CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
RELATED LITERATURE
Based on the article of The Degradation of Single-use
Plastics and commercially viable bioplastics in the
environment; Made from non-renewable resources like natural
gas and petroleum, synthetic plastics take decades to break
down naturally, which adds to the global problem of plastic
pollution, particularly in marine environments. Bioplastics
and biodegradable polymers derived from renewable resources
have been explored as potential solutions to these issues. For
future material selection to be appropriate, it is essential
to comprehend the mechanisms underlying the biodegradability
of bioplastics and the breakdown of conventional SUPs. This
review highlights on the biodegradation in the environments
including composting systems.Previous research has shown that
while bioplastics are generally environmentally friendly,
their inherent compositions and characteristics vary. (Environ
Res., 2023).
This review discusses Sustainable bioplastics derived
from renewable natural resources for food packaging by Xian
Zhao et a.,(2023),. "Biodegradable" refers to the ability to
break down effectively in a natural setting. Bioplastics
decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, take less time to
decompose, use fewer fossil fuels, open up new recycling
streams for plastic waste, and take up less space for waste
management. Plastic pollution has a highly negative influence
on the marine environment and the food chain. Therefore, a
demand for bioplastics to replace petrochemical plastics is
emerging, especially in the one-time-use food packaging
industry. Bioplastics take less time to degrade, save energy
during manufacturing, and reduce waste. The main challenges of
bioplastics encountered by manufacturers and consumers are
adaptability to the existing manufacturing line, performance,
and cost. In this review, a rational design of bioplastics
from natural resources for food packaging is evaluated.
Management of bioplastic waste regarding degradation and
recycling is discussed. Bioplastic can be an alternative to
conventional plastic in most applications of food packaging,
with less of a carbon footprint and environmental impact(Xian
Zhao et a.,2023).
Another study that have been reviewed by the researchers
is the “Bioplastic” production in terms of life cycle
assessment”. This study tackles the breakdown of plastics in
the environment releases micro- and nanoplastics Appl.
(Biochem. Biotechnol., 2022). Human health as well as aquatic
ecosystems may be negatively impacted by these particles
(Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.,2022). Thus, biodegradable plastics
also referred to as "bio-based polymers" or "bioplastics" have
been suggested as a viable way to lessen the harmful effects
that petrochemical plastics have on the environment and human
health. This review emphasizes the detrimental effects that
plastic derived from fossil fuels has on the environment and
human health, as well as the widespread demand for
environmentally friendly substitutes like biodegradable
bioplastics. Utilizing novel bioplastics made from sustainable
resources (e.g. agricultural wastes, biowastes, or microalgae)
and selecting the suitable end-of-life choice (e.g. A.
Anaerobic digestion, for example, might be the best course of
action to guarantee the sustainability of bioplastic
production.(Sameh Samir ,2023)
RELATED STUDIES
Based on the study proposed byShishanthiJayarathna et
al., (2022)Recent advances in starch-based blends and
composites for bioplastic application, The utilization of bio-
based polymers over synthetic polymers offers numerous
benefits as they are biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, and
thus serve as excellent replacement for commodity plastics.
Starch is essential in the bioplastic industry because it is
plentiful, renewable, biodegradable, has low oxygen
permeability, and is a cost-effective raw material.
The worldwide issue of environmental pollution caused by
synthetic polymers has led to a significant focus on
researching alternative materials. Petroleum-derived plastics
are not eco-friendly as they require centuries to break down
into safe byproducts. Plastic production has drastically risen
in the past few decades, almost reaching 460 million tons by
2019. It is estimated that approximately 12,000 Mt of plastic
waste will be disposed of in landfills or the natural
environment by 2050 if current patterns of plastic production
and waste management persist.
Based on the study by RavindraGadhave et al., (2018)
Starch based bio-plastic: The future of sustainable packaging,
Biodegradable plastic produced from sustainable sources
reduces reliance on petroleum and diminishes waste, while
offering similar advantages to regular plastics. Starch serve
as the initial substance for various eco-friendly materials.
75% of the total organic on earth exist in the form of
polysaccharides. Starch is a crucial polyssacharide.
Even now, plastics made from petroleum remain the primary
choice in the food packaging sector. These resources have
significantly enhanced the ease and appeal of the
agricultural, culinary, and packaging sectors. These materials
have also introduced issues regarding the proper disposal and
sustainable use of them. Because of increasing worries about
the environmental issues associated with these materials,
there has been a shift in focus towards the advancement and
encouragement of using "bio-plastics". Bio-plastic refers to
eco-friendly packaging materials made from renewable sources
like starch and cellulose derived from agro/food sources, and
are deemed suitable for use in food packaging (RavindraGadhave
et al., 2018).
Based on the study about “Corn and rice starch-based
bioplastics as alternative packaging materials” by M. K.
Marichelvam et al., (2019) around half of the commercially
utilized bioplastics are derived from starch. Starch based
bioplastic are easily produced and commonly used for packaging
purposes. The creation of many bioplastic is believed to
decrease the use of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and carbon
dioxide emission.
As a result of the harmful effects on the environment
caused by synthetic plastics, it is crucial to prioritize the
creation of biodegradable plastics for use in various
industries and businesses. Scientists have created different
starch-based composites for diverse uses. This study examines
the use of corn and rice starch-based bioplastics for
packaging purposes. Different types of bioplastics are made
using various mixtures of corn and rice starch, glycerol,
citric acid, and gelatin. The findings indicate that rice and
corn-derived thermoplastic starch are appropriate for use in
packaging purposes (M. K. Marichelvam et al., 2019).
STATE OF THE ART
GAP-BRIDGE OF THE STUDY
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NOTES
