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Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India

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Communication
Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District,
Maharashtra, India

Golusu Babu Rao, Santhanakrishnan Babu, Goldin Quadros & Vijaykumar Anoop

26 July 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 9 | Pages: 14166-14186

DOI: 10.11609/jott.4007.11.9.14166-14186

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 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186
Communication

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District,

Maharashtra, India
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Golusu Babu Rao 1 , Santhanakrishnan Babu 2 , Goldin Quadros 3
ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
& Vijaykumar Anoop 4
PLATINUM
OPEN ACCESS Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India.
1,2,3,4

1
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
1
[email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author), 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected]

Abstract: The list of birds of Sindhudurg coastal district was compiled based on primary and secondary information. All observations were
made along the Sindhudurg coast, i.e., from Terekhol to Vijaydurg. Wetland birds were recorded during sampling while terrestrial birds
were recorded opportunistically. Besides, we also collated bird occurrence records from published literature (including grey literature
and online resources) to prepare a comprehensive list of birds for Sindhudurg coast. During our study, we recorded 283 species, and
24 more species were compiled from secondary sources. Altogether, 307 species belonging to 78 families and 22 orders were recorded
from the Sindhudurg coast. Order Passeriformes was dominant with 111 species. Among the 307 species, four species are endemic to
the Western Ghats. Three species of vultures had been reported earlier but two were not encountered in recent years. Great Knot (EN),
Woolly-necked Stork (VU) and 14 other species (NT) fall under various threat categories of IUCN. Species richness was higher in Vengurla
(256) followed by Malvan (247) and Devgad talukas. Construction of homestays, unregulated tourism in coastal areas, and conversion
of natural habitats to meet increasing tourism are the major threats to the coastal avifauna of the district. A high species richness of
birds in Sindhudurg coast is attributed to the availability of a wide array of habitats (coastal to woodlands with different degrees of
anthropogenic disturbances). Considering the high species richness of birds and livelihood dependency of humans on the coastal zones,
a few estuaries namely Mochemad, Karli and Mitbav estuaries may be recognized as community/ conservation reserve to manage the
ecosystem sustainably for long-term conservation of these estuaries and sub-habitats therein. Also, those sites can be perceived as
Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas of IBCN as they fulfill the IBA criteria.

Keywords: Avifauna, conservation, laterite grasslands, Sindhudurg, Vengurla rocks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4007.11.9.14166–14186 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9F01AC88-6A06-492D-870D-781181C9BD0C

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 July 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4007 | Received 12 January 2018 | Final received 07 June 2019 | Finally accepted 18 June 2019

Citation: Rao, G.B., S. Babu, G. Quadros & V. Anoop (2019). Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 11(9): 14166–14186. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4007.11.9.14166–14186

Copyright: © Rao et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: GoI-UNDP-GEF-Mangrove Cell Sindhudurg project.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Golusu Babu Rao - my passion for wildlife is observing birds and understanding their behaviour in its natural environment. I am also interested in
studying habitat use patterns of birds in changing landscape. Santhanakrishnan Babu - my research focuses on ornithology, landscape ecology, and Remote Sensing
& GIS. Goldin Quadros - I am interested in the benthic invertebrates from wetland ecosystems. Anoop Vijay Kumar - my research involves different taxa such as birds
and mammals and I have a special interest on Environmental Impact Assessment works.

Author contribution: SB, GBR and GQ conceived and designed the manuscript. GBR and AV conducted field surveys and data collection. GBR, AV and SB led the
writing of the manuscript with inputs from GQ. All the authors equally contributed in refining the manuscript drafts and approved the final version.

Acknowledgements: We thank GoI-UNDP-GEF-Mangrove Cell Sindhudurg project and PCCF(WL), Maharashtra Forest Department for the financial support and
research permission to conduct this study respectively. We express our gratitude to Dr. K. Sankar and Dr. P.A. Azeez, Directors of SACON for their support and
administrative help. We also express our gratitude to Mr. Amit Patil and Mr. Rajan Surve for helping in the field. We are grateful to Dr. R. Jayapal for his comments
on our earlier drafts.

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Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA

Sindhudurg District is located geographically on Sindhudurg District (15.37–16.40 0N & 73.19–

the southwestern side of the state of Maharashtra and 74.18 0E) is located geographically on southwestern
recognised as one of the principal tourist destinations Maharashtra, and it was carved out from the erstwhile
in the western coast of India. The increasing inflow of Ratnagiri District in 1981. The terrain is mostly gentlly
tourists to Sindhudurg coast and subsequent change in undulating, and the elevation ranges from sea level
land use and land cover of the coastal area increase the to 120m. The state of Goa borders it in the south,
pressure on coastal and marine biodiversity. Due to its Ratnagiri District in the north, Kolhapur District in
potential for over-exploitation of coastal biodiversity, the east and the Arabian Sea in the west (Fig. 1). Out
MoEF&CC and the Maharashtra Forest Department of eight talukas, Vengurla, Malvan, and Devgad are
– Mangrove Cell in collaboration with UNDP and GEF coastal talukas. Coastal stretches of the district hold
have initiated the Sindhudurg project to mainstream a wide-array of natural habitats, viz., sandy intertidal
coastal biodiversity into a production sector. As part of mudflats, mangroves, sandy beaches, rocky shoreline,
the program, we compiled primary and secondary bird and wooded forests. The coasts of Malvan Taluka has
occurrence data along the Sindhudurg coasts to signify been recognized as Malvan Marine Wildlife Sanctuary
bird diversity wealth and to identify crucial bird areas for in 1987. In addition to the coastal areas, we also did a
the conservation of coastal birds. survey at Pat Lake (freshwater lake), laterite grasslands
Southwestern Maharashtra (Ratnagiri and (Chipi, Tondavali, Vengurla and other small grasslands),
Sindhudurg) received much attention for bird studies woodland areas within this buffer (moist deciduous
from both the early-time British ornithologists and post- forests and plantations), Vengurla rocks/islands (located
independence workers. Studies in Sindhudurg District nearly 6km from the coast), and man-modified sites
can broadly be grouped into three categories based on (agriculture fields, saltpan and aquaculture ponds)
the extent of focal area and target birds, viz., Sindhudurg (Images 1 & 2).
District as a landscape level (Vidal 1980; Gole 1994; Pat Lake: Pat Lake is a freshwater lake located amid
Prasad 2006; Mahabal et al. 2011), small regions or populated Pat Parule Village in Vengurla Taluka. This
localities level (Hume 1876; Abdulali 1940, 1942, 1983; shallow lake with floating vegetation and mature trees
Madsen 1988; Pande 2002a; Lainer 2003; Katdare et al. on one side makes it a suitable habitat for several water-
2004a; Patil 2015) and single or small group of birds level associated birds including ducks and geese. Agricultural
(Katdare 2001; Pande 2001, 2002b; Pande et al. 2001; fields and a road surround the lake.
Katdare et al. 2004b; Mahabal et al. 2007; Kambale et Laterite grasslands: These grasslands were
al. 2011; Rao et al. 2015). Vidal (1880) prepared the formed during the mid-tertiary period and are part
first comprehensive checklist on the birds of the Konkan of Deccan Trap floodplain (Seshadri et al. 2016). The
region that included Sindhudurg District. Prasad (2006) overall habitat comprises grasses, herbs, shrubs and
included the Sindhudurg coast in his book on birds of stunted trees interspersed with agricultural fields and
western Maharashtra, though he did not specifically habitation. Grasslands are found along the coastal
cover their local status. Studies by Khot (2016) included areas of Sindhudurg District. Some of the meadows are
Malvan and Malagaon-Bagayat from Sindhudurg District extensive in size and, offer potential foraging ground for
but did not cover large parts of coastal zones in the raptors (e.g., Harriers Circus sp.) and nesting ground for
Sindhudurg District. Patil et al. (2015) published a grassland birds (e.g., Lapwings Vanellus sp. and Larks
checklist for a single wetland (Pat Lake) in the district. Alaudidae). We selected Chipi, Tondavali, Vengurla
Considering this information and significance of the and other small grasslands in these talukas for studying
Sindhudurg coast, we have attempted to assess the raptor and other grassland dependent birds.
local status, habitat association, sighting frequency and Woodlands including plantations: Fragmented
taluka-wise distribution of birds from the coastal talukas patches of moist deciduous forest and plantations
of Sindhudurg District based on primary and secondary (mango, coconut, cashew and Casuarina) are found in
observations from this region. mosaics among the human settlements. The natural
forests are not intact but possess dense upper-storey
and mid-storey cover.
Vengurla rocks: It is a group of small rocky offshore
islands located around six kilometres from the Kochara

