Introduction 15
0-1 Suction and scavenging 0-1 Suction
1-2 Compression
1-2 Compression
2-3 Heat addition
2-3 Heat addition
3-4 Expansion 34 Expansion
p 4-0 Exhaust H 4-0 Exhaust
2
4
Igíítion
|Ignition
(a)Two-strokeengine (b)Four-stroke engine
Fig. 1.10 Actual p-V diagrams
IC Engines
Four-stroke engine Two-stroke engine
SI engine CI engine
Divided chamber engine
Petrol engine Gas engine Dual-fuel/Multifuel engine
Carburetted type Injection type
Prechamber
Swirl chamber
Battery ignition Magneto ignition
o Air-cooled Water-cooled
Reciprocating
Rotary Reciprocating
(single cylinder) (multicylinder)
(Wankel)
rotor
Twin rotor
cylinder Opposed cylinder Single
Vee cylinder Inclined
(2/4/6) (2/4/6)
(4/6/8/12)
Fig. 1.11 Classification of internal combustion engines
16 IC Engines
Cycle of Operation
1.5.1
operation,
IC engines are basically
of
According to the cycle
two categories.
engine or Otto
0) Constant volume het ddition cycle
engine, It
engine, 8I engie or Gasoline
called a Spark-lgnition engine,
heat addition engine
or
() Constant-pressure
Diesel cycle
engine,
engine, CII engine or Diesel
called a compression-iguition engine
Type of Fuel Used
1.5.2
Based on the type
of fuel used engines areclassificd
s
fuels, For example, gasoline,
volatile liquid aleoho).
()) Engines using
benzene etc. to form a homogeneou8
with air
generally mixed
is
The fuel drawn intothe charyy
outside the cylinder and cylinder
a carburettor
is ignited near the end the
of
stroke. The charge
suction
applied spark and therefore thesecormpressn
by an externally engjnes ate
stroke
engines.
called spark-ignition
Compressed Natural Gas
using gaseous
fuels (CNG),Lin
like
and biogas.
(i) Engines (LPG), blast furnace gas
Gas Gasern
uefied Petroleum fuels
compared to liquid because
better of
fuels are comparatively
reduced ignition delay. is introduced into the
with air and the mixture cylin-
The gas is mixed of this type of engineis sirnilar
process. Working
der during the suction (SI gas engine).
using volatile liquid fuels
to that of the engines
coal etc.
powdered
Engine using solid fuels like charcoal, en
(iii)
gaseous fuels outside the
Solid fuels are generally converted into
the engine works as a gas
engine.
in a separate gas producer and
tempera.
(iv) Engines using (low volatility at normal atmospheric
viscous
tures) liquid fuels like
heavy and light diesel oils.
cylinder in the form minute
The fuel is generally introduced into the
of
of the compressionpro
droplets by a fuel injection system near the end
due toits coming
the fuel takes place
into contact
[Link] of
air in the cylinder. Therefore.
with the high temperature compressed
these engines are called compression-ignitionengines.
(v) Engines using two fuels.
A gaseous fuel or a highly volatile liquid fuel is supplied
along wita
air during the suction stroke or during the initial part of compressou
through a gas valve in the cylinder head and the other fuel
(a viscous
end the
into the combustion space near the
of
liquid fuel) is injected
compression stroke. These are called dual-fuel engines
Introduction 17
1.5.3 Method of Charging
According tothe method of charging,the engines are classiffed 4
(1) Naturally aspirated engines Adminaion of air or fuel-air mixture at
near atnnospherie preasure.
(i)Superchargeod Engines: Admisaion of nir or fue-air mixture under pres
sure, i.e., aboveatmospheric preHsure.
1.5.4 Type of lgnition
Syark-ignition engines require an external source of energy for the initiation
ofspark and thereby the combustion process. A high voltage spark is made
tojump aeross the spark plug electrodes. In order to produce the required
high voltage there are two typesof ignition systems which are normally used.
They are :
(i) battery ignition system magneto ignition system.
(ii)
They derive their name based on whether a battery or a magneto is used
as the primary source of energy for producing the spark.
In the case of CIenginesthere is no need for an external means to produce
the ignition. Because of high compression ratio employed, the resulting tem
perature at the end of the compression process is high enough to self-ignite
the fuel when injected. However, the fuel should be atomized intovery fine
particles. For this purpose a fuel injection system is used.
1.5.5 Type of Cooling
There are
Cooling is very essential for the satisfactory running of an engine.
two types of cooling systems used in engines, viz.,
(i)air-cooled engine (ii)water-cooledengine
1.5.6 Cylinder Arrangements
common method engines is by the cylinder
of classifying reciprocating
Another
is only applicable to multicylinder
arrangement. The cylinder arrangement
cylinder arrangements must be
engines. Two terms used in connection with
defined first.
lidose
which the centreline
(i) Cylinder Row: An arrangement of cylinders in
to the plane containing the
of the crankshaft journals is perpendicular
centrelines of the engine cylinders.
of
of cylindersin which the centreline
(ii) Cylinder Bank: An arrangement
plane containing the centrelines
the crankshaft journals is parallel tothe
of the engine cylinders.
with designers are described
A number of cylinder arrangements popular
in Fig.1.12.
below. The details of various cylinder arrangements are shown
In-line Engine :The in-line engine is an engine with one
cylinder bank, i.e
all cylinders are arranged linearly, and transmit power to a single crankshaft
