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RMIT Library: Easy Cite online referencing resource
RMIT Harvard style guide
Artwork and images (non-artworks)
General rules for artworks and images (non-artworks)
RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of an artwork:
paintings, drawings, illustrations, prints, sculptures and ceramics
street art and neon sign art
photographs, posters, cartoons and clip art
performance and ephemeral artwork
digital art – created using technology such as video, computer or laser beam
antiquities - objects from ancient history such as coins and pottery
images of any of the above
maps
RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of an image (non-artwork):
photographs, illustrations, drawings, illustrative diagrams and other images of a medical, anatomical,
physiological or scientific nature (e.g. human body, histology, radiology/medical imaging such as x-
rays, ultrasounds and scans)
photographs, illustrations, drawings and illustrative diagrams of a technical nature (e.g. vehicle or
aircraft engines, architectural blueprints, anatomy of an airplane)
photographs, illustrations, drawings and illustrative diagrams of any other non-artwork subject matter
not covered above (e.g. fashion/clothing/accessories, nature, people)
Artworks and images (non-artworks) can be physical or online/digital.
The artist or creator can be a person, the gallery/museum/public space like a library, or other organisations.
If no publication year is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred
from the text, then write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year.
Artworks and images (non-artworks) that you use in your assignment or for study purposes do not need the
copyright permissions that are required for publishing or commercial use. However, it is essential that you
give credit to the creator of the work and reference it in your work.
When citing artworks or images (non-artworks) in the text of your assignment, you need to acknowledge
them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout (caption).
Citations are also influenced by where you sourced the artwork or image (non-artwork). Where possible, cite
the original rather than copies from a reproduction.
How you capture and include the artwork or image (non-artwork), e.g. screenshot, photograph, copy-and-
paste, does not influence the way in which it is referenced. Cite the work based on where you sourced the
work.
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Note: Your lecturer may have specific requirements for referencing artworks or images (non-artwork). Any
directions given by your lecturer must be followed, even if they differ from this guide.
Captions
Captions are used to provide a description of the artworks or images (non-artwork) you use. These are
usually placed below the illustration.
A figure number is used in the caption to identify each illustration. These figures are numbered sequentially
in the order in which they appear and followed by a colon.
Illustrations you create of your own work are not usually referenced. However, a caption such as 'Figure 7:
Photograph by author' or 'Figure 11: Initial sketches' might be appropriate when other illustrations in your
assignment are referenced. Check your lecturer's requirements.
Make sure you refer to the figure in your writing and include the figure number. This can be in the sentence
or in parentheses, for example (see Figure 1).
Refer to a figure by its assigned number, not as the "figure above" or "figure below" or "figure on page 3", for
example.
Note:Your lecturer might require a specific long or short caption style. Whichever style you use, make sure
you apply it consistently.
Captions (Own work)
Rule
Figure number: Description or explanation
Examples
Figure 1: Author’s photograph
Figure 2: Initial sketches of the design
Short captions for reproduced works
If the artwork or image (non-artwork) was on a website, include the URL (no full stop after URL) after the
website name and the accessed date. If it was in a Library database, include the database name after the
accessed date instead. If it was in a gallery, museum or other public space, include the name and location
of the gallery, museum or public space. If it was in other sources, provide the in-text referencing details of
the source as described in other areas of this guide.
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Rule
Figure number: Artist's or Creator's family name Initial OR
Gallery/Museum/Public Space name [if artist/creator] OR Organisation's
name [if artist/creator] (year produced) Title or description of artwork or
image (non-artwork) [format], publishing details of where artwork or
image (non-artwork) was sourced.
Examples
Figure 3: Artist unknown (11-12th C) Tapestry with dragons and flowers
[silk tapestry], The Metropolitan Museum of Art website, accessed 13
December 2021.
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39733?
Figure 4: Artist unknown (11-12th C) Tapestry with dragons and flowers
[silk tapestry], in Jaynes A and Liaw J (1968:37).
Figure 5: Burn H (1861) Swanston Street from the bridge [oil on canvas],
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
Figure 6: Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) (2009) Bilbao_6: Guggenheim
Museum Bilbao [photograph], Flickr website, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/52355315@N08/5757476385/in/album-
72157626677144865/
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Figure 7: Primal Pictures (n.d.) Lateral nasal cavity [interactive 3D
illustration], Anatomy.tv database, accessed 19 August 2022.
Figure 8: Untitled screenshot of Zelphr homepage.
In-text reference to artworks or images (non-artworks)
Italicise the titles of individual artworks or images (non-artworks) and use sentence case. If the artist/creator
has made typographic decisions for the title where it has to appear in a certain way, use capitalisation,
numbers or punctuation in exactly the same way as the artist/creator does in original title, e.g. flight
research #6.
When first mentioning the work, include the artist or creator of the artwork or image (non-artwork), year of
creation and title of the artwork or image (non-artwork) in parentheses, if not mentioned in the sentence.
If you use an artwork or image (non-artwork), refer to the figure number when you discuss it.