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186 14167

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

Figure 1. Bird sampling locations in Sindhudurg coast.

village in Vengurla Taluka. In one of the islets, breeding These sites were sampled once a month and thus, we
activities of the Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii, visited the whole stretch of Sindhudurg coast either by
Bridled Tern Onychopriyon anaethetus and Roseate Tern bike or jeep covering diverse terrestrial habitats (moist
Sterna dougallii have been reported (Lainer 2003). This deciduous, grasslands, agriculture fields, commercial
rocky islet is partially covered with combinations of tall plantations) and inland wetland habitats (Pat Lake and
grasses and short herb species. The terns exploit the puddles in grasslands during the monsoon) in the area.
bare rocky portions of the island for nesting. All observations on terrestrial birds were opportunistic.
Man-modified habitats: Modified wetlands such Quantitative data was collected only for wetland birds,
as agriculture fields (largely paddy), saltpans and which were the focus of the project but we recorded
aquaculture ponds are found in patches throughout the other birds as well to make a comprehensive list of birds.
coastal areas. Saltpan is practised in Vengurla Taluka on Bird surveys were carried out from December 2014 to
a minor scale. Aquaculture ponds are common along December 2016. We made observations between 05.30h
upstream regions of the district. Common aquaculture and 18.00h and conducted occasional night surveys for
taxa are prawns and crabs. owls Strigiformes. Besides, we also conducted four
offshore surveys to Vengurla rocks for pelagic birds using
fishing boats. The number of days spent at each field site
MATERIALS AND METHODS and taluka is provided in (Table 1). Although we used
the Nikon spotting scope 20–60x for bird observation,
We chose seven estuaries/creeks: Achara and sufficient photographs were taken to confirm species
Karli in Malvan Taluka, Mitbav and Wadatar in Devgad identities. Nearly 80% of our observations were photo
Taluka, and Mochemad, Vengurla Bandar and Nivati in documented. We did not collect abundance data for
Vengurla Taluka for observing the coastal birds (Fig. 1). the terrestrial birds; thus, we categorised all the birds

14168 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

© Golusu Babu Rao

a © Suresh Marimuth b

© Golusu Babu Rao c © Rajeshkumar d

© Golusu Babu Rao

e © Suresh Marimuth f

© Golusu Babu Rao g

Image 1 . Natural habitats surveyed in Sindhudurg coast: a—Intertidal sandy mudflat | b—Mangroves | c—Rocky shore | d—Vengurla rocks
| e—Pat lake | f—Laterite grasslands | g—Sandy beach.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186 14169

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

to December 2016 in the district, the distribution status

of each bird species was categorized into five groups.
Resident: Occurs in the district throughout the year.
Winter Migrant: Species occur only during winter
(September to May).
Passage Migrant: Species occurs in the study area
for refueling their energy during onward and return
migration.
Vagrant: Species is either not resident/not regular
breeding or wintering migrant but has a few stray
records.
© Golusu Babu Rao a
Monsoon Migrant: Species occurs only during the
monsoon.

RESULTS

We collated 307 species belonging to 78 families,

and 22 orders for the coastal areas of Sindhudurg District
(Table 2) and 283 species recorded during our survey,
and 24 more species compiled from the published
literature. During this study, species richness was the
highest in Vengurla Taluka (256 species) followed by
Malvan Taluka (247), and Devgad Taluka (213) (Table
2). Order Passeriformes (111 species) had the highest
species representation followed by Charadriiformes
© Golusu Babu Rao b (63), Accipitriformes (20) and Pelecaniformes (15) and
one species each represented in Procellariiformes and
Gaviiformes (Fig. 2). Out of 283 species, 175 (~62%)
and 108 (~38%) were resident and migratory birds
respectively. Among 108 migrants, 93 winter migrants,
13 passage migrants, one monsoon migrant and one
vagrant were recorded.
Sindhudurg coast used to support three Critically
Endangered species namely Red-headed Vulture
Sarcogyps calvus, White-rumped Vulture Gyps
bengalensis, and Indian Vulture G. indicus, one
Endangered Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, and
c
Vulnerable Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus but
© Golusu Babu Rao
during our study we could not record any vultures (Table
Image 2. Man-modified habitats in Sindhudurg coast: a—Aquaculture 2 & Image 3). The vulture population has crashed all
pond | b—Agriculture lands | c—Saltpan. over the country. Besides, 14 more species fall under
the Near Threatened category of IUCN. Grey-headed
Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus, Malabar Grey Hornbill
into three broad categories based on the percentage of Ocyceros griseus, Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma
sighting such as >3% (Common), 1–3 % (uncommon) and minima, and Vigor’s Sunbird Aethopyga vigorsii are
<1% (rare). The percentage of sightings were expressed the birds recorded from the Sindhudurg coast that are
by dividing frequency of sightings of particular species considered to be endemic to the Western Ghats. Based
by total visits. We referred Birdlife International (2019) on the sighting percentage, 151, 114 and 18 species were
for threat status of each species. common, uncommon and rare, respectively. Location
On the basis of our observation from December 2014 and date of observation of species sighted less than <1%

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Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

Table 1. Site and taluka wise sampling effort in Sindhudurg District.

