Livin GRAMMAR pre-intermediate L école de mon colanee ela) textOxford Living GRAMMAR OXFORDIntroduction What is Oxford Living Grammar? (oxford Living Grammer. series of three books which ‘pain and practise grammar in everyday contexts They show how grammar is used in realife situations that learners themselves will experience. The books can be used for self-study, for homework, andin class. Elementary: CEF level A1+ (towards KET level) Pre-ntermedlate: EF level A2 (KET and towards PET level} Intermediate: CEF level 81 (PET and towards FCE level) How are the books organized? “The books are divided into four-page units, each of which deals with an important grammar tope- Units are tivided into hwo two-page pars. cach unit begins with an explanation ofthe grammar point, and includes a unique (Grammar in action section which shows how the grammat cused in typical everyday stations. texplains when rousethe grammar point Thists followed by a number of contextualized exercises for learners to practise the t1ammar they have ead about The second part ofeach Luniintrocucesadeltional explanation ofthe topic. more SGrammarinaction, and mors contextualized sercizan The last exercise in every unit provides pracice of a variety of ‘the aoins and contexts introduced across the four pages ‘The intention is that the fully contextualized ‘explanations and exercises will show real English in real situations, which learners can recognize and apply £0 "ir ovin experiance. Word focus boxes highlight unfamiliar words or ‘pressions and enable earners to widen ther vocabulary. ‘The Over to you section a the back ofthe book provides 3 comprehensive bank of review exercises. Learners are encouraged to de more creative tasks about themselves 4nd their ewn experience, using what thay havellearned. Sample answers are provided for these tasks ‘Thoreic an Oxford Living GrammarContext-Plus CD-ROM teach [evel with further grammar practice and Word focus exercises. Learners can also build longer texts, and ‘uid and take part in dialogues; learners can record and isten to their own volce to improve prorundation. There 78 six grammar tests a each evel so learners can see if ‘there are any areas they would lke to study again. What grammars included? ‘At Pre-intermeciate level, you wl study all the grammar ‘necessary for Cambridge KET and much ofthe grammar required for PET. The choice of contextsin the exercises thas boen informed by the Common European Framework ‘of Reference and the framework ofthe Assoclation of Language Testersin Europe at A2, How can students use Oxford Living Grammar on their own? ‘You can work through the book ftom beginning to end. Allthe units wil present and practise the grammar in typical everyday situations. When you heve fnished the ‘etercises, you can go to the Over to you tasks for that topicat the back othe book for extra practice, and then check your answers. (0%, when youhave a particular grammar problem, you might want to study that topic frst. You can look up the topicyou nead in the Contents ar the front ofthe Book, or nthe Index at the back, How can teachers use the material in the classroom? ‘Oxford Living Grammar enables your students to learn and practise Encish grammar in context. The contexts themselves are typical everyciay situations that your students will experience, such as talking about their ‘own experiences, having conversations with people they have met, taking about other people, and discussing common topics. ‘The syllabus i divided inta 30 foursoage units, which we hope wll make the book ideal for study aver an academic year. Units can be stuked in any order, or you and your students can work through the book from beginning toeend. The Over to you tasks provide reer practice nd ‘more creative review tasks, loeoucion |Contents Introduction pageeiti Verbs and tenses 01 Present continuous 2 Talking about the present Talking about the future 02 Present simple 6 Forms, uses, and contexts Present simple or present continuous? 03 Past simple and past continuous 10 Past simple Past continuous; past simple or continuous? 04 Present perfect “ Forms, uses, and contexts Present perfect with just, yet, ciready, never, ever 05. Past simple and present perfect 18 Comparison of uses Comparison with for, since, ago, ever, never 06 The future 2 Going to willand shall Questions 07 Question words % When, where, why, how, which, whose, who, what How long, how many, etc 08 Subject and object questions 30 Questions with who Questions with what, which, and whose Modal verbs 09. Can, could, and would 34 Ability Requests and permission | comers 10. May, might, could, and should ‘May and might or possibilty Could and should: possibility and probability 11. Mustand have to a2 Positive forms, their uses, and their contexts Negative forms, their uses, and their contexts 12 Should 4 Uses and contexts ‘Should compared with other modals. page 28 Verb forms and structures 13. The infinitive 50 The 10 infinitive ‘The infinitive without 10 14 The ing form 5 Form. uses. and contexts Infinitive or ing form? 15 The passive 58 Fotms, uses, and contexts Active and passive compared 16 Conditionals 2 First conditional Second conditional 17 Connecting future sentences os Conditional clauses Time clauses Nouns, pronouns, determiners 18 Articles 70 Avan and the ‘Avan, the, and no article 19. Pronounsand possessives a Subjectand object pronouns; possessive adjectives and pronouns Reflexive pronouns; each other20 Quantifiers, page 78 All, most, some, alot of, any, a few, alittle ‘Much, many, none, no 21 Pronouns and determiners 82 One, ones; another, other, others Something, everybody, nowhere, anyone, etc 22 There it, this, that, etc. 56 There and it This, that, these, and those Adjectives and adverbs 23 Comparison of adjectives 90 Comparative adjectives As... 0s; Superlative adjectives 24 Adverbs 94 ‘Adverbs of manner; comparison of adverbs Adverbs of degree Prepositions 25 Prepositions (1) 98 Propositions of place Prepositions of movement 26 Prepositions (2) 102 ‘In, with, by, without Prepositional phrases Building sentences 27 Reported speech 106 Sayand tell Telland ask 28 Relative clauses 0 Who, which, that Which, that, who, where, when, whose 29 Conversational English 4 Short answers and short questions; question tags Short responses: so, t00, neither/nor, either 30 Clause and sentence building page 118 ‘Stil, oly, also Because, 50, 50 that; instead apart from, ‘except although/though Over to you na Form tables 129 Verb tenses 133 Answer key 134 Answer key Over to you 149 Index 153Pace eee Oy 1 Some examples ofthe present continuous (be +-Ing ''m reading a good book atthe moment. Sheisn‘t werking at this offce today. Wharare you doing now? Talking about the pre 2 Forms ofthe present continuous: conn Yami starting youhwerthey are/'re starting q hele statng Tamnot/'m not starting youwenneyore notre nt are stating hele isnet's ot ianstrting am stating sre youre stating ‘sheer starting 3 The-ing forms For most vebs adding: 8 work working play — playing For verbs ending-e ake away-e and adding: take taking swite—> weitng What I'm doing now Formany verbs ending with one vowel and one ‘consonant, double the last etter and add -ing: run running sit siting (For more information on the-ing forn, seep. 130.) Grammar in action ‘We use the present continuous totalkaboutactions and describe situations at the present moment Whatare you doing atthe ‘moment? sitting onthe ‘ofa i'raining outside. We use the present continuous for actions and situations in the present period of time, but not at this exact moment ‘What’ Jack doing these days? ~ Hes traveling around the word. Fe visting ots ofcounties. We use the present continuous for present Ws thal are teispatary a lifferent Fearn Usual Ths example decribes a change in someone's ‘usual routine: ‘Kathy hasan office but she's working at hame today. Alice is on a tran, Complete what she says using the present continuous and the words in brackets. Use short forms if possible. ° 2 | vem and ensos sie) acupotcatfee. (drink) ‘the station now. (Welleave) to Manchester, (The uain/go) [Link]. (Vtravel) atthe moment? (yourdo) ” ‘a phone call toyoul (make)The big match Complete the descriptions ofthe football match using the words in brackets and the present continuous forms ofthe correct verbs from the box. leave run blow: tke wear look shine colabrate play © Good afternoon. ys “alsin toyou rom the National Stadium. () 1 It’sa lovely day athe stadium. andit’swarm. (The sun) a outanto the field. (The teams) a white shirts and Wales are in re, (The England players) 4 well and ita good game. (Both teams 5 happy. Is 1-0to England. (The Enelane fans) 6 WshalFaime. the field, (The players) 7. Another goal for England and (the players) 8 his whistle and #5 the end ofthe game. (The referee) News of friends ‘Tom and Rose are talking about people they know. Complete thelr conversation using the present continuous and the words in brackets, Use short forms. TOM How's Michael? ROBE Het fine. “le's siorirg, 9 (e/work in aly at the moment. Tom Realy? " (whatherca) there? nose 3 (le/spencl a year at hiz company’s office in Rome, ? (Heylearn alan and *beshave) fun, Tom And what about Olivia? Ose = (Shelve) ina different fat now. And ml {Ghe/net go out) with Frank any more. in fact, Vtheyinot ale roeach other aon, Tom Ohdear. Poor Frank. Ost Hes fine, * (Hefenjoy himset. > einot it) athome alone, "© (He/take) lot of girls to bars and nightclubs. TOM. Oh,!see, Lucky Frank! Changes in my town Complete this report about changes in a town using the present continuous and the correct verbs from the box. otuse tak go tell notdo ehenge cause move rot listen nottaval get Mytown. 4 changing. # alot The population "bigger because people + from the countryside tothe town, This 3 traffic problems People * public transport very much and they 5 on bikes. Too many cars into the town centre, The authorities * people to stop using their ears se much, but people "People ® about the problem but they anything to solve itPresent continuous Talking about the future 4 We also use the present continuous to talk about ‘he future: ‘Ym meeting some ends tonight. Janets starting new Job next week What are you doing next weckend? (For more information on future verb forms, see unit 6 oni. 22and unit 17 on p. 66) E My plans next week Grammar in action @ We use the present continuous for fixe, arranged, and organized actions, These actions are certain tohappan in the future. im going on holkday tomorrow. fim cetehing the 830 fight. ‘Look atZena's schedule for next week and complete her description of her plans, sing the present continuous. Use short forms. (On Monday morning, tothe Main Hall and Je sherting a new course. At3am,, s # atalk aboutthis course. After that, 2 lectures forthe rest ofthe day. On Tuesday morning, fon arp to the History Museum. + atest Inthe afternoon, x the college at 2 pm. and *ackat the college st § pm. ‘OnWednesday, ‘forthe college basketball tam. 5 any college work that do. ‘OnThursday evening, "328.30 pm. and then an essay inthe library and then eine (On Friday, meeting with my tutor ‘On Saturcay merning, “tennis with Pam and inthe evering ‘concert atthe Mors Hall ‘On Sunday. a meal for Sam and Olga, "afilmathome. "shopping with Alex. Inthe afternoon, toa anything, Mathome and 39 reasy all day.F Thecollege party ‘Taraand Leon and talking on the phone. Complete thelr conversation using the present ‘continuous and the words in brackets, TARA Are you busy at the moment? LEON Yes... beings (try) t finish some work. dol anassignment and 2 (find) it very (yousdey? ara * (get) ready for she party tonight “w leave} n about twenty minutes, * (The tan/come) for meat 730 pm. 16ON Wel, ? (ymot go), unfortunately. ve got too much werk io do, # (Whovgo) te this party? TARA Everyone. * (Wercelebrate) the end ofthe exams (A band/play| and about 120, * (peopler come), \coN Wel, > (stay) here and, » ywork all ‘evening. And then (/go) to bed. G_ Mylife in London ‘Complete this email from Carmen to her friend, using the present continuous and the correct verbs from the box. Use short forms, rrotmiss study learn take have vist practice stay Eopen "west co lok” notstudy make agers HH [As you know 9.24 gan in Londen witha family, | " ata local colege anc Pa P ‘wally good timo. Everyone Seno vary wel and | q “ots of new fiends. home at all because | 5 so many fantastic things. Atoll, | 7 allot of English and of course ' * my English with the fem. When | ss) alee all sorts of places with the family. For exarmpa, on Saturday they Nmetoatheme | ark and next weak we 47 [Link] famous old caste, | somewhere outside Landon. ' ford to that, e Letme krow what with you, Now goto page 122. Verbwandtensee | 50 y. ees etalty Ree 11 Some examples of the present simple Forhave ‘read a newpaper every dey. SES ‘She doesn't lke th's kind fuse. Wien dees the porty start tomorrow? ‘For more information on the he/shefit frm, seep. 129) 2. Forms ofthe present simple Lali Grammar in action ras . eae evne he preset ampeerasand gst areainays tue he/she knows eae eee \you/weltney dont know dot now 2 Neuse the present simplefor eee ee ain habits and epestes actions: Shetokes the bus towork de Yyoubwethey know does heshe/t know We se the present simp to 3 the he/she! form Takabouthoughsorteeings FAY For most versa forexample toy what we te pence kee ee: work > works ke kes buy — buys se area For vets ending -eh,-0,-sh, x and 5, 2¢d-es catch — catches go> goes We use the present simple for the future, to talk wash —> washes fix > flxes about events ona timetable. Here, someone is looking pass > pases RaW sche Thefim tomorow starts at 8.30 and fishes at For verbs onding with a consonant and, gc oo eles ‘ake away -y and add ies study “studies cry —rcties fly —rflles A Some facts about cricket “These are some facts about the sport of cricket. Ifthe verb form is correct, puta tick (/). Ifthe verb form is incorrect, write the correct verb form, © Acricket team have. jo .11 players and they usually wear __v/_white. 1 Cricket has a lot of rules and lots of people arent understand. ht 2 Inagame of cricket, the bewler throws the ball and the batsman toys tohitit. 