Examples
The exhibition Gabrielle Chanel. Fashion manifesto displays the Chanel's
(1925) little black dress in silk organza transformed black from being the
colour of mourning to the height of chic and modernity (see Figure 11).
The purchase of Pollock's (1952) Blue poles, as seen in Figure 12, created
great controversy regarding the value of abstract art when it was
purchased for the National Gallery of Australia.
As illustrated in Figure 5, the painting Swanston Street from the bridge
(Burn 1861) depicts Melbourne's growth into a city of domes and spires.
Reference list entry
In your reference list:
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Artworks and images (non-artworks) can be physical or online/digital.
Your own unpublished work or artworks discussed without an image or picture of them are not
included in the reference list.
Artworks or images (non-artwork) viewed in-person, such as at art galleries, museums and other
public spaces like a library, are cited to acknowledge their influence on the development of your own
ideas or work. Please note that an image does not need to be of an artistic nature to be in a
museum or other public space.
Artworks or images (non-artwork) that you reproduced from books, websites and other sources
should be cited in accordance with the source they appear in. For example, if the artwork or image
(non-artwork) appears in a book or website, you reference the book or website. Please refer to the
relevant section(s) within this guide for how to reference the various sources.
The artist or creator can be a person, the gallery/museum/public space (e.g. library), or other
organisations.
If no publication year is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or
inferred from the text, then write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year.
Italicise the title of the artwork or image (non-artwork). After the title, provide the format of the
artwork or image (non-artwork) in square brackets.
Physical -- viewed in-person at an art gallery, museum or other public space: add the name
and location of the museum, gallery or other public space.
Online -- from a website: add the name of the website followed by the word website. Then put the
accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL.
No full stop after URL.
Online -- from a Library database: add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021),
then the database name followed by the word database.
Rule (physical -- viewed in-person at an art gallery, museum or other public space)
Artist's or Creator's family name Initial OR Gallery/Museum/Public
Space name [if artist/creator] OR Organisation's name [if artist/creator]
(Year) Title or description of artwork or image (non-artwork) [format], Name
of Museum/Gallery/Public Space, Location of Museum/Gallery/Public
Space.
Examples
Dwyer M (2021) Apparition [night-time digital projection onto holo-gauze
screen], University Square, Carlton, VIC.
Pollock J (1952) Blue poles [Oil, enamel, aluminium paint, and glass on
canvas], National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.
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Rule (online -- from a website)
Artist's or Creator's family name Initial OR Gallery/Museum/Public
Space name [if artist/creator] OR Organisation's name [if artist/creator]
(Year) Title or description of artwork or image (non-artwork) [format], Name
of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Example
Artist unknown (c. 11-12th C) Tapestry with dragons and flowers [silk
tapestry], The Metropolitan Museum of Art website, accessed 9
December 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/
collection/search/39733?
Rule (online -- from a Library database)
Artist's or Creator's family name Initial OR Gallery/Museum/Public
Space name [if artist/creator] OR Organisation's name [if artist/creator]
(Year) Title or description of artwork or image (non-artwork) [format],
accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.
Examples
Note: Although RMIT Harvard does NOT include a URL link if there is a database name or vice-versa, it has
been decided to include both only for WGSN database images in order to make the image easier to find
and access.
WSGN report image
Maggioni S (2022) Womenswear forecast S/S 24: SenseScapes [photograph], accessed 19 August 2022,
WGSN database. https://www-wgsn-
com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/fashion/article/62d668672dbcfed4840eacf3#page4
WSGN image library
Chanel (n.d.) cha_mon_ps23_003 [photograph], accessed 19 August 2022, WGSN database.
www.wgsn.com/content/image_viewer/#/image.35640165
WSGN catwalk gallery
Jacobs M (n.d.) New York autumn/winter 2022, women [gallery of photographs], accessed 19 August 2022,
WGSN database. https://www.wgsn.com/catwalk_gallery/#gender=2&season=0&city=0&show=81316
Anatomy.tv (Primal Pictures)
Primal Pictures (n.d.) Lateral nasal cavity [interactive 3D illustration], accessed 19 August 2022, Anatomy.tv
database.
Maps
RMIT Harvard identifies maps as a type of artwork. Please see section on Artworks for further details.
Maps taken from an online source can include:
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digitised maps that originate from a print source such as old maps and are made available in an
electronic format by museums, galleries and libraries
web maps that use satellite imagery and GPS data and are taken from online navigation and
mapping sites such as Google Maps
Maps can also be in hardcopy/print format.
When citing maps in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout (caption).
Refer to a figure by its assigned number, not as the "figure above" or "figure below" or "figure on page 3", for
example.
The cartographer (author) can be a person or an organisation.
Captions
If the map was on a website, include the URL (no full stop after URL) after the accessed date. If the map
appeared in other sources, provide the in-text referencing details of the source as described in other areas
of this guide.
Rule
Figure number: Cartographer's family name Initial OR Organisation's
name [if cartographer] (year produced) Title of map [format], Publishing
details of where map was sourced.