Number of days visited between December 2014-

December 2016
Mar– Sep– Sub
Taluka Site May Jun–Aug Nov Dec–Feb total Total effort
1 Vijaydurg 2 2 5 5 14

2 Phanse 1 1 1 2 5

3 Kunkeshwar 1 2 2 1 6
Devgad
4 Mithmumbri 2 1 1 2 6 85

5 Wadatar 7 5 6 9 27

6 Mitbav 7 6 5 9 27

7 Achara 7 5 5 10 27

8 Tondavali grassland 1 2 6 2 11
Malvan
9 Rock Garden 8 4 4 8 24 87

10 Tarkarli 7 5 5 8 25

11 Karli 7 5 5 8 25

12 Chipi grassland 2 3 3 3 11

13 Nivati 8 5 5 8 26

14 Pat Lake 3 3 2 4 12 157

Vengurla
15 Vengurla Bandar 7 5 5 10 27

16 Mochemad 8 5 5 9 27

17 Shiroda saltpans 7 5 5 8 25

18 Vengurla rocks - - 4 - 4

Total 85 64 74 106 329 329

of total visits are given below (Image 3). saw it twice: two birds on 8 October 2016 at Tambaldeg
beach, and a solitary bird was observed on 11 July 2016
Interesting sight records at Devbag beach.
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata: It was recorded Crab-plover Dromas ardeola: A bird was observed in
twice: once in an aquaculture pond of Mitbav on 6 mixed flocks of gulls at Mochemad beach on 7 November
November 2016, and another on 8 November 2016 at 2016 (Image 3).
Shiroda saltpans of Vengurla. On both occasions, the Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris: Two birds were seen
flock size was >10. on mudflats of Mochemad estuary on 6 November 2016.
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea: One bird was Ruff Philomachus pugnax: A sparse flock of 10
seen in an aquaculture pond at Mitbav on 6 November birds were seen at Tondavali laterite grasslands on 18
2016. September 2015 (Image 3).
Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala: A sub-adult Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa: This solitary bird
bird was seen in a saltpan at Shiroda on 22 January 2015 was seen twice at Shiroda saltpans, first on 5 January
(Image 3). 2015 and the second on 28 March 2016.
Amur Falcon Falco amurensis: One bird was seen in Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica: One individual
grassland at Vengurla on 20 November 2015 (Image 3). was sighted on 28 October 2016 at Mitbav aquaculture
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo: We recorded it three pond (Image 3).
times: one individual each at Vijayadurg and Kochara Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris: The solitary
beach on 22 October 2015, and three individuals at bird was observed in the intertidal mudflat of Vengurla
Kochara beach on 10 October 2016. Bandar on 26 December 2016 (Image 3).
Masked Booby Sula dactylatra: Three sub-adults Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum: A pair
were seen resting on rocky islets close to Vengurla rocks was sighted in Tondavali grasslands on 20 August
on 7 October 2015 (Image 3). 2016. Tentatively identified as Oriental Pratincole after
Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus: We examining the wing pattern visible in the videos we took

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Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

Figure 2. Species richness of birds in different orders.

Although we observed Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis,

Grey-headed Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus,
Indian Spotted Eagle A. hastata, Red-necked Falcon
Falco chicquera, Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus
and Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula during
our study, due to a lack of good quality photographs we
excluded them from the list. The foraging guild of birds
species in the district was dominated by insectivores
(~49%) followed by piscivores (~18%), and omnivores
and nectarivores showed least contribution (1% to 3%)
(Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Species composition of birds in different foraging guilds.

DISCUSSION

Altogether, we collated 307 species from Sindhudurg

coast, which represents nearly 84% of birds recorded
(Video 1) (Gerald Driessens in litt. 8 August 2018). from the Sindhudurg District as a whole (eBird 2019).
Wilson’s Storm-petrel Oceanites oceanicus: A single Out of these 307 species, four are endemic to the
bird was seen foraging actively in the open sea on 23 Western Ghats. A multi-observer effort of 997 and
October 2015 between Nivati beach and Vengurla rocks 838 eBird lists yielded 364 and 340 bird species in
Common Tern Sterna hirundo: During our offshore Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts respectively while the
surveys between Nivati beach and Vengurla rocks on 23 present study recorded 283 bird species from 329 field
October 2015 four individuals were observed at Burnt days in the coastal areas indicating the high diversity
Island. of birds in these talukas. Despite inadequate sampling
Little Tern Sternula albifrons: The solitary bird was effort in the Western Ghats, year-round monitoring
seen in Shiroda saltpans on 12 March 2015. along the Sindhudurg coast raised the total species pool.
Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui: A few stretches of natural forests (for example moist
Observed one individual in wooded areas of Karli village deciduous forests) in the district were surveyed, but
on 19 October 2016. intensive sampling was not conducted. Accordingly, the

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Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

Table 2. Birds from three coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra

Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
Galliformes/ Phasianidae

1 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus P, K R C + + + GS

2 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii P R U + + - WD

3 Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea P, V R U + + - WD

4 Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus P R C + + + GS,WD

5 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix P W U + - - GS,WD

6 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica P, V, K R U + - + GS,WD

Charadriiformes/
Turnicidae
7 Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator P, V, K R U - + - GS

Anseriformes/ Anatidae

8 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica P, K R/LM C + + + FW, AQ, SAL

9 Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus P R/LM C + - - FW

10 Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha P R/LM C + - - FW

11 Northern Pintail Anas acuta P W U + - - FW

12 Garganey Spatula querquedula P W U + - - FW, AQ, SAL

FW, AQ, SAL,
13 Common Teal Anas crecca P W U + - +
MG
FW, AQ, SAL,
14 Gadwall Anas strepera P W U + - +
MG
15 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata P W R + + + FW, AQ, SAL

