Homologous Structures.
Image source:[Link]
evolibrary/[Link]

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 With advances in molecular genetics, scientists have supported the idea that if
all organisms share certain characteristics, evolve from a common ancestor, and
gradually develop genetic changes over time, then these similarities in features can be
proven at the molecular level. Today, it is common knowledge that DNA is the blueprint
of life. If one mention the word “evolution” most likely it is interpreted in ways that
organisms evolve or change to something different. The common belief of an
evolutionary pattern, called divergent evolution, occurs when closely related species
divert to new habitats as a result of diverging lifestyles, ultimately producing distinct
species.
Divergent evolution provides a model of how primates, which are now distinct,
came from an earlier form of primate. In convergent evolution, groups of distantly
related lineages tend to evolve similar structures as adaptations to a similar habitat or
way of life.
Convergent evolution explains how two or more separate lineages of flying
squirrel (placental mammal) and sugar glider (marsupial mammal) evolve similar traits
as a result of having the same environment or niches.
Extinction is an occurrence in nature referring to the loss of an entire species.
This phenomenon is said to be common as the environment where organisms live
constantly changes. Extinction events that affected large portion of life forms, which
occurred throughout earth’s history are called mass extinctions. Post mass extinction
convergence occurs when ancestral species invade a new territory with no known
competitors, allowing them to exploit the resources of the said environment and occupy
a specific niche. This phenomenon is known as adaptive radiation.
Coevolution is another pattern of evolution usually observed in predator-prey
relationships as well as those close interspecific interactions such as mutualism and
competition. It is used to describe the case of two or more non-breeding species
affecting each other’s survival and evolution. Some partnerships, which resulted from
coevolution are so vital that removing one in the environment could lead to the
extinction of the other. This is known as obligatory mutualism.
All life on earth can be traced back to its evolutionary existence through a
common ancestor. The tree of life concept proposed by Charles Darwin in his “On the
Origin of Species” demonstrates how all of species originated from one or two species.
The evolutionary tree of life became the basis for classifying organisms. In this regard,
the relationships established by the phylogenetic systematics could describe an
organism’s evolutionary history or its phylogeny.
Phylogenetic Systematics is the field of biology that deals with identifying the
evolutionary relationships among the many different kinds of life on earth, both
living(extant) and dead (extinct). Molecular phylogenetics is a branch of biology that
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studies the relationships of organisms based on their DNA and protein compositions
using computer algorithms.
In the tree of life, three domains of the living world all came from a single
ancestor. A simple phylogenetic representation of the five-kingdom system shows that
the monerans are the most primitive group of living organisms giving rise to the protists.
The three kingdoms with multi-cellular and eukaryotic members originate from three
separate lines from the Protista. In the six-kingdom system, a common ancestor to the
three domains of life gave rise to the present forms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms.

What’s More

Activity 1: Fill in the blanks!

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term to describe evidence of
evolution. Look for the appropriate answer inside the box.

fossils tortoises beagle galapagos

wallace biology lyek acquired

resources fitness nature selection

1. In 1831, Darwin set sail on a scientific expedition on a ship called the HMS
____________.
2. Darwin’s most important observations were made on the ____________ Islands.
3. Lamarck developed the idea known as the inheritance of ________ characteristics.
4. The ____________ Darwin found helped convince him that species change over
time.
5. The term ____________ refers to an organism’s ability to survive and produce
fertile offspring.
6. ____________ paper on evolution confirmed Darwin’s ideas.
7. ____________ said that Earth must be far older than most people believed.
8. Darwin was influenced by his knowledge of artificial ____________.
9. Darwin proposed that ____________ selects the variations in organisms that are
most useful.
10. The Galápagos Islands are known for having giant ____________ with differently
shaped shells.
11. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their
____________.
12. Darwin’s theory of evolution unifies all of ____________.

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Activity 2: True or False about Evidence of Evolution!
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is
incorrect.

_______1. As recently as 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth was only
6,000 years old.

_______2. Artificial selection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.

_______3. The individual Galápagos Islands are all similar to each other.

_______4. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than their resources.

_______5. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose that species evolve by
natural selection.

_______6. Lyell was one of the first to say that Earth must be far older than most people
believed.

_______7. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics is has become a widely

accepted scientific theory.

