Software Engineering

Software Testing

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 1

Defect testing

 Testing programs to
establish the presence of
system defects

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 2

Test

 “Testing is the process of executing a

program with the intention of finding
errors.” – Myers
 “Testing can show the presence of bugs
but never their absence.” - Dijkstra

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 3

Objectives
 To understand testing techniques that are
geared to discover program faults
 To introduce guidelines for interface testing
 To understand specific approaches to object-
oriented testing
 To understand the principles of CASE tool
support for testing

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 4

Topics covered
 Defect testing
 Integration testing
 Object-oriented testing
 Testing workbenches

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 5

The testing process
 Component testing
• Testing of individual program components
• Usually the responsibility of the component developer (except
sometimes for critical systems)
• Tests are derived from the developer’s experience
 Integration testing
• Testing of groups of components integrated to create a system
or sub-system
• The responsibility of an independent testing team
• Tests are based on a system specification

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 6

 Testing phases

Component Integration
testing testing

Software developer Independent testing team

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 7

Defect testing
 The goal of defect testing is to discover defects
in programs
 A successful defect test is a test which causes a
program to behave in an anomalous way
 Tests show the presence not the absence of
defects

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 8

Testing priorities
 Only exhaustive testing can show a program is
free from defects. However, exhaustive testing
is impossible
 Tests should exercise a system's capabilities
rather than its components
 Testing old capabilities is more important than
testing new capabilities
 Testing typical situations is more important than
boundary value cases

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 9

Test data and test cases
 Test data Inputs which have been devised to
test the system
 Test cases Inputs to test the system and the
predicted outputs from these inputs if the
system operates according to its specification

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 10

The defect testing process

Test Test Test Test

cases data results reports

Design test Prepare test Run program Compare results

cases data with test data to test cases

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 11

Black-box testing
 An approach to testing where the program is
considered as a ‘black-box’
 The program test cases are based on the
system specification
 Test planning can begin early in the software
process

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 12

Black-box testing
Inputs causing
anomalous
Input test data I behaviour
e

System

Outputs which reveal

the presence of
Output test results Oe defects

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 13

Equivalence partitioning
 Input data and output results often fall into
different classes where all members of a class
are related
 Each of these classes is an equivalence
partition where the program behaves in an
equivalent way for each class member
 Test cases should be chosen from each
partition

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 14

Equivalence partitioning

Invalid inputs Valid inputs

System

Outputs

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 15

Equivalence partitioning
 Partition system inputs and outputs into
‘equivalence sets’
• If input is a 5-digit integer between 10,000 and 99,999,
equivalence partitions are <10,000, 10,000-99, 999 and >
10, 000
 Choose test cases at the boundary of these
sets
• 00000, 09999, 10000, 99999, 10001

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 16

Equivalence partitions
3 11
4 7 10

Less than 4 Between 4 and 10 More than 10

Number of input values

9999 100000
10000 50000 99999

Less than 10000 Between 10000 and 99999 More than 99999

Input values
Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 17
Search routine specification
procedure Search (Key : ELEM ; T: ELEM_ARRAY;
Found : in out BOOLEAN; L: in out ELEM_INDEX) ;

Pre-condition
-- the array has at least one element
T’FIRST <= T’LAST
Post-condition
-- the element is found and is referenced by L
( Found and T (L) = Key)
or
-- the element is not in the array
( not Found and
not (exists i, T’FIRST >= i <= T’LAST, T (i) = Key ))

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 18

Search routine - input partitions
 Inputs which conform to the pre-conditions
 Inputs where a pre-condition does not hold
 Inputs where the key element is a member of
the array
 Inputs where the key element is not a member
of the array

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 19

Testing guidelines (sequences)
 Test software with sequences which have only a
single value
 Use sequences of different sizes in different
tests
 Derive tests so that the first, middle and last
elements of the sequence are accessed
 Test with sequences of zero length

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 20

Search routine - input partitions

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 21

Structural testing
 Sometime called white-box testing
 Derivation of test cases according to program
structure. Knowledge of the program is used to
identify additional test cases
 Objective is to exercise all program statements
(not all path combinations)

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 22

White-box testing

Test data

Tests Derives

Component Test
code outputs

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 23

class BinSearch {

// This is an encapsulation of a binary search function that takes an array of

// ordered objects and a key and returns an object with 2 attributes namely
// index - the value of the array index
// found - a boolean indicating whether or not the key is in the array
// An object is returned because it is not possible in Java to pass basic types by
// reference to a function and so return two values
// the key is -1 if the element is not found

public static void search ( int key, int [] elemArray, Result r )