16 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea P W R - - + FW, AQ

Podicipediformes/
Podicipedidae
17 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis P, V, K R/LM C + + + FW, SAL
Phoenicopteriformes/
Phoenicopteridae
18 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus** A Unknown Unknown - + - INMDF

Ciconiiformes/ Ciconiidae

19 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala P W R + - - AQ

20 Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans P W C + + + FW, MG, AG

21 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus P R/LM C + - - SBH, AQ, SAL

Pelecaniformes/
Threskiornithidae
22 Threskiornis FW, AG, MG,
Black-headed Ibis P R/LM C + + +
melanocephalus AQ, SAL
23 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus P W U + - - FW, AG, AQ

24 Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa P R/LM U + - - FW, AG, AQ

Pelecaniformes/ Ardeidae

25 Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus P, V R/LM U - + - GS, MG

26 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis P R/LM U + - - MG, VGR

FW, MG, AQ,
27
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis P, K R/LM C + + + SAL, RSH, SBH,
GS, AG
FW, MG, AQ,
28 Little Egret Egretta garzetta P, K R/LM C + + +
SAL, AG, RSH
FW, MG, AQ,
29 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia P, K R/LM C + + +
SAL, AG
FW, MG, AQ,
30 Great Egret Casmerodius albus P, K R/LM C + + +
SAL, AG, RSH

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186 14173

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
FW, MG, AQ,
31 Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis P, A, K, L W C + + +
SAL, RSH, SBH
FW, MG, AQ,
32 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea P, A, K W C + + +
SAL, INMDF
FW, MG, AQ,
33 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea P, K R/LM C + + +
SAL
FW, MG, AQ,
34 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii P, K, L R/LM C + + + SAL, AG, RSH,
INMDF
FW, MG, RSH,
35 Striated Heron Butorides striata P, V, K R C + + +
SAL, AQ
Black-crowned Night
36 Nycticorax nycticorax P, V, K R U + + - FW
Heron
Suliformes/ Anhingidae

37 Darter Anhinga melanogaster P W U + + - MG, AQ

Suliformes/
Phalacrocoracidae
FW, MG, AQ,
38 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger P, K R/LM C + + +
SAL
FW, MG, AQ,
39 Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis P W U + + +
SAL
Suliformes/ Sulidae

40 Masked Booby Sula dactylatra P V R + + - VGR

41 Brown Booby Sula leucogaster** J Unknown Unknown + - - OFSH

Falconiformes/ Falconidae
P, H, V, L,
42 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus W C + + + GS, VGR
PKT, K
43 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus calidus P, V, A, L W C + + + SBH, PL

44 Amur Falcon Falco amurensis P PM R + - - GS

45 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo P W U + - - GS

Accipitriformes/
Pandionidae
GS, SBH,MG,
46 Osprey Pandion haliaetus P, V, A, L W C + + + INMDF, AQ,
SAL, VGR
Accipitriformes/
Accipitridae
47 Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus** V Unknown Unknown - + - WD

48 White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis** V, KM Unknown Unknown + + + WD

49 Indian Vulture Gyps indicus** V Unknown Unknown + + + WD

GS, SBH, RSH,
50 Black Kite Milvus migrans P, K R/LM C + + + MG, INMDF,
AQ, SAL, WD
GS, SBH, RSH,
51 Brahminy Kite Haliastur Indus P, L, K R C + + + MG, INMDF,
AQ, SAL, WD
GS, AQ, WD,
52 Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus P R C + + +
AG
GS, SBH, RSH,
P, H, A, PKT,
INMDF, AQ,
53 White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster PA, KMP, R C + + +
SAL, MG, WD,
L, KT
VGR
GS, AQ, MG,
54 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela P, V, K R C + + +
WD
55 Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus P, V, L W C + + + FW, GS, MG

56 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus P W U + + + GS

57 Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus P W U + + + GS

GS, PL, AG,
58 Shikra Accipiter badius P, V, K R C + + +
WD

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
59 Besra Accipiter virgatus P R U + + - GS, WD
GS, PL, MG,
60 Oriental Honey-buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus P R C + + +
VGR, WD
61 White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa P, K R U + + + GS, WD

62 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo P PM R + - + GS, WD

63 Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata P R U - + + GS, WD

64 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus P W C + + + GS, SBH, MG

GS, SBH, MG
65 Crested Hawk Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus P, K R C + + +
,PL, WD
Strigiformes/ Tytonidae

66 Barn Owl Tyto alba P R C + + + GS, WD

Strigiformes/ Strigidae

67 Indian Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena P, V, K R U + + - GS, WD

68 Brown Hawk Owl Ninox scutulata** V Unknown Unknown - + - GS, WD

69 Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica** V Unknown Unknown - - + WD

70 Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum P, V, K R C + + + GS, WD

71 Spotted Owlet Athene brama P, V R C + + + GS, WD

72 Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis P R U - + - FW, GS

Caprimulgiformes/
Caprimulgidae
73 Jungle Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus P, V R C + + + WD, GS

74 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus P, V R U + + + WD, GS

75 Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis P, V R U - + - WD, GS

Gruiformes/ Rallidae

76 Slaty-legged Crake Rallina eurizonoides P W U - + - FW

77 Slaty-breasted Rail Gallirallus striatus P, V R U + + - MG

FW, MG, AQ,
78 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus P, K R C + + +
AG
79 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus P R/LM U + - - FW, SAL

80 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra P R/LM U + - - FW, SAL

81 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio P, V R/LM C + + - FW

Charadriiformes/
Jacanidae
82 Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus P, K R/LM C + + - FW

83 Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus P R/LM C + - - FW

Charadriiformes/
Haematopodidae
84 Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus P PM R - + + SBH
Charadriiformes/
Recurvirostridae
85 Black-Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus P, V R C + + + AQ, SAL
Charadriiformes/
Dromadidae
86 Crab-plover Dromas ardeola P PM R + - - SBH
Charadriiformes/
Charadriidae
AQ, SAL, SBH,
87 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius P, V, K W C + + +
GS
SBH,INMDF,
88 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus P, V W C + + +
MG, AQ

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
SBH, INMDF,
89 Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus P, V W C + + + MG, AQ, SAL,
GS, RSH
SBH, INMDF,
90 Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii P W C + + +
MG, AQ
SBH, INMDF,
91 Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva P W C + + + MG, AQ, SAL,
GS, AG, RSH
SBH, AQ, SAL,
92 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola P, V W U + + +
INMDF
93 Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus P, V R/LM C + + + GS, AG
MG, AQ, SAL,
94 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus P, K R C + + +
GS, AG,FW
Charadriiformes/
Rostratulidae
95 Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis P R U + - - GS, AQ
Charadriiformes/
Scolopacidae
96 Ruff Philomachus pugnax P PM R - + - GS