_______8. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve.

_______9. The term fitness to refer to an organism’s ability to outrun its hunters.

_______10. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England from the
voyage of the Beagle.

_______11. According to Darwin, natural selection is what occurs, and evolution is how
it happens.

_______12. During his journey aboard the Beagle, Darwin found fossils from the seas
in the mountains.

_______13. Galápagos tortoises have differently shaped shells depending on where

they live.

_______14. Darwin’s book changed science forever.

_______15. Alfred Russel Wallace developed a theory of evolution at the same time as
Darwin.

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Activity 3: Matching Me!
Directions: Match column A with the corresponding item in column B. Write the letter
of your answer on the line before each number.

____1. A vestige of a redundant organ that in ancestral a. plantaris muscle

species had digestive functions.
b. coccyx
____2. The remnant of a lost tail.

____3. Are vestigial third molars that human ancestors used c. whiskers
to help in grinding down plant tissue.
d. wisdom teeth
____4. Is part of a second, completely separate sense of
smell, known as the accessory olfactory system. e. eye

____5. Shows some vestigial features, such as the node or f. pyramidalis

point on the helix of the
muscle
____6. The plica semilunaris is a small fold of tissue on the
inside corner of the g. latissimus muscle

____7. The abdomen is a small and triangular muscle, h. ear

anterior to the rectus abdrominis, and contained in
the rectus sheath i. appendix
____8. The back has several sporadic variations.
j. vomeronasal
____9. Another intriguing example of human vestigiality organ
occurs in the tongue.
k. chondroglossush
____10. Composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin
tendon. muscle

Activity 4: Early Ideas about Evolution and Darwin’s Observations

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words below:

Speciation Environment Gene Flow Mutation

Species Mate Genetic Drift

Two populations are said to be isolated if there is no longer any________ between

them. Over generations, the members of isolated populations may become more and
more different. Isolated populations may become genetically different as those that

17
are better adapted to the new___________ survive and reproduce. Random processes
such as________ & __________ can also affect evolution. When members of two
isolated populations can no longer successfully_________, the populations are said to
be reproductively isolated. Reproductive isolation is the final step prior
to____________, which is the evolution of a new__________.

Answer the question:

What is genetic drift and how can it occur?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.

1. Describe the type of mutations that affect evolution. Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the forces of evolution?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe one special condition under which genetic drift occurs.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

18
 What I Can Do

Directions: Complete the chart about the process of evolution and relationship in
organisms. Choose your answer inside the word bank.

19
 Module 7 Biotic Potential and Environmental Resistance

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Categorize the different biotic potential and environmental resistance (e.g.,
diseases, availability of food, and predators) that affect population explosion.
(S11/12LT-IVhj- 29)

What’s In

The Role of Biotic Potential and Environmental Resistance

In Ecology, the population of the organisms depend on the different growth and
decreasing factors namely: biotic potential and ecological resistance. Population is
defined as the group of organisms with the same species occupying the same area of
habitat; while the two factors are biotic potential is the maximum rate at which
population will reach the full number in reproducing the number of their organisms in
ideal environmental conditions and the environmental resistance is the counterpart of
biotic potential which it limits the population to grow. There are two types of
environmental resistance: density dependent (e.g. diseases, predators, etc.) and
density independent (e.g. climate and natural disasters).

Table 1. Difference between the two factors in population explosion

Biotic Potential Ecological Resistance

Growing of the population Decreasing the population
Right temperature Too much or too little temperature
Right amount of light Too much or too little light
Enough food supply Not enough food supply
Ability to migrate places (habitats) Unable to migrate places (habitats)
Ability to adapt to environmental Unable to adapt to environmental changes
changes

The following are examples of Biotic Potential and Ecological Resistance

Biotic Potential

a. The stinky spray of a skunk is one of the most well-known animal defenses there
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 is, but it's usually used as a last resort by these striped animals.

b. The duck that have many surviving ducklings.

c. A mango with one seed and a kalamansi with dozens of seeds in a fruit,
therefore the kalamansi have higher biotic potential because it can produce more
seeds.