Examples
Figure 9: Kearney J (1855) Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [digitised
map], State Library of Victoria website, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/explore-collections-
format/maps/maps-melbourne-city-suburbs
Figure 10: VicPlan (2020) Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 [digital map],
VicPlan website, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/.
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In-text references
If you use a map, refer to the figure number when you discuss it.
As shown by Figure 9, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 depicts...(Kearney
1855).
Figure 9 depicts...(Kearney 1855).
As illustrated in Figure 10, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 highlights...
(VicPlan 2020).
As shown in Figure 10,...(VicPlan 2020).
Reference list entry
In your reference list:
The cartographer (author) can be a person or an organisation.
Add the map title in italics. After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, e.g.
[digital map], [print map], [digitised map]. 'Print map' is for hardcopy maps. 'Digitised map' is for
maps that used to be in hardcopy (print) format but have now been digitised. 'Digital map' is for an
online map sourced from a website or Library database that was created digitally/electronically –
most maps are like this today.
Hardcopy (print): add the name of publisher and place published.
Online -- from a website: add the website name followed by the word website. Then put the
accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL.
No full stop after URL.
Online -- from a Library database: add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021),
then the database name followed by the word database.
Rule (hardcopy/print)
Cartographer's family name Initial OR Organisation's name [if
cartographer] (Year of creation) Title of map [format], Name of Publisher,
Place of Publication.
Example
Melway (2021) Geelong [print map], Melway, Clayton, VIC.
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Rule (online -- from a website)
Cartographer's family name Initial OR Organisation's name [if
cartographer] (Year of creation) Title of map [format], Name of Website
website, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Kearney J (1855) Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [digitised map], State
Library of Victoria website, accessed 10 December 2021.
https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/explore-collections-
format/maps/maps-melbourne-city-suburbs
VicPlan (2020) Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 [digital map], Victoria State
Government website, accessed 10 December 2021.
https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/
Rule (online -- from a Library database)
Cartographer's family name Initial OR Organisation's name [if
cartographer] (Year of creation) Title of map [format], accessed Day
Month Year, Name of Database database.
Example
Aerometrex (2021) ANZ stadium, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW [digital
map], accessed 10 December 2021, MetroMap database.
Tables and diagrams
When citing tables, graphs or other diagrams in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two
places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the table/figure layout (caption).
Label tables sequentially as Table 1, Table 2 and so on, followed by a colon. Other graphs and diagrams
are labelled sequentially as Figure 1, Figure 2 and so on.
Include a title that describes or explains the information in the table or diagram. Note, this is not italicised.
Refer to a table or figure by its assigned number (e.g. Table 1, Figure 2), not as the "table/figure below" or
"table/figure above" or "table/figure on page 3", for example.
For tables, graphs and diagrams using published content, acknowledge the source below the table/figure
number and title, on a new line.
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Tables (your own work)
When the information is your own work based on data you have collected independently, for example, from
your own research or experiments, label your table with a number and give a title to the work. Use standard
font (no italics).
Example
Table 1: Comparison of results from groups A, B and C
Tables (adapted from published material)
If you are using information gathered from published information but are presenting it in a table or figure that
you have created, acknowledge the source as you would for paraphrased information in a caption.
When the table includes data from more than one source, you must cite all sources you relied on to create
the table.
Rule
Figure number: Title of table
Source: adapted from Publishing details of where the information was
sourced
Examples
Table 2: Reason why students plagiarise
Source: adapted from Bretag et al. 2020
Table 3: Fluctuation in imports 2010 to 2020
Source: adapted from Mitchelton 2018; ABS 2019; DFAT 2020
Tables (reproduced from published material)
If you are using a table or graph that has been published elsewhere, acknowledge the source and provide
the same details you would for quoted information.
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Rule
Figure number: Title of table
Source: Publishing details of where the information was sourced
Examples
Table 4: Prison demographics in Australia
Source: AIHW 2018:1
Figure 10: Buy now, pay later payments in Australia
Source: Fisher, Holland and West 2021:61
In-text references - examples
If you use a table, graph or diagram, refer to the table or figure number when you discuss it.
Bretag et al. (2020) identified a number of factors that contributed to
plagiarism as listed in Table 2.
Fluctuations in the imports over the last decade are represented in Table
3.
Table 4 highlights current prison demographics in Australia, based on
data compiled by AIHW (2018).
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Reference list entry
In your reference list, reference tables and diagrams in accordance with the source they appear in. For
example, if the table or diagram appears in a book or journal article, you reference the book or journal
article. Please refer to the relevant section(s) within this guide for how to reference the various sources.
Examples
IAHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2018) '5.7 Prisoners',
Australia's health 2018, Australia's health series no. 1, catalogue number
AUS 221, IAHW, Australian Government, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/0f15de30-8575-4e80-ac9d-
5560633635e0/aihw-aus-221-chapter-5-7.pdf.aspx
Fisher C, Holland C and West T (18 March 2021) 'Developments in the
buy now, pay later market', Bulletin, RBA, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2021/mar/ developments-
in-the-buy-now-pay-later-market.html
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