{
int bottom = 0 ;
int top = [Link] - 1 ;
int mid ;
[Link] = false ; [Link] = -1 ;
while ( bottom <= top )
{
mid = (top + bottom) / 2 ;
if (elemArray [mid] == key)
{
[Link] = mid ;
[Link] = true ;
return ;
} // if part
else
{
if (elemArray [mid] < key)
bottom = mid + 1 ;
else
top = mid - 1 ;
}
} //while loop
} // search
} //BinSearch Binary search (Java)
Binary search - equiv. partitions
 Pre-conditions satisfied, key element in array
 Pre-conditions satisfied, key element not in
array
 Pre-conditions unsatisfied, key element in array
 Pre-conditions unsatisfied, key element not in array
 Input array has a single value
 Input array has an even number of values
 Input array has an odd number of values

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 25

Binary search equiv. partitions

Equivalence class boundaries

Elements < Mid Elements > Mid

Mid-point

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 26

Binary search - test cases

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 27

Path testing
 The objective of path testing is to ensure that
the set of test cases is such that each path
through the program is executed at least once
 The starting point for path testing is a program
flow graph that shows nodes representing
program decisions and arcs representing the
flow of control
 Statements with conditions are therefore nodes
in the flow graph

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 28

Program flow graphs
 Describes the program control flow. Each
branch is shown as a separate path and loops
are shown by arrows looping back to the loop
condition node
 Used as a basis for computing the cyclomatic
complexity
 Cyclomatic complexity = Number of edges -
Number of nodes +2

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 29

Cyclomatic complexity
 The number of tests to test all control
statements equals the cyclomatic complexity
 Cyclomatic complexity equals number of
conditions in a program
 Useful if used with care. Does not imply
adequacy of testing.
 Although all paths are executed, all
combinations of paths are not executed

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 30

 1

while bottom < = top

bottom > top
2

3 if (elemArray [mid] == key

8 4
(if (elemArray [mid]< key

5 6
9

Binary search flow graph

Independent paths
 1, 2, 3, 8, 9
 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 2
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 2
 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 2, 8, 9
 Test cases should be derived so that all of these
paths are executed
 A dynamic program analyser may be used to
check that paths have been executed

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 32

Integration testing
 Tests complete systems or subsystems
composed of integrated components
 Integration testing should be black-box testing
with tests derived from the specification
 Main difficulty is localising errors
 Incremental integration testing reduces this
problem

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 33

Incremental integration testing
A T1
T1
A
T1 T2
A B
T2
T2 B T3
T3
B C
T3 T4
C
T4
D T5

Test sequence Test sequence Test sequence

1 2 3
Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 34
Approaches to integration testing
 Top-down testing
• Start with high-level system and integrate from the top-down
replacing individual components by stubs where appropriate
 Bottom-up testing
• Integrate individual components in levels until the complete
system is created
 In practice, most integration involves a
combination of these strategies

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 35

Q: For which types of system is bottom-up testing appropriate,
and why?

Answer:

1. Object-Oriented Systems – because these have a neat

decomposition into classes and methods –makes testing
easy
2. Real-Time Systems – because we can identify slow bits
of code more quickly
3. systems with strict performance requirements – because
we can measure the performance of individual methods
early in the testing process

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 36

 Top-down testing
Testing
Level 1 Level 1 . ..
sequence

Level 2 Level 2 Le vel 2 Level 2

Le vel 2
stubs

Le vel 3
stubs

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 37

Bottom-up testing

Test
drivers
Testing
Level N Level N Le vel N Level N Level N
sequence

Test
drivers
Level N–1 Level N–1 Level N–1

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 38

Testing approaches
 Architectural validation
• Top-down integration testing is better at discovering errors in
the system architecture
 System demonstration
• Top-down integration testing allows a limited demonstration at
an early stage in the development
 Test implementation
• Often easier with bottom-up integration testing
 Test observation
• Problems with both approaches. Extra code may be required
to observe tests

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 39

Interface testing
 Takes place when modules or sub-systems are
integrated to create larger systems
 Objectives are to detect faults due to interface
errors or invalid assumptions about interfaces
 Particularly important for object-oriented
development as objects are defined by their
interfaces