d. On the typical environment, spiders are capable of producing hundreds of

offspring at a time, cats and dogs can produce four to eight offspring at a time, and
humans can only produce one to three offspring at a time. The different biotic
potentials of organisms can be recognized to several factors such as survival rate
of their offspring, frequency of reproduction, and reproductive lifespan. (Canoy,
2017)

High Biotic Potential Organisms: Rabbits, Bacteria

Low Biotic Potential Organisms: Whales, Humans, Pandas

Ecological Resistance

a. A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism
which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are lion and zebra,
bear and fish, and fox and rabbit.

b. La Niña and El Niño are factors that contribute to the lack of water in the world.
On the contrary, some effects are floods that destroys the habitat of the organisms.

c. The pandemic COVID-19 is a virus that killed many people in the world.

Some of the common examples of environmental resistance include the

accessibility of water and predator-prey relationship.

Water is an important resource that producers need for growth. If the producers
do not grow in an ecosystem, then the consumers in such ecosystem cannot be
sustained.

Dynamics of predator-prey populations contribute to environmental resistance.

For example, if the predator population is low, we can assume that the prey’s
population is high. (Canoy, 2017)

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 Population Explosion

Image Source: [Link]

The illustration below shows the population density (measurement of population per
unit area) of the mice. The Birth Rate (the number of organisms produced in a
population) of the mice is around 2,000 while the Death Rate (the number of organisms
that dies in a given population) is about 200 in a 2,000 population.
The illustration is related to the population of mice in a given area. For example, the
favorable temperature for a mouse population is around 18-23 degrees Celsius and
the recommended humidity is around 40 to 60%. They prefer to burrow underground
to hide from the predators and may like to live in wood piles and under the floors of the
house.
The predators in the illustration are the snake, hawk, cat, dog and sometimes in the
wild is the owl and skunks.
There are also factors like starvation and disease of the population of mouse that
affects the number of organisms in their population.

22
 Image Source: [Link]

What can you say about the graph above in terms of the World population from
1950-2020?
Population Explosion is the rapid
increase of a population over the past 1
hundred years; it is comparing the birth
rate and the death rate. In our country, we
can say that we are overpopulated.
Overpopulation is the condition wherein
there is more organisms than the ideal
number of organisms in a place. Both
death rates and birth rates have dropped
but death rates have dropped faster that
the birth rates.
Can we do something about the
rapid growth of population? What are the
implications that our environment is
having this population explosion?
[Link]
Overpopulation-Its-Causes-Effects-and-Solutions

23
 Table 2. Population in the National Capital Region

The population in our region was tabulated by the Philippine Statistics Authority
last May 2013, this table shows that the different municipalities within Metro Manila
differ in number in terms of population. The biggest population is the Quezon City which
is 2, 761, 720 while smallest population is the Municipality of Pateros which is 64,147.
It also shows in the table that the population in an interval of 10 years increased in
number. For example, in Las Piñas City, from 297, 102 (1990) to 552, 573 (2010). In 30
years, more than 200 thousand individual added from 1990. The same cases also
evident in the different cities and municipalities within the region.

24
 What’s More

Activity 1: Tour in the Dining

Directions: Describe the life of mice in the house that best describes their
biotic potential by filling up the bubbles. Choose from the choices inside
the box. You may use separate paper for your answers.

5.________
_________
1._______ __
2.____________
_________ 6.__________
____________
______ ___________

3._______
________
_ 4._______________
_______________

After eating here, I There is no people in the The Sugar is very Hurry! Give me
want to sleep inside house, keep on eating sweet in this cup! some apples!
the bowl. guys!

The apples are very I might be the smartest The wood is very I love playing
juicy! Here, have mouse because I ate this good! here at the
some! black rope! couch..

Answer the question:

How will you describe the biotic potential of mice based on the illustration?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

25
Activity 2: Work Like a Farmer

Directions: Complete the table of the Farmer by describing the environmental

resistance present in a farm.