97 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago P, K W C + + + GS, AG, AQ

Limosa limosa
98 Black-tailed Godwit P PM R + - SAL

R
99 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica P PM - - + AQ, INMDF

SBH, INMDF,
100 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus P, V W C + + + MG, AQ, SAL,
GS
SBH, INMDF,
101 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata P W C + + +
MG, AQ, GS
SBH, INMDF,
102 Common Redshank Tringa totanus P, K W C + + +
MG, AQ, SAL
SBH, INMDF,
103 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia P W C + + + MG, AQ, SAL,
AG
104 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis P W U + + + AQ, SAL
AQ, SAL, GS,
105 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus P W U + + +
AG
AQ, SAL, GS,
106 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola P, K W C + + +
FW, AG
SAT, SBH,
107 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus P W C + + +
INMDF, MG
AQ, SAL, SBH,
INMDF, MG,
108 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos P, A, PA, L, K W C + + +
RSH, FW, GS,
AG
P, V, A, G,
109 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres W C + + + SBH, RSH, GS
KMP, PA, L
AQ, SAL, SBH,
110 Little Stint Calidris minuta P W C + + + INMDF, RSH,
GS
111 Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii P W C + + + AQ, SAL

112 Sanderling Calidris alba P, V W U + + + SBH, INMDF

SBH, INMDF,
113 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea P, V W U + + +
AQ, SAL, RSH
114 Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris P PM R + - - INMDF, SBH
SAT, SBH,
115 Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus P W U + + +
INMDF
AQ, SAL,
116 Dunlin Calidris alpina P W U + + +
INMDF, SBH
Charadriiformes/
Glareolidae
117 Small Pratincole Glareola lacteal P R/LM U + - - ASL, SBH

14176 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
118 Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum P W R - + - GS
Charadriiformes/
Burhinidae
119 Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris P R/LM R + - - FW, INMDF

120 Indian Thick-knee Burhinus indicus** V Unknown Unknown - + - FW, GS

Charadriiformes/ Laridae
SBH, OFSH,
121 Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus P W C + + +
INMDF
SBH, OFSH,
122 Heuglin's Gull Larus heuglini P, V, L W C + + +
RSH, INMDF
SBH, OFSH,
123 Steppe Gull Larus barabensis P W U + + +
INMDF
SBH, OFSH,
124 Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei P W C + + +
INMDF
Chroicocephalus SBH, OFSH,
125 Brown-headed Gull P, V, A, L W C + + +
brunnicephalus INMDF, RSH
Chroicocephalus SBH, OFSH,
126 Black-headed Gull P, G, L W C + + +
ridibundus INMDF, RSH
127 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica P W C + + + SBH, INMDF
P, V, A, L,VK, SBH, INMDF,
128 Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis W C + + +
KMP, KD VGR
P, V, A, M,
SBH, INMDF,
129 Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii VK, PA, R C + + +
VGR
KMP, L
130 Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia P, A, L W U + + + SBH, INMDF

131 Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis P, G, L W U + + + SBH, INMDF

132 River Tern Sterna aurantia P, PA R/LM U + - - FW

133 Little Tern Sternula albifrons P, A, G R/LM R + + - FW, SAL

P, H, A, VK,
134 Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii R/LM U + - - VGR
PA, KMP, L
135 Common Tern Sterna hirundo P, PA, L W R - + - OFSH
AQ, SAL,
136 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida P W U + + +
INMDF, SBH
137 White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa** V, M, PA, L Unknown Unknown + + - OFSH
P, A, M,
138 Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus PM U + - + OFSH
PA, L
V, A, M, VK,
139 Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus** Unknown Unknown + - - VGR, OFSH
PA, KMP, L
140 Brown Noddy Anous stolidus** L Unknown Unknown + - - OFSH
Charadriiformes/
Stercorariidae
141 Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus** ED Unknown Unknown - + - OFSH

142 Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus** L Unknown Unknown + - - OFSH

143 Pomarine Skua Stercorarius pomarinus** PA Unknown Unknown + - - OFSH

Procellariiformes/
Oceanitidae
144 Wilson's Storm-petrel Oceanites oceanicus P PM R + - - OFSH

Gaviiformes/ Gaviidae

145 Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata** AV Unknown Unknown - - + OFSH

Columbiformes/
Columbidae
P, H, V, A,
146 Common Pigeon Columba livia PKT, PA, R C + + + WD, GS, VGR
KMP, L MP, K
147 Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis P R C + + + WD, GS

148 Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis P, K R C + + + WD, GS

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
149 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica P, K R/LM U + + + WD, GS

150 Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica P R C + + + WD

151 Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis P, L R U + + + WD, GS

152 Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto P R C + + + WD, GS

153 Grey-fronted Green Pigeon Treron affinis P R/LM U + + - WD

Yellow-footed Green
154 Treron phoenicopterus P, K R/LM C + + + WD
Pigeon
Orange-breasted Green
155 Treron bicinctus P PM U + + - WD
Pigeon
Psittaciformes/
Psittaculidae
156 Vernal Hanging Parrot Loriculus vernalis P, K R C + + + WD

157 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri P, K R C + + + WD, PL

158 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala P, K R/LM C + + + WD, PL

Cuculiformes/ Cuculidae

159 Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus** V Unknown Unknown + + - WD, GS

160 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus P W U + + + WD

161 Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius P, K R/LM C + + + WD

162 Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii P, V R/LM C + + - WD

163 Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus P PM U - + + WD

164 Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus P PM U - + - WD, GS

165 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus P, V, K R C + + + WD, MG, GS

166 Southern Coucal Centropus sinensis parroti P, K R C + + + WD, MG, GS

167 Blue-faced Malkoha Rhopodytes viridirostris P, V R U + + + WD, MG

168 Sirkeer Malkoha Taccocua leschenaultii** V Unknown Unknown - + - WD

Caprimulgiformes/
Hemiprocnidae
169 Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne coronate P, V R C - - + GS
Caprimulgiformes/
Apodidae
170 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis P, V, A R C + + + WD, FW
P, V, A, L,
171 Indian Swiftlet Collocalia unicolor R U + - - VGR
MB, PKT
172 Little Swift Apus affinis P, L R C + + + WD, FW, VGR