3 ThefeeWersstand ‘around the field and they stop the ball, 4 Hfafieldercatchs,_____the ball the batsman stout, and he leaves. thefield 5 Ifthe batsman doesnt hits, the ball andthe bal hits the wicket, he Isalso out 6 Youwin 2 gameifyou score ‘more‘tuns'than the ether team. 7 Some cricket matches lasts {oy five days and nobody wins ' 8 Some people doesrit like cricket but millons watch, tony,B Atypical day at work ‘Complete this magazine article by a businesswoman, using the present simple forms ‘of the verbs in brackets. Use short forms for negatives. Business as usual i 1 usually once. (ausive) at the oifice very easly. My 1..." (noteat) muchatlunchtime assistant Cheryl. * bring) me the mail and ~ the others. 1 jo) to the : 2 (el) me wit 1s In my elary forthe day. She canteen but (on (ay) in my > (do) alot oF ery important work for me~ she _ fice amd someone _ Geni me SO erganiag) my day and occu? (eal) asandwieh, My day usualy a wwith'a Tot of people for me. Thea |”. .* (have) (fnishy a about & p.m. | mecting with my team of managers ~ we reer 3 aot ga) te the offee (alscuss) plans and problems, Sometimes they § every diy Te nor) ae home (oot ageee) with me but the meetings usually 7 some days and I somtimes em {not iast) for very long. (travel to meetings or conterea Using the library Complete the questions and answers ina survey of people using a library using the present simple and the words in brackets. pas INTERVIEWER Pe yyy? inthelocal area? (youll cee WOMAN YS, Lue.” ease To nere, (Wve) InTeRVIEWeR: * this library very often? (youvisk) WOMAN No, "here very often, (Uinotcome) INTERVIEWER What 2 inthe library? (you/do} woman “the newspapers and * books. (read) (borrow) INTERVIEWER What kind of books 7 (yourborrow) WOMAN Fiction, " .g00d ftion section. (The lbraryfhave) INTERVIEWER * che library? (ether members of your famiiy'use) Woman Yes, * some of he college workhere. (my daughter/do) D Timetable for tomorrow's school trip Complete this notice about a school trip in the future, using the present simple and the correct verbs from thelist. ‘go start meet show leave return finish got attend arrive have Here are the deals for tomorrows ip. We ..re.° outside the school a 8. “The coach at 8.30 so don’tbe ate! We? at the museum at 10 Aguide..... ustound the museum from 100 12. We tothe museum tesiaurai for inch at 12 and we.......? Wine rom 12 to 1 in te afternoon, we Lf allectue in one of the eeirereoms. ft? at Vand Ox 230. We? backeon the coach at 3 and we % tothe schoal at 4.30. “eae SET pence Verbsandiemes | 7Present simple Present simple or present continuous? 4. Compare the present simple and the present continuous: ‘ecits at adedk every day. ‘e's sitting otis deskar the moment. Grammar in action 55 We use the present simple to talk about facts thet are ays tru. We use the present continuous to tlk about things that are only ue at the moment or in the present petiod of time: Youcook wonderful He’ cooking a mealin meals the htchen. (alwaysorusually) right now) © Weuse the present simple for permanent situations Wie use the present continuous for temporary situottons: ‘My husbond works fora computercompany, but he's working at home today. E Overtoour reporter continuous form, Hello, ‘nfl and herand Ah the font door © Istand tim standing She stars/ She's starring she eatns /she's earning know /are knowing love fare loving tall ar talking 8 | Verbs andtenses Iw etanding. * outside a very famous person's hou ln the front cover of magazines and people all over th her And people moment because the media her private ienons about it Can you ques ho itis? Dozens of photographers ere here too and She appears / She's appearing 7) We use the present simple fr things we do regularly (eg.n our daly routine). We can use it with words anc Phrases describing how often something happens lalvicys sometimes, often, never, usualy, every dy, ev {go to bed at ten and get up at sic everyday. We do not use the present continuous with ths meaning: ‘sometimes weara hat ucrimsomenmeswearmg shat ) ® We often use the present continuous with now’ and phrases meaning now; for example atthe moment, Fight now. this ek, this month. We do not use tho present simple with these words and phrases: {msitng ina traficjom atthe moment. norte.) © Weuse the present simple with verbs that describe What we fe! and think These verbs are connected With what sin our minds, not wth actions. They describe what we lke (for example ike sik, hate, love), what we want (wont, need), what we know (dow, understand, realize, remember) and what we believe (believe, think). We do not use the present Continuous with these verbs: ‘oor leniatimaerstanang ths fetter) ‘Complete what the television reporter says by choosing the present simple or prosent * millions of dllas for every fl, world : * about her atthe » stories about her private if. She but right now everyone ft0 * for her to come out "pow and someane Pout 7 tell/are telling doesn't usually discus ir usually discussing 9 wants /is wanting 10 wewalt /we'e walting 11 opens / is opening 12. comes/iscomingF Someone to write to ‘Complete ths etter in an international magazine for teenagers, using the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use short forms. | Jp leaking... 1 0008 forsomeane to wrte toi TY much P (ea6) alot of books notes county. * apeak)quite and a the mornent *an)to {goed Engsh but 2 (want to get_ rea Fiction n Engh aM (ake) a Deter 2 And 5 (ink) is good interest in spurs but oem pl) to have fronds la dren pars the wer any sport regula, H (go) t9aiocal shoot and this Ny amily ay ater. (wort for term vie 5 Cady) for out exams | anintemasona company al he ” (work) very hard at seneol new (wave alt right now he » icatse | * (ress) to ge! good in SouthEast Aa, Heabnaye rests. ny spare tim (ike) uy) me something interesting am these tis ana at flaca muse but Folie) much the moment! > (ae) a computer meders pop music | ‘por play) that he bough ee. hope tha 2 tid games and ‘*potwatch) (bat ae) OO May Mistakes! G Adverts ‘Complete the extracts from adverts, using the present simple or present continuous and the words in brackets. ° 3 Dacyou-wer._owwan to ent an A ie erent i | Cae ismonth _wevedve are ‘owlar with tourists lignin tofaieneelemonk. |) 4 see a - ‘hounds of cistomen every week pe reneias fovea ge ‘Comey hack to us again, i wr agency atnays 5 coereen (hove hundreds interesting fobs, aa (rok or more sat. ° / youn 6 sawn ' were f / 10% off all our TVs this mouth. ea Now go to page 122. Verbeandtenses | 91 Ce Ce E ead tt eae Sore examplesof the past simple: ‘walked to college yesterdoy. She didn't phone melast week. Wien did you arrive this county? Forms of the past simple: yowhe/sherwenhey finished CEASE Uyowhe/sherit~wenthey did not / didnt finish nor eidetfinished di iyoushershe/ivwelthey finish ore nished Regular verbs (nositive forms): We form the past simple by adding ed tothe vorb: walk + walked Vist visited For verbs ending with -, we add -t live ved love ~+ loved For verbs ending witha consonant and-y, we take away-y and added: cory —seattied = try tried For many verbs ending with one vowel and one ‘consonant, we double the last letter and add -ed. stop stopped plan — planned (Formore regular past simple forms, seep. 130) A Family history 4 irregular verbs: Many very common verbs ae ineguler: gor went comer came do —* did speak— spoke run—-ran have —had take-+took see —+sav buy bought ‘think * thought leave left make —= made (For more irregular past simple forms, see p. 131.) 