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 40

Interface testing
Test
cases

A B

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 41

Interfaces types
 Parameter interfaces
• Data passed from one procedure to another
 Shared memory interfaces
• Block of memory is shared between procedures
 Procedural interfaces
• Sub-system encapsulates a set of procedures to be called by
other sub-systems
 Message passing interfaces
• Sub-systems request services from other sub-systems

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 42

Interface errors
 Interface misuse
• A calling component calls another component and makes an
error in its use of its interface e.g. parameters in the wrong
order
 Interface misunderstanding
• A calling component embeds assumptions about the
behaviour of the called component which are incorrect
 Timing errors
• The called and the calling component operate at different
speeds and out-of-date information is accessed

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 43

Interface testing guidelines
 Design tests so that parameters to a called
procedure are at the extreme ends of their
ranges
 Always test pointer parameters with null
pointers
 Design tests which cause the component to fail
 Use stress testing in message passing systems
 In shared memory systems, vary the order in
which components are activated

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 44

Stress testing
 Exercises the system beyond its maximum
design load. Stressing the system often causes
defects to
come to light
 Stressing the system test failure behaviour..
Systems should not fail catastrophically. Stress
testing checks for unacceptable loss of service
or data
 Particularly relevant to distributed systems
which can exhibit severe degradation as a
network becomes overloaded
Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 45
Object-oriented testing
 The components to be tested are object classes
that are instantiated as objects
 Larger grain than individual functions so
approaches to white-box testing have to be
extended
 No obvious ‘top’ to the system for top-down
integration and testing

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 46

Testing levels
 Testing operations associated with objects
 Testing object classes
 Testing clusters of cooperating objects
 Testing the complete OO system

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 47

Object class testing
 Complete test coverage of a class involves
• Testing all operations associated with an object
• Setting and interrogating all object attributes
• Exercising the object in all possible states
 Inheritance makes it more difficult to design
object class tests as the information to be tested
is not localised

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 48

Weather station object interface
WeatherStation
 Test cases are needed for
identifier all operations
reportWeather ()  Use a state model to
calibrate (instruments)
test () identify state transitions for
startup (instruments) testing
shutdown (instruments)
 Examples of testing
sequences
• Shutdown  Waiting  Shutdown
• Waiting  Calibrating  Testing 
Transmitting  Waiting
• Waiting  Collecting  Waiting 
Summarising  Transmitting  Waiting
Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 49
Object integration
 Levels of integration are less distinct in object-
oriented systems
 Cluster testing is concerned with integrating and
testing clusters of cooperating objects
 Identify clusters using knowledge of the
operation of objects and the system features
that are implemented by these clusters

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 50

Approaches to cluster testing
 Use-case or scenario testing
• Testing is based on a user interactions with the system
• Has the advantage that it tests system features as
experienced by users
 Thread testing
• Tests the systems response to events as processing threads
through the system
 Object interaction testing
• Tests sequences of object interactions that stop when an
object operation does not call on services from another object

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 51

Scenario-based testing
 Identify scenarios from use-cases and
supplement these with interaction diagrams that
show the objects involved in the scenario
 Consider the scenario in the weather station
system where a report is generated

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 52

Collect weather data

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 53

Weather station testing
 Thread of methods executed
• CommsController:request  WeatherStation:report 
WeatherData:summarise

 Inputs and outputs

• Input of report request with associated acknowledge and a
final output of a report
• Can be tested by creating raw data and ensuring that it is
summarised properly
• Use the same raw data to test the WeatherData object

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 54

Testing workbenches
 Testing is an expensive process phase. Testing
workbenches provide a range of tools to reduce
the time required and total testing costs
 Most testing workbenches are open systems
because testing needs are organisation-specific
 Difficult to integrate with closed design and
analysis workbenches

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 55

A testing workbench

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 56

Testing workbench adaptation
 Scripts may be developed for user interface
simulators and patterns for test data generators
 Test outputs may have to be prepared manually
for comparison
 Special-purpose file comparators may be
developed

Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 57

Key points
 Test parts of a system which are commonly used
rather than those which are rarely executed
 Equivalence partitions are sets of test cases
where the program should behave in an
equivalent way
 Black-box testing is based on the system
specification
 Structural testing identifies test cases which
cause all paths through the program to be
executed
Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 58
Key points
 Test coverage measures ensure that all
statements have been executed at least
once.
 Interface defects arise because of
specification misreading, misunderstanding,
errors or invalid timing assumptions
 To test object classes, test all operations,
attributes and states
 Integrate object-oriented systems around
clusters of objects
Software Engineering Software Testing Slide 59