Coraciiformes/ Coraciidae
GS, WD, AG,
173 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis P, V, K R/LM C + + +
FW
174 Eurasian Roller Coracias garrulus P W U + + + GS, WD
Coraciiformes/
Alcedinidae
FW, INMDF,
175 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis P R C + + +
MG, AQ, SAL
176 Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis P, V, K R/LM U + + + FW, MG
MG, FW,
177 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis P, V, K R C + + + INMDF, SBH,
AQ, SAL, GS
178 Black-capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata P, V W U + + + MG, INMDF

179 Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx erithaca P MM U - + - MG

FW, MG, AQ,
180 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis P, K R/LM U + + +
SAL

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
Coraciiformes/ Meropidae
FW, WD, GS,
181 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis P, K R C + + +
AQ, SAL
Chestnut-headed Bee-
182 Merops leschenaultia P W C + + + FW, WD, GS
eater
183 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus P, V W U - + - GS, WD

184 Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni** K Unknown Unknown - + - WD

Bucerotiformes/
Upupidae
185 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops P, V, L, K R C + + + WD, GS
Bucerotiformes/
Bucerotidae
186 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus P R U - + - WD
WD, PL, GS,
187 Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus P, V, K R C + + +
MG
188 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris P, K R/LM U + + + WD

Piciformes/ Megalaimidae

189 Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica P, K R C + + + WD

190 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala P, K R C + + + WD

191 White-cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis P R U + + - WD

Piciformes/ Picidae

192 Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus P R U - - + WD, PL

193 Lesser Goldenback Dinopium benghalense P, V, K R C + + + WD, PL

194 Greater Goldenback Chrysocolaptes lucidus P R U + - - WD, PL

Yellow-crowned
195 Dendrocopos mahrattensis P, V, K R U - + - WD
Woodpecker
196 White-naped Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus** V Unknown Unknown - - + WD

Passeriformes/ Pittidae

197 Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura P, V W U - + + WD

Passeriformes/ Artamidae

198 Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus P R C + + + WD

Passeriformes/ Vangidae
Tephrodornis
199 Common Woodshrike P, V R C + + + PL, WD
pondicerianus
Bar-winged Flycatcher-
200 Hemipus picatus P R U + - - WD
shrike
Passeriformes/
Aegithinidae
201 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia P, K R C + + + PL, WD
Passeriformes/
Campephagidae
Black-headed
202 Coracina melanoptera P, V, L R/LM C + + + WD
Cuckooshrike
203 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus P, V, K R C + + + PL, WD

204 Orange Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus P, K R U - + - WD

205 Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei P R U - + - WD

Passeriformes/ Laniidae

206 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus P W U + - - WD, GS

207 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach P, K R C + + + WD, GS

208 Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus P, K R U + + + WD, GS

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
Passeriformes/ Dicruridae
FW, WD, GS,
209 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus P, L, K R C + + +
MG
210 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus P W C + + + WD

211 White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens P R/LM U + + + WD

Greater Racket-tailed
212 Dicrurus paradiseus P, V, K R C + + + WD
Drongo
213 Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus aeneus P R U + - - WD

Passeriformes/ Oriolidae

214 Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo P, K W C + + + WD, GS

215 Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus P, V, K R C + + + WD, GS

Passeriformes/
Rhipiduridae
216 White-browed Fantail Rhipidura aureola P R C + + + WD, PL, MG
Rhipidura albicollis
217 White-spotted Fantail P, V, K R U - + + WD, PL, MG
albogularis
Passeriformes/
Monarchidae
218 Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea P R U + + - WD

219 Asian Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi P, V, K R/LM U + + + WD

Passeriformes/ Corvidae

220 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda P, K R C + + + WD, GS

WD, SBH, RSH,
221 House Crow Corvus splendens P, L, K R C + + +
MG
WD, SBH, RSH,
222 Indian Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus P, PKT, K R C + + +
MG
Passeriformes/ Paridae

223 Great Tit Parus major P R U + + + WD

224 Indian Yellow Tit Parus aplonotus P R C + + - WD

Passeriformes/
Hirundinidae
225 Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne concolor P R C - + + WD

226 Eurasian Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris P W U + + + WD

WD, GS, AQ,
227 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii P, V, K R C + + +
SAL, FW
WD, GS, AQ,
228 Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica P, K R C + + +
SAL, FW
229 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica P W U + - - FW

230 Streak-throated Swallow Petrochelidon fluvicola P, V R/LM U + - - FW

Passeriformes/ Alaudidae

231 Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes phoenicura P R U + + + GS

232 Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula P R C + + + GS

233 Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla P, L W U + + - GS

234 Malabar Lark Galerida malabarica P, K R C + + + GS

Passeriformes/
Pycnonotidae
WD, GS, MG,
235 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer P, K R C + + +
PL
236 White-browed Bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus P, V R U + + + WD, GS, MG
WD, GS, MG,
237 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus P, K R C + + +
PL
238 Grey-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus P R U + + - WD

14180 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
Passeriformes/
Cisticolidae
239 Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii P, K R C + + + WD, GS

240 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis P, K R C + + + WD, GS

241 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata P, K R C + + + WD, GS

242 Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica P R C + + + WD, GS

243 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis P, K R U + + - GS, AG

WD, GS, FW,
244 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius P, K R C + + +
MG
Passeriformes/
Acrocephalidae
245 Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum P W U + + + FW

246 Booted Warbler Iduna caligata P W U - + - WD

247 Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus P, V W U + + + WD

Passeriformes/
Phylloscopidae
248 Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides P, V W U + + + MG, WD

Passeriformes/ Timaliidae

249 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii P, V R U + + - WD

250 Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra P R U - + - WD

Passeriformes/
Leiothrichidae
251 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata P, V, K R C + + + WD, GS, PL

252 Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi P R U + + + WD

253 Brown-cheeked Fulvetta Alcippe poioicephala P, V R U - + - WD

Passeriformes/
Pellorneidae
254 Puff-throated Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps P R U + + + WD

Passeriformes/ Sylviidae

255 Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense P, V R U - + + WD

Passeriformes/
Zosteropidae
256 Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus P R U - - + WD

Passeriformes/ Sturnidae

257 Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum P, V R/LM C + + + WD, GS

WD, MG,
258 Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnia malabarica P W C + + +
GS, PL
259 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus P W C + + + GS

260 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis P, K R C + + + WD,GS, MG

261 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus P, K R C + + + WD,GS, MG

Passeriformes/ Turdidae

262 Orange-headed Thrush Zoothera citrina P, V, K R C + + + WD

Turdus merula
263 Indian Blackbird V Unknown Unknown - + + WD
simillimus**
Passeriformes/
Muscicapidae
WD, GS, FW,
264 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis P, K R C + + +
MG
WD, GS, FW,
265 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus P, PKT, K R C + + +
MG
266 Blue Throat Luscinia svecica P W U - - + WD