5 The past simple forms of be: \Uhalshe/t was/was novwasn't ‘you'we/they were/were notweren't ‘was Uhe/she/t ‘were youwerthey Grammar inaction i We usethe past simple to tak about actions completed inthe past, for example when we describe a sequence of events Hecame out ofthe door, locked t got into his car and deve away. ‘We usothe past simple totale about pact tutions (situations that are not rue now). For example, we can sell to describe earlier times in our lives: ‘I [Link] when fivedin Spain. \with the past simple, we often say when something happened. Sometimes we don't say when something happened because we understand what point in time in the past we are talking about: What did you de lastnight? ~ listened to some ‘music {read e book and then | went to bed. last night) ‘Complete this description using the past simple forms ofthe verbs in brackets. Myrname is Gurnam and my family originally 6 *icome) from India. My grandparents * (move) to Briain in 1975 and they went to live i the cty of Leicester My grandfather ® (open) a restaurant there and he 2 (become) very successful. He * (notspeak) much English when he * (artve)in Btn but he earn) very ‘Verbs ad tensesquickly. Lots of people 7 (eat) at his restaurant. He * (work) very har for many years and he 5 (make) plenty of money, My father ™ (be) born in Leicester and he go)t0 school there. He, 1 (do) very wel at school and © (pass) all his exams. Then he " (sty) at university for three years and (get) abusiness degree, After that he © (se up his own business. At rsthe ° {sel clothes ina shop neer the city centre, and after few years he * (own) five shops allover the city When Iwas asmall child, we...” five) imasmall house but my fether * fbuy)a bigger one two years ago, An unpleasant journey Complete this story about a journey, using the past simple and the correct verbs fram, the box. Use short forms for negatives. ‘get _notstay drive be(e2) shout notspeak come notgo make otstart notsey ative stat qo. notanive want Yesterday |.werh Yona day tip. Aly fiend Liam with me. The day 2 well because iam * at my house late He why he Slate and 6 [Link] we 7 our journey. | : the car. bit ater, we [Link] to goto the seaside but we "a bad mistake andwe iW intheright direction. We Dat ‘the beach until very lae in the day, so we for aleng time. On the way home, we toeach other at all We ° both very angry, The road to fame ‘Complete ths interview with a famous singer, using the past simple and the correct words from the box. coffer play youfec! happen appear be notearn youbecome hela itheppen see leave enjoy buy want make youstart take ask know have INTERVIEWER When... me 10 replace him. snTeRvieweR * successful very quick? Ma Nowit * along time. We *insmall clubs for many years and we. * much money. INTERVIEWER unhappy then? MA Nowe * ourselves. We ™acgreat time But we " tosuecced, INTERVIEWER How. ” a ‘Well amanager "us playing ina small club ané he #10 be our manager He ee alotabout the music business nde... usalot Because of him, we on aTW show. Then we "2 record and lots of people it Everthing very quickly then Vetosandtenses | 11Past simple and past continuous Past continuous; past simple or continuous? 6 Some examples ofthe past continuous: 8 We often use the past continuous in sentences with 1m 2003, Iwas studying at college the past simple to talk about two actions. We use Please repeat tha, I wasn't istening. ‘the past simple fora completed action and the past What wereyoudoing.at6o'clockyesterdayevening? continuous to deseribe something in progress hen the second action happened: 7 Forms ofthe past continuous was weiking down the street when Ime an od frend. WhileWhen wos walking down testreet,metan old friend Une/shest was walking you/welthay wore walking. (AIT ETT he/she was not / wasn’t waking, you/nelthey were not/ weren't walking. COST was lyowhe/shert walking were youswerthey walking \We use when before the past simple and hile/when before the past continuous: (Forrules on the-ing form, seep. 130.) When thedeorbellrarg, twas ying inbed. | Whie/ihen was iyng in bed, the | doorbell rang. Grammar in action @ Weuse the past continuous for actions and situations that were in progress at a particular time inthe past {[Link] 1901, a Gam yesterday merningh "At7.30 piles night 0s playing a video game, ny ster was doing her hamewerk and my porents were reading. D_ What was happening five years ago Complete this description of situations five years ago, using the past continuous and. the verbs In brackets. Use short forms for negatives. Five years ago, |__.wins ving... ve) na different cy. " stuey) for my final school exams and 2 tty) to decide what to do after school | > do) homework every evening and | : [not go) out much, My fiends ® (have) more fun than me-They $ (go) to clubs and they. * (enjoy) themselves while i * (tat home. But glad now that *(notde) that, because! passed my exams and naw Ive got e ood job. Five years ago, my father °° (or very hard. He ” (cet! up early every morning and he (come) hore quite late at night. He... "fee under pressure and he (noterjoy Ife He is retired now and hes much happier because he has a lot more free time, Five years ago, my sister ~nsve!8 (go) out with a local boy. They (save) money to get married ang they (plan) their wedding. she " (serve) ina shop and he ” (ve) with his parents, Now they're marred anc they ve got three cilien, 12 | Verbs sndtenesE Aday atthe office Complete these sentences about someone's day at work, using the past simple or the past continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. © While! was travelling. (ave toworkl got (get suckin trafic jam, 1 When (arrive) at work, my boss (speak) to someane on the phone. 2 ANaml (do) some work when the boss (est) 10 28 me. 3 While! {tak to my boss hs phone (ring) several times, 4 when | (come) cut ofthe boss office, people (oct wort}, they... look) at me 5 Atl odock |... (stop) work and | (go) fortuneh. 6 While! (cat) my lunch, a colleague (come) to my table 7 Whilewe. (si) together he (sk) mea question. 