Image Source: [Link]

Farmer’s Checklist of Environmental Resistance

Organism Environmental Resistance
Example: Grass Too much sunlight (extreme heat) and without the
presence of rain (lack of water)
1. Chicken

2. Dog

3. Sheep

26
 4. Bees

5. Apple Trees

6. Horse

7. Pig

8. Cow

9. Myself (Farmer)

Answer the question:

Aside from the Example above, can you give at least two examples of organisms in
your environment that has similar environmental resistance that you listed?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 3: Plot the Population

Directions: Given the data from the Table 2 on page 5, plot the different
values about the population of Las Piñas City and Parañaque City and answer
the following questions after making a line graph. You may use separate paper
or a graphing paper for your answers.
X: Year Y: Population Values
Blue Line: Las Piñas City
Red Line: Parañaque City

27
Answer the question:
Based from the graph, which city has the higher population? Give one example of the
cause of high population in that city.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Group the following characteristics of different cities in

National Capital Region if it is an example of factors in Biotic Potential or
an Environmental Resistance. Write the letters only. You may use
separate paper for your answers.
Biotic Potential

Environmental
Resistance

28
A. Quezon City has the highest population in the NCR.
B. As of March 2020, San Juan City has the most number of cases of COVID 19,
more than 800 cases.
C. Manila is considered as the most polluted city in the Philippines.
D. Las Piñas City is one of the highly urbanized city in the region.
E. The DENR together with PUP, planted 6,000 seedlings to their branches in
Parañaque City, San Juan City, Taguig City and Quezon City last June 25,
2019.
F. Humidity level in the whole region is usually very high which makes the people
feel warmer. The average temperature is between 20̊ C and 38̊C.

What I Can Do

CoVid-19 is one of the example

of environmental resistance of
the whole world nowadays, think
of a solution of how you can help
our country to help our country
or nation to lessen the population
losses during this pandemic.
Create a slogan that will express
that solution. You may use a
separate paper for your answers.

Source:
[Link]

29
 30
MODULE 5 MODULE 5
Activity 3 Activity 1
1. take in oxygen [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link]/nutrients [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link]/perpetuation [Link]
7. circulatory [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
Activity 4 [Link]
Systems works [Link]
1. Regulation - endocrine - regulates homeostasis QUESTIONS:
- Nervous - chemical regulations Answers may vary
2. Nutrients absorption - circulatory - transport nutrients Activity 2
- digestive - absorbs nutrients 1.D
3. Reproduction- reproductive - produce egg cell, 2.F
sperm cell, nurture 3.C
developing offspring
4.A
5.E
4. Defense from injury- immune system - protects and fight
against disease, illness and 6.B
heal injuries 7.H
8.G
9.J
10. I
Answer Key
 31
Module 6 Module 6
Activity 3 Activity 1
1. I 1. Beagle
2. B 2. Galapagos
3. D 3. Acquired
4. J 4. Fossils
5. H 5. Fitness
6. E 6. Wallace
7. F 7. Lyek
8. G 8. Selection
9. K 9. Nature
10. A 10. Tortoises
Activity 4 11. Resources
1. Gene Flow 12. Biology
2. Environment
Activity 2
3. Mutation
1. True
4. Genetic Drift
2. False
3. False
5. Mate
4. True
6. Specimen
5. False
7. Species 6. True
7. False
Genetic Drift- Changes in allele frequency due to chance. A
forest fire eliminating almost an entire population of beetles, 8. True
leaving only a few survivors (by chance) is an example
9. False
10. False
11. False
12. False
13. True
14. True
15. True
 32
MODULE 7
Activity 1
[Link] are no people in the house, keep on eating guys!
[Link] apples are very juicy! Here, have some!
[Link]! Give me some apples!
4.I might be the smartest mouse because I ate this black
rope!
[Link] sugar is very sweet in this cup!
6. After eating here, I want to sleep inside the bowl.
Answer:
At the Dining Room, the mice have many available
resources for them to survive. (Answers may vary)
Activity 2
[Link], Diseases, too much heat, lack of food and
water
[Link], Diseases, too much heat, lack of food and
water
[Link] of grass, diseases, predators
[Link] flowering plants
[Link] much heat, no water or rain
[Link], Diseases, too much heat, lack of food and
water
[Link], Diseases, too much heat, lack of food and
water
[Link], Diseases, too much heat, lack of food and
water
[Link], too much heat, lack of food and water,
polluted air
Activity 3
Answer: One factor is urbanization. (Anaswers may
vary)