267 White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabarica P R U + - - WD

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Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
268 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros P W U - - + WD

269 Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus P W C + + + GS

270 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata P, V, K R C + + + AG, GS, SAL

271 Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius P, H, A, L W C + + + RSH

Monticola
272 Blue-capped Rock Thrush V Unknown Unknown + - - WD
cinclorhynchus**
273 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii P, V R U - - + WD

274 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica P, V, L W U + - + WD

275 Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui P W R + - - WD

276 Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae P, K R C + + + WD, MG

277 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus** V Unknown Unknown - - + WD

Passeriformes/
Stenostiridae
Grey-headed Canary
278 Culicicapa ceylonensis P W U + - - WD
Flycatcher
Passeriformes/
Chloropseidae
279 Golden-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons P R C + + + WD

280 Jerdon's Leafbird Chloropsis jerdoni P, V, K R C + + + WD

Passeriformes/ Dicaeidae

281 Pale-billed Flowerpeckar Dicaeum erythrorhynchos P, K R C + + + WD

282 Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile P, V, K R C + + + WD

283 Nilgiri Flowerpecker Dicaeum concolor P, K R U - + - WD

Passeriformes/
Nectariniidae
284 Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica P, V, K R C + + + WD, PL, MG

285 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus P R C + + + WD, PL, MG

286 Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenia P R U + + + WD, PL

287 Vigor's Sunbird Aethopyga vigorsii P, K R U - + - WD

288 Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma minima** MU Unknown Unknown - + - WD

Passeriformes/ Passeridae

289 House Sparrow Passer domesticus P, K R C + + + WD

Chestnut-shouldered
290 Gymnoris xanthocollis P, K R C + + + WD, GS
Petronia
Passeriformes/ Ploceidae

291 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus P, K R C + + + FW, AG, GS

Passeriformes/ Estrildidae

292 Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica P R C + + + AG, GS

293 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata P R C + + + AG, MG, GS

294 Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca P R C + + + AG, MG, GS

295 White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata P, V, K R C + + + AG, MG, GS

Passeriformes/
Motacillidae
296 Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus** V Unknown Unknown - + - WD, GS

297 White Wagtail Motacilla alba P, V W C + + + FW, AQ, SAL

AG, FW, AQ,
298 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis P, K R C + + +
SAL
299 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola P W U - + - AG

300 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava P, K W U + + + AG

14182 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

Talukas

Common name Scientific name Observers Status Occurrence Vengurla Malvan Devgad Habitats used
AG, FW, AQ,
301 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea P, L W C + + +
SAL
AG, GS, AQ,
302 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus P, K R C + + +
SAL
AG, GS, AQ,
303 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris P W U + - -
SAL
304 Blyth's Pipit Anthus godlewskii P W U + - + AQ, SAL

305 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis P, V W U + + + GS

306 Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi P W U + + + GS

Passeriformes/
Emberizidae
307 Black­-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala P W U - + + GS

Observers: ** Species compiled from published literature, P—Present study, H—Hume 1876, V—Vidal 1880, 1883, A—Adbulali 1940, 1942, 1983, ED—Editors 1958,
M—Madsen 1988, G—Gole 1994, VK—Katdare 2001, PKT—Pande et al. 2001, PA—Pande 2002a,b, L—Lainer 2003, KMP—Katdare et al. 2004a, MP—Mahabal & Pande
2006, KD—Kasambe & Deshmukh 2011, KM—Kamble et al. 2011, J—Jamalabad 2013, K—Khot 2016, AV—Avalaskar 2016, MU—Shrikrishna Ramachandra Magdum
pers. obs. 2017.
Status: R—Resident, W—Winter migrant, PM—Passage migrant, MM—Monsoon migrant, V—Vagrant.
Occurrence: Common—percentage of sighting >3%, uncommon—percentage of sighting 1–3 %, rare—percentage of sighting <1%, Unknown—species compiled from
literature.
Habitats: GS—Grasslands, WD—Woodlands, FW—Fresh water habitat, AQ—Aquaculture Pond, SAL—Saltpan, INMDF—Intertidal sandy mudflats, MG—Mangroves,
SBH—Sandy beach, RSH—Rocky shore, VGR—Vengurla Rocks, OFSH—Offshore waters, AG—Agriculture lands.

total species pool compiled here is only for the coastal cheeked Tern Sterna repressa, during our sampling.
regions of the district and more species might be added In addition, Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus
if one samples the forest areas of the district. Among (Abdulali 1942), Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus
the talukas surveyed, from Vengurla Taluka, a maximum (Editors 1958), Pomarine Skua Stercorarius pomarinus
richness of birds was recorded, and availability of mosaic (Pande 2002a), Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus
of habitats within the coastal areas might be attributed and Brown Noody Anous stolidus (Lainer 2003),
for this pattern. The lower diversity of birds in Devgad Brown Booby Sula leucogaster (Jamalabad 2013),
Taluka can be associated with the presence of laterite Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni (Khot
grasslands along the coasts and an absence of a large 2016), Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata (Avalaskar
extent of woody vegetation in the coastal areas. 2016), and Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma
We also observed a few rare and under-recorded minima (Shrikrishna Ramachandra Magdum pers. obs.
species of western Maharashtra, as mentioned in 7.xii.2017) were reported from the Sindhudurg coast
Prasad (2006), such as Amur Falcon, Common Buzzard, but not observed by us during the study. The vulture
Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus, Wilson’s Storm- species had been distributed all over India but due to a
petrel, Masked Booby, Eurasian Oystercatcher, Great recent population decline, their distribution range has
Knot, Crab-plover, Orange-breasted Green Pigeon, and shrunk to a few pockets, and this might be the reason
Brown-breasted Flycatcher during the study along the for not encountering these species in all historical
Sindhudurg coast. occurrence localities. Furthermore, as discussed earlier,
In comparison with Vidal’s (1880) observation, we less sampling in the northern Western Ghats might be
did not record a few species such as the Red-headed the reason for missing a few forest dwelling species.
Vulture, the Indian Vulture, the White-rumped Vulture, Although we conducted coastal and offshore surveys,
Sirkeer Malkoha Taccocua leschenaultii, Indian Blackbird we did not carry out any surveys during the monsoon
Turdus merula simillimus, Brown Hawk Owl Ninox months because Bridled Tern is anticipated to occur in
scutulata, Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica, Vengurla rocks during the monsoon (Lainer 2003). In
Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus, Forest Wagtail brief, less sampling in the Western Ghats and offshore,
Dendronanthus indicus, Blue-capped Rock Thrush and rare nature of some species (e.g., Red-throated
Monticola cinclorhynchus, Indian Thick-knee Burhinus Diver) might be the reason for missing these birds.
indicus, Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus, Grey-headed Bulbul has been stated to occur in
White-naped Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus, the Western Ghats, i.e., from Kanyakumari to Goa
Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus, and the White- (Grimmett et al. 2011), but we observed this bird