8 Ho asked me:'What (Whe boss/tak) about while you (si) inhis officer” 9 Isai When | (aolinto hsofic, | (fee nervous but he (smile) 10 While we (talk he {offer} mee much better job! F Travel writers ‘Complete this story, using the past simple or the past continuous form ofthe correct verbs from the box. You will need to use some ofthe verbs more than once. plen ask have decide meet travel come sit write gle discover become start _make do chat continue notlike Hye Joan. swosliving. * tn Parls when she > Paul. She Fina cafe when he... to her table and cocsupt if he could sit there. THEY ol Walking and while they oe they > that they occ ns ogh let in common. Both of them "novels and both ‘of them 2% jobs that they sons They very ‘good friends. oe ay, hie they Junch in the same café, they. is an idea, vouvo #19 Wave around the world together. Wile they ues | tee lp ‘ working. Then they... up thelr jobs and they * theis journey. While they they... = all ae and they. ‘all sorts of itteresting people. They ~ 38 Tots of notes while they “3 these experiences. When they home again, both of them * books about their journey. CYERGN Now goto page 122. Verbearditenses 13Present perfect Forms, uses, and contexts ‘Some examples of the present perfect (have/has “past participle) ‘Yve posted theletters She hasn't replied io my emai, Have you seen thisprogeamme before? Forms ofthe present perfect: Ea Uyourwarthay haver've worked a hhe/sheithas's worked Lyourwerthey nave net haven't worked heist hes not / hasn't worked have Ijou/werthey worked has he/shelit worked w For regular verbs the past participle isthe same as ‘the past simple form: added: finish finished add-d: live +tived take amay-y and added: start started save— saved reply —> replied ty tried double the last letter and add-ed: stop-rstopped —plan—+ planned ‘The past participle ofsome iegular verbs is different from the past simple form: vwrte + written be + been do—+ done “The past participle of some irregular verbs isthe ‘same asthe past simple form: buy bought think —* thought leave —rleft A Mylife until now ‘The past participle of some iregular verbs fs the same asthe infitive form: read read come + come put + put (For more information on forming past participles, see p.1302nd p. 131.) Grammar inaction We use the positive present perfect for past actions and situations. We do ot saythe time in the [Link] we often use the present perfect with, ‘the meaning in my lfe’or'in the if of the person we are taking about’ Shes navelled to many countries, When we use the present perfect, the point inthe ‘past when something happened isnot important, or we do not know or cannat remember exactly when it happened: ‘we eed that book ands area. (The fact of reading the bookis important, not when you read i) We ura the present perfect when comathing hat happened inthe past has a result now. The results more Important than when the action or event happened: ‘ye lost my keys. (= can find therm now.) We use the negative present perfect with the _meaning’atany time before now’: ‘ve met his Grother but haven’ met hissster inal ofthe past before now) ‘We also use the negative present perfect with the meaning’ the petiod of time beforenow’ You havent eaten much, {tis Olivia's 40th birthday and she is thinking about her life until now. Complete her sentences, using the present perfect and the verbs In brackets. Use short forms. (work) hard but 14 | Verbsane tenes (ve moet (meet) lots of people end | (ive in diferent cities out (study) on several courses and (buy) lot of books but {ary ots of sports but © dame. 60} lots of exciting things. {not become) rich {not ive)in another country. (learn) alot {not read) all of ther, {not find) one | enjoy.Surprising news Complete this conversation between two friends about a friend of theirs, using the present perfect the correct verbs from the box and he. Use short forms if possible. find give notsay buy hear nortell decide sell not contact plan do JAcK Have you ea! about Marlon? TOM No, " me recently. What " scx > te leave the country. *ajob in Australi TOM lim very surprised about that. anything tome. JNK Noyitsa secret * his family. so they dont know, ToM Wow. > everything in secret? JACK Yes, up his job, his carand "his plana ticker. TOM. Idon’tknow what to say mamazed, Things said in a classroom one day ‘Annas. college student and her teacher is Mr Cross. Complete what Anna says ‘one day at college, using the present perfect and the correct verbs from the box. ‘You will ned to use negative forms in some sentences. Use short forms if possible. be join come have do tose cat 0 need to banrowa pen because v4. \os* rine. 11 Sharon i unhappy because she anvargument with her boyfiend 2. Theclass is bigger today becauce two new students Es 3 MrCrossis angry with me because | my homework. 4 Jane 10 school today because she il, 51 lunch because too busy News from home ‘Complete this email from Georgia to her tiend Paul, who now lives in another country. Use the present perfectand the words in brackets. Use short forms f possible. HiPaul, m sony ||saven!s replied. © (Wnot rap) fo your emsil before now, but filly here's some now ' (Heloevteave) college now and 2ishe/start) ner tet. > (She/buy) loss of new clothes to wear at work because che needs to laok stat. + (Things/get better for Harry. ‘Harfing) a new githiend ane * (hebecorne) alot happier. She's called Martha anc > {nat mest her, but ® (beoplattel me that she’s realy nice, (The weather) teible. "(The rainfrot stop) forages. “! {Youmake) a good decision — I'm sure it's lovely where you are!Present perfect Present perfect with just, yet, already, never, ever 5 We use just already, and never withthe positive Grammar in action present perfect inthe pattern 6 subject + have/has + justalready/never “past participle Ie just arrived atthe apart 2 (re already given you this information. 2 Mvemever heard this singer before 6 We use yet with the negative prosent perfect in the pattern: subject + haven'thhasnt+past participle + yet Wenaven't bought ary ticks yt ‘We use yet in questions withthe present perfect in the patter: hhaverhas + subject + past participle + yot Have you bought any tickets yet? ® 7 We uce ever in questions with the present perfect in the patter: hhaverhas + subject + ever-+ past participle ® Have you ever written son? 0 E Inthe shopping centre We use just with the present perfect with the meaning '3 shor time ago’ or vary short time before now! rejustarrived atthe station, (We use already with the present perfect withthe maaning ‘before ow. We use already to emphasize The bus hos already tet. ~ But were notlate We use yet with the present perfect to say that something has rot happened but we think t will happen. Here the speaker expected something to happen before naw, and js waiting for it to happen: ehasn't fixed thecar yt. We use never withthe present perfect wth the ‘meaning 'at na time in the past’ es ewer seed yl or eeu, We use everin questions with the present perfect with the meaning|2t any timein the past’ ave you ever met a famous person? Decide whether these sentences and questions said by people in shopping centre are cortect or not. Ifa sentence or question is correct, putatick (). fit isnot correct, write it correctly. | spentalready all my money. ‘ee alrsindy. spent. al emg. meney. The book hasnt arrived in the shops yet ve just seen something really wart. We didnt go to that shop yet, Ive bought already lots of things. ‘Weve been already here for three hours | didn'tlook yetin all the shops. The shop aver there has opened just ‘The shop has already sold out ofthe DYO. 10 Have you found any bargains yer? ° 1 a 3 4 5 Did you yet buy anything? 6 ? a 9F Fans ‘Complete this conversation between two fans of a singer. Use the words given for each ‘929, and put ust. yet and already inthe correct places. Use short forms f possible, KATE Have rex bevplat hit ner Rathod? am Yes, 2 but 5 wsTe Yes, > several times and i's reat. " sm No, 7 and Be » several timesso | dart mind. KATE Well, ‘and | really want to. P gaclasked him if hes got a Spare ticket, JIM And has he got one? KATE. Idontt know: ” © you'buy/hisnewCD yet 7 iphone the boxoffice just 1 Ligetimy copy already 8 they/sell our already 2 Wouyit Just 9 l/see him already 3 Vnotlisten toit yet 10 I/not see him yet 4 yowhear it yet 11 Uphoneafiiend just > Uplayit already 12 Hemnorphone back yet 6 yourbuy tickets for his concert yet G Are you sporty? ‘Complete the questions and answers in this conversation, using the words in brackets and ever or never and the present perfect. Use short forms if po ick Hove you ever dane (you/do) any dangerous sports? PETE No, " Wide) anything like that 2 (vjurp) out af an aeroplane, 3 lim) a mountain and *lUdive) deep under the sea sick * lyourwant to do any of those things? PEIE No, * (roe interested in thers anc (understand) why people do them. cK Well, * tyou/play) any sports? PETE _Yos, but * (be) any goad at them. win) arace and * (score) a goal in football match. wick " (you‘ty) to do those things? PETE Yes, but (succeed) (Sport/be} one of my strong points wick 'S(you‘fee bad about that? PEIE No, {worn me.1im good at other things EXTEN Now go to page 122. Verband nses | 17ere ele h tc uia acd Conia 11 Compare the past simple and the present perfect: Grammar in action 4) We use the past simple to talk about things happening ata partcubrtimein the past We use the present perfect to talk about things happening nthe pest when ‘we don't say or are notinterested in exacty when they happened ‘watched ths programme lost week, ‘ve watched this programme mony times. 2 We use the past simple to talk and ask about particular timesin the past We use the present perfect to talk ‘and askabout the past in genera. These examples are ‘about experiences in the past When aid he vist France? ~ He visited France in 2008. Has he eve visited France? ~ Ves, he's sited France ‘and many ater counties hse J\ Kitchen conversation © a We use the past simple to talk about the past only. ‘We use the present perfect to talkabout things ‘that happened Inthe past but have an important result now: finished my work ve finished my work. ‘andthen I vent OK, youcan go hme home, now. We use the past simple if we understand exactly when something happeried, but don't say when, We use the present perfect we dont know when something happened in the past: What did she do lat weekend ~ She did some Shopping and she went toa party. (= last weekend) She's given up smoking (= at an unknown time in the post) ‘Complete the conversation using the past simple or the present perfect and the ‘words in brackets, Use short formsif possible. JUL Ihope you haven't ealen® (youner est) cook a very big meal ‘CAROL No Im hungry-This looks interesting 2 (youlcook) this dish before? JUUA Yes, 2 Meaok) it many times. ‘CAROL Oh, * (not see) it before. When 5 Iyouilearn) how to cock it? sua * (Someone/teach) me when 2 (be) in Sweden. CAROL Oh. When * (youllive)in Sweden? 2UUa * Wve) therefrom 2003 to 2006, " (Unave) a jobs there CAROL Oh, that’ interesting. "youflve) in any other countries? uu Yes, © (Uhave jobs n various parts of the world, (CAROL For example? Juua Wel, (uwork in Ballast year, capo. * (yow/enjoy) that? JUUA Yes, " (Uhave) a great time. "*cumake) lots of fiends and 1 (Venjoy} my time there. Anyway, 18 (/fnish) the cooking new Lets eatNo tickets Complete this conversation between two people arriving atthe theatre, by choosing ‘the past simple or the present perfect form, DANIEL Ohno!._..\'ve vane... *aterible mistake. Tory What 2 DANIEL 2 the tickets 2 them at home, ory What? Daniel Yes, + them in my bag this morning but then * touseacifferent bag, * the tickets out ofthe frst bag this evening and so, ¥ then wits me. Tory When "the tickets? DANIEL Last week! + itby phone and then me the tickets in the post. joey How ” DANIEL by credit care Tosv areceint? nN DANIEL Yes. Oh, just minute. Look, the receipt. ts in my wallet TORY Great. L's go to the box office. Im sure arecord of the seat numbers and we can solve the problem. z © | made/ ve made {8 did you book /have you booked 1 did you do/have you done 9 Idd /tvedone 2 forgot /'ve forgotten 10 they sant /they've sent 3 fet /tve ltt 11 didyou pay /have you pald 4 put rve put 1 tata ive pata 5 Idecided /\'vedecided 13 Did they sand / Have they sent 6 | diet take /Ihaver't taken 14 Hound /I'vefound 7. dieting havent brought 15 they kept they've kept My guest tonight... ‘The host ofa chat show is introducing his special quest. Complete what he says, using the past simple or the present perfect and the correct verbs from the box. want play be leave see change become get choose 90 win work vote notbe have My guest tonight... lies becovse. ® ahausehald name in this country He * the fead role in many successful TY dramas and he ¥ several awards. Last year viewers him the iMost Popular Actor on T. ——— Buti. + easy for him to get where he Is today. Ten years ago, he fecal ¥ School wthout any qualifications He ajobin restaurant and he noun? a8 Walter, But he ‘ desperate to bean actor and he * to drama schoo! at weekends, Thenhe "a big plece of luck The waiter Shella Grace ‘him acting ina small thaatre andi she » him tbe the main character in her new police series. At thet moment his hie 2 and he snow one ofthe most wel-kno«n people on V.1 ‘fo mest hin for along time. Please welcome Teery McCannl Veios and tenses | 19Past simple and present perfect Comparison with for, since, ago, ever, never 2. Compare these sentences: | workedin Rome fora yeer ‘ave worked in lomefor yeersandiove there 3 We usethe pattern past simple + for+ period oftime to talk about something that continued and ended in the past: She lived in Faris fortwo years (= She does not live inPerisnow) \We use the pattern present perfec +for + period of time totalcabout something that began inthe pastand Continued un now (it may also continue after now! She's lived in Pars fora year. (= She lives in Paris row.) 4 We use the pattom past simple + period of ime + ‘age to talk about haw long in the past something happened: He started thisjob two months ago. \ie use the pattem present perfect + since + point in time totalk about something that began inthe pastand continued unt now (may alse continue after now} ‘He worked inthis job since March, Ror erie ee fen eae ete oh nae since with apoint in time, D_ Football reports Grammar in action 5 Weuse for and since withthe negative present perfect to talk about the period of time between when something happened and now. Ve often use this patter to talk about the last time something regular happened: ‘He hasnt phoned me forfour days / He hasnt ‘phoned me since Tuesday. (The lasttime he phoned mewas four days ago/Tuesday.) © Weuse the present perfect not he pastsimple withneverandeverto talk and ask about the pastin generat ‘Hove you ever cooked this sh befor? wor Bidyorrevercook "No Fee never cohed it efor ts ny fst te! fnevercocked.) The verb go has two present perfect forms ‘We use haverhas been to talkabout going to place but nat being inthat place now: Te been 10 Polana sities We use haverhas gone to talk about going to place and nat boing here naw: ‘Maat’ gone to Folond, Hell be back next week Complete the rewritten sentences about various football clubs, using for, since, or ago, (0. The clublast won atrophy 20 years ago The club hasnit won a trophy . fy. 20 eas. 1 The club has been successful for 5 yeas. The club started ta be successful 2 The team last won a home game in Api The team hasn't won ahome game 3 He hasritscorad a goal for3 months. He last sored a goal 4 Theclub started to play at his stadium in 1996, ‘The club has played. this stadium 5 He became the team capiain 6 months ago. He has been the eam captain... {6 He ist played forthe team 2 montis ago. He hasnt played forthe team 7. He got injuree 3 weeks ago. He has been injuredE My friend Steve Write the sentences about friend, using the present perfect and for or since. (© Steve/be/a rend of mine/many years, Stevehes. heen a frien af rime [Link] 1 Vanowhien/2002. 2. Steve/work/fer the same company/fve years. 3. Uinotsee/Steve/a couple cf months. 4 Steve/not phona/me/March 5 Weinotplay/tennis tagether/a long time, 6 Steverbe/very busy/several months. 7. Stave/not haver a holidayAast year. F Where are they? ‘Complete this conversation ata party. using the past simple or the perfect and ever, never, went, go, een, or gone. Use short formsif possible. RIAN VALERIE feta ‘VALERIE IAN VALERIE RIAN VALERIE RAN VALERIE BRIAN, VALERIE RIAN { haventt seen Nick or Karen, Where ae they? Nid? He's gene te. Canada? Really? When, 2 + about three weeks ago. Hes got relatives there 1a really good country. » No, 1 but like to go one day. What about you? Yes, 5 several mes. Anyway, where's Karen? She's not feeling very wel, > (Oh dear. But t'sa gocd party, sti? Yes, * before but | thinkit'sa very good place Yes it: Where's Trucy? Its her party and Fike to speak to her. | saw her afew minutes ago but | can't see her now. Where I don't know. Maybe ™ Wiel ty to find her aterSee you. HeftoCanada 4 there 8 I/here he/ there? ° 1 2 He 3 you there? 5 \/there 9 she 6 She/home 10 she/outside 7 She/to bed Now go to page 122. Verbeandersee | 21BUa icy Going to 06 11 Some examples of going to (be going to + verb): We're going to havea party next wee. ‘tisn’tgoing torain today. ‘Are you going to watch the match on TV tonight? 2 Forms of going te: Ens Lamm going toeat you/weltney arere going to eat he/shayits’s going to eat am not /'m not going to est youlwethearenet/enot/ ae ging oak feshets not bt ‘snotgolng text aa pong ast ace youwethey going to et hostel gong to at A Infuture, 'm going to Suranne has decided to cha Grammar in action 11 We use going to foractions that we have decked to do in the future Fst we thinkand decde, then we say what we have decided abour the future, using going to: 1m gorng to catch the 8 320 train. coc Se ‘Fim going toa party tonight. ~ What are you going to wear? (= tonight) ~/m going to wear my new dress. (tonight) ‘We use going to for actions in the furur that we have planned and organized. We can also use the present continuous for these actions (see p. 4), Here, someone istalking about travel plans: Tmaoing to y/im ying to Milanon Friday. Ha .nge her life. Complete her decisions for the future, 4 Weuse going to for things shat we believe or predict about the future, ‘often because the present zitustion ‘ra past event gives us a good reason for our precction: Yeuregoing to fal, using gaing to and the correct verbs from the list. Use short forms. prepare enjoy do notsit_ join fears notwatch not spend get notwany study seve go be reed lose notshout pass noteat run 0 mgeing testudy hardatcollegeand _\m going te pass. myexams. 1 more exercise and fe, 2 running club and. ‘a marathon. 3 ‘on the sofa so much and, ‘ forwalks. a so mach money and, ‘more money. 5 “somuch TV and ‘mote books. 6 some welghtand, somuch chocolate, 7 nicer to my brother and _athim a how tocockand Inealthy meas. D penta about small problems and lifemore,Plans for tonight's event Luke isthe organizer ofa college event. He is talking tothe students who are helping ‘him. Complete the questions and answers, using going toand the words in brackets, LUKE OK,, She show. is [Link].t® [Link], (the showistart ee: any When "hore? (yourger) tLe Lue * hereats pm, (Veet) pote 2 atthe same time. (The rest of you/come) KATE. When 17 (the refeshments/atve) Lue 5 at 6.30 pm. (They/arive) * them in the kitchen immediately. (We/put) Then > the chalisfortheaudlence. we/arrange) PAUL When $ arriving? (people/start) wee | aniving forthe event at 730 pm. (People/start) 7 © the parking outside. Robin and Thelma/oroanize) ed "the tickets at the door. Pamel/collect) © her. @landhelp) SALLY What 7 (the timetable forthe show/be) Luxe at pm. (The ist part ofthe show/inish) ° the food and drinks inthe interval. (Elaine and Franliserve) 1 for 20 minutes. (The intervalast) 1 3t920 pm. (The second part ofthe show/beain) . at 11 pm, (The show/finish) eau afiorwards? (weistay) uke Yes, % the hl after the show. (we/tidy) Predictions at home Bob and Louise are doing various things at home. Complete their predictions, using going to and the correct verbs from the box. be drop notwork taste finish ruin fall notlook We [Link] finish This meal Be careful That shelf This letter You ‘Thatplewure ‘The computer this wallsoon, reat. con you. abil those books ‘goed there “Theres something wrong with i that shit,The future Will and shall 3 Some examples of mil (will + verb) ‘lspeak to you later won't costaot. Will you help me? Ee et tel en carafe youll vet wi they Wputatinet ivetey wnat /wer'thlp vil youheshftwethey help DOr erences ‘Shall go with you? ‘Shall we have xmething teat? Gramma action © Weuse wil oractionsin the future that we decide to doat the moment speaking. We think fist and speakusing will atthe same time that we decide. In this ‘oramnle,comacne ie lnnking ata manisin a wacaue ‘im not sure what to order... OK, (it have the Chef's Special dish 19) We use shall in questions for © We use will for offering to do something, Here, the speaker offers help after a meal: Sit down! ido the washing-up. “ ‘We use wil fr promises: Dorit worry Iwao tell anyone your secret © We use will to give opinions about the ature. We often use phrases ikem sure, think, and don’t think before willto give opinions ‘about the future: tm sure youl fel better soon, © We use wil fr Facts about the future: Mydaughter wil be 5 years old next year "We use shall in questions for offering todo something foranother person. Here the speaker offers help to someone whe has 2 problem: ‘Shall carry that heavy case for you? suggesting possile actions and asking if anidea is good: Shall we stop now? D_ Tomorrow's an important day ‘Complete this conversation, using wil or shall and the words in the box. You will need ‘to use negative verbs in some gaps. Use short forms if possible. Weook Voring Ube youldo have keep Utell yowbe Wieave yyoulget Hwetch yourwake igo Vfarget JANE dorftthink,.. |) watels.. the west ofthis programme. think " toed now, fm very tied. sue [Link] 2 watching, > you what happens atthe end tomorrows JANE + me upin the morning? Please remember. It's important. Su Don't worry, sand * you a cupof tea in bed. ? you some breakfast, 00? JANE No, ' time to eat oreakfast. SUE Ofcourse, * ableto have breakfast! JANE OK maybe some toast. And then for the interview, "very nervous about it SUE Don't be nervous. fm sure well and I think the ob, JANE Oh, hope soE The itnext week Michael is going to stay at Andrew's house next weetend. Complete their phone conversation about his visit, using will or shall and the words in brackets. You will need to use negative verbs in some gaps. Use short forms if possible. MuCHAEL see... 8 younext Fiday, (see) -ANOREW * youat the bus station? (meet) MICHAEL No, 'SOK. * from there to your house, (walk) ANOREW my house? (young) MCHAEL Yes, “easy, (kdbe) Fost. (get) ANoREW Syouamap? (Vsend) MICHAEL No, one, Wnees) $a sleeping bag with me? (bring) ANOREW No, ? necessary. (that/be) + you in the spare room. (Vput) very comfortable there. (Yourbe) MICHAEL That’ great you when [gettothebusstation? (cal) ANDREW Yes, and then for you toertive. (Uwalt) MICHAEL Fine, 'm sure “a great weekend. (we/have) ANDREW Me too. F Anew life Saris lend Eddie fs going to lve in another country. Complete Semis emeil to Cddie, sing wil a shall and the correct verbs from the box. You will need to form negatives and questions in some gaps and you will need to use one ofthe verbs three times, Use short forms if possible. tell come meet talk be lean ave write send fix wonder contact forget miss kee Vmsure you. lina? * a grat time in your new country. You. toned lois of new pope and you seme allabout a efferent euture, And you > so busy wen you get there thet you + your tends otis County toc much Of course things » the same here without you. im sure wo. ‘ sbout you and we 2 what you'e doing. We certainly you. PO YOU FEE On me frst? | you up to date with all the naws from here + me all about what happens wien you get there? Ang me some photograph of your new hore? tmsvre t "Jong bafere wa seo each other again. Peas ua and vist you some tine nar year: We, "a date for that soon, Now go to page 122, Verbsandtenes | 25Question words 0 11 Some examples of questions with these words Where ae you going? Which fm are you going to see? What did youdo last weekend? 2 To form quastions with when, where, why and how, weuse these patterns: ‘question word + auxiliary (do, have, etc) “subject + vero When does the flmstare? ‘question word + be + subject When was the exam? 3 To form quastions with which and whose, wo use this pattern: which/whose + noun + auxiliary/be Which course ihe oktno? Whose coat io? We can ako use a nun wth what, withthe same meaning 3s which: What Which sports do you ploy? 4 To form questions with who, what. which and whose, we can use both ofthe patterns in 2: Who do you ive with? Whats your adress? Which restaurant do you prefer? Whose books are these? {For mare information on questions with who, what, which and whose, see unit 8.0m p. 30.) A. The concert ticket When, where, why, how, which, whose, who, what Grammar in action 1) We use when to ask about timeand where to ask ‘about places: When did you ative here? Where ave my keys? 2 We use why to ask fora reason: Why areyou weaning a coat? ‘We use how to ask about e process ora series of actions or events that produce a certain result In this ‘example, someone's asking what you do to make a certain meal: How do you cook this dish? We use which or what with a plural noun to ask someone to specify when there area number of possibilities Which countries in Europe have you been to? ~ltaly Spain, Germany, . ‘We usually use which with 2 singularnoun when we are asking someone to specify one thing from more than one possibilty: Which country Europe have ‘you been to the most? ~ tay 5 Weuse whose to ask who owns something: Whose hats this? & We use what to ask about things or actions and who 10 esk about people: What do you want r9€ot? Who is that man overtiere? ‘Complete the questions in this conversation by putting inthe correct question words Nouwnunae 2 | om hyo sin this envelope? ~A ticket, tickets it~ Its my ticket did you gat a ticket fr the concert? ~ | queued at the box office. isthe concert? ~ Next Friday. ‘are your seats?~ At the back of the hal, did you choose those seats? ~ Because is going to be very loud. are you going tothe concert with? ~ Two of my friends. {riends are you going with? ~ Pete and Dave,‘The new dress Write the questions in this conversation, using the words in brackets and the correct ‘question words and verb tenses. 0... Whatarayeu wearina?..... youfwear| = I'm wearing anew dress. 1 (you'buy 2 new dress)~I oughta new dress because fm going toa party tomorrow. 2 ‘yourbuyyit)—Hboughtit in anew shop in town 3 (the shopycalied) ~ t's called Beautiful People’ 4 (stteevthe shopibe/in) ~ Its in Taylor Steet 5 (partyitzbe)~ e's Stella party c (be/Stella)~ Shot a new friend of mine, London Quiz Write or complete the questions for a quiz about London, using the words in brackets and the verb tenses in ital What aeyeople call... the financial district of London? {people/cal) present simple 2 2. (London Marathon/end) present simple a s in Trafalgar Square? (statue/be) present simple in Portobello Road? (people/buy) present simple - 2. (Heathrow Airport/onen) past simple a : 2. (sweetithe Prime Minister/ive in) present simple é. : to the Tate Modem? (people/go) present imple ate nn sneny 9 oui S oRRLON'S IBN ESRC EER HO'L AL BEY Police investigation \Wiite the questions asked by a police officer while investigating various crin short answers to each question are underlined. © Where were you at ? o'clock yesterday afte | was atbamme at 3 olock yesterday afternoon. 1 Iran away because was scared, 2 Hast saw the missing person three weeks ago. 3 ‘The burglars got into my house by breaking a window. 4 They broke the kitchen window, 5 a 7 ‘The burglars took my lepton and some jewellery. awe uersons | 27Question words How long, how many, etc. 5. Some exampies of questions with how: 10 Wecan form questions withthe pattern how + How often do you checkyouremalls? adjective «be + subject How many peool did you inate? How oldishe? {6 Wouze how long, how far and how often nthe pater: ‘How expensivewas i? How longferoften + auxlory + subject + verb? Ee Sia Grammar in action Howrlong does the fim last 7 We use how long to ask about period of time 7 Wieasouse how far in these patterns: eceegu mre HrBie bes Recon nen © Weuse how fart0 sk abouta distance: ‘How farisitfrom your home your ofce? Hew orsifram London 0 Poi? How far tbe +A from? © We use how often to askabout the umber of tines ow farts your home rm your ofce? someting happens: ‘How often dothe rein: goto London? 8 Weusehiow much in these pattems sabe ra eee © We use how much to ask about How much + aunliary + subject + verb? the cost or amount of something $s 3 Hoa Hach del au Bayh ‘ow much 8 net guar? ow much mde wot you hte? How much + be + subject? ee er efi Ue a ‘U0. Weuse how many to ak about number af things or How much + uncountable noun + auxiliary people “subject + verb? ‘How many potatoes would you he? ‘How much mensy have youspent? 8 Weusehowwithenadjectveto | EE=aIN (Urcountable nouns havea pal form. Seep. 72) ask for peronal devs ‘How oldareyou? 9 Geen ere hrt a