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186 14183

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

© Dilipsinh Chudasama a © Aditya Roy b

© Aditya Roy
© Golusu Babu Rao c

d © Golusu Babu Rao e

© Dilipsinh Chudasama f

© Golusu Babu Rao

g © Dilipsinh Chudasama h

© Golusu Babu Rao

i

© Aditya Roy
j

Image 3. Rare and threatened birds observed along the Sindhudurg coast: a—Bar-tailed Godwit | b—Crab-plover | c—Painted Stork | d—Ruff
| e—Masked Booby | f—Great Knot | g—Amur Falcon | h—Great Thick-knee | i—Woolly-necked Stork | j—Eurasian Oystercatcher.

14184 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District Rao et al.

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ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

July 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 9 | Pages: 14087–14246

Date of Publication: 26 July 2019 (Online & Print)
www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jott.2019.11.9.14087-14246
Article Short Communications

Species richness and abundance of monogonont rotifers in relation to An updated checklist of Indian western Himalayan gymnosperms and
environmental factors in the UNESCO Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand lectotypification of three names
– Nattaporn Plangklang, Chaichat Boonyanusith & Sujeephon Athibai, – Jibankumar Singh Khuraijam & Jaideep Mazumdar, Pp. 14204–14211
Pp. 14087–14100
New record of Blue Perch Badis badis (Anabantiformes: Badidae) from
Communications Godavari River basin of Telangana State, India
– Kante Krishna Prasad & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 14212–14215
Distribution and habitats of Paphiopedilum Pfitzer (Orchidaceae) known to
occur in Bhutan First record of the Small Bamboo Bat Tylonycteris fulvida (Peters, 1872)
– Dhan Bahadur Gurung, Nima Gyeltshen, Kezang Tobgay, Stig Dalström, (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Nepal
Jangchu Wangdi, Bhakta Bahadur Ghalley, Lekey Chaida, Phuntsho, Ngawang – Basant Sharma, Anoj Subedi, Bandana Subedi, Shristee Panthee &
Gyeltshen, Kelzang Dawa, Tandin Wangchuk, Rebecca Pradhan, Thomas Hoijer & Pushpa Raj Acharya, Pp. 14216–14219
Choki Gyeltshen, Pp. 14101–14111
Is canine distemper virus (CDV) a lurking threat to large carnivores? A case
Diurnal Serianthes nelsonii Merr. leaflet paraheliotropism reduces leaflet study from Ranthambhore landscape in Rajasthan, India
temperature, relieves photoinhibition, and alters nyctinastic behavior – Nadisha Sidhu, Jimmy Borah, Sunny Shah, Nidhi Rajput & Kajal Kumar Jadav,
– Thomas Edward Marler, Pp. 14112–14118 Pp. 14220–14223

Pollination ecology of Brownlowia tersa (Malvaceae), a Near Threatened Notes

non-viviparous true mangrove shrub
– Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, Pp. 14119–14127 Extended distribution of the vulnerable Cooper’s Stone Flower
Corallodiscus cooperi (Gesneriaceae) in India
A note on the taxonomy and natural history of the Summer Clicker – Vikas Kumar, Samiran Panday, Sudhansu Sekhar Dash, Bipin Kumar Sinha &
Lahugada dohertyi (Distant, 1891) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) along with Paramjit Singh, Pp. 14224–14227
its distribution in northern West Bengal, India
– Vivek Sarkar, Pp. 14128–14136 Extended distribution record of two bellflower species of Codonopsis
(Campanulaceae) from the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh
Observations on nesting activity, life cycle, and brood ball morphometry of – Khilendra Singh Kanwal, Umeshkumar Lalchand Tiwari, Lod Yama &
the Bordered Dung Beetle Oniticellus cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Mahendra Singh Lodhi, Pp. 14228–14231
Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions
– Amar Paul Singh, Kritish De, Shagun Mahajan, Ritwik Mondal & First record of the Blue-and-white Flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana
Virendra Prasad Uniyal, Pp. 14137–14143 (Temminck, 1829) (Aves: Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) from Bhutan
– Kado Rinchen, Kinley Kinley, Chhimi Dorji & Dorji Wangmo, Pp. 14232–
Spiders of Odisha: a preliminary checklist 14234
– Sudhir Ranjan Choudhury, Manju Siliwal & Sanjay Keshari Das, Pp. 14144–
14157 Butterflies collected using malaise traps as useful bycatches for ecology and
conservation
Status of water birds in Haripura-Baur Reservoir, western Terai-Arc landscape, – Augusto Henrique Batista Rosa, Lucas Neves Perillo, Frederico Siqueira
Uttarakhand, India Neves, Danilo Bandini Ribeiro & André Victor Lucci Freitas, Pp. 14235–14237
– Tanveer Ahmed, Harendra Singh Bargali, Deepa Bisht, Gajendra Singh Mehra &
Afifullah Khan, Pp. 14158–14165 Notes on the hairstreak butterflies Euaspa Moore, 1884 (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae) with new distribution records to the Indian eastern Himalaya
Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India – Gaurab Nandi Das, Subrata Gayen, Motoki Saito & Kailash Chandra,
– Golusu Babu Rao, Santhanakrishnan Babu, Goldin Quadros & Pp. 14238–14241
Vijaykumar Anoop, Pp. 14166–14186
First report of the Australian gall midge Actilasioptera tumidifolium
Greater One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis (Mammalia: Gagné, 1999 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Andaman Islands, India
Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) population census in the Rajiv Gandhi Orang – Duraikannu Vasanthakumar & Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma, Pp. 14242–
National Park, Assam, India 14243
– Deba Kumar Dutta & Parikshit Kakati, Pp. 14187–14193
New record of Blanford’s Fox Vulpes cana (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in
Crowding, group size and population structure of the Blackbuck central Oman: a connection between the northern and southern populations
Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae) – Taimur Alsaid, Abdulrahman Aluwaisi, Sultan Albalushi, Zahran
in the semi-arid habitat of Haryana, India Alabdulsalam, Said Alharsusi & Steven Ross, Pp. 14244–14246
– Deepak Rai & Jyoti, Pp. 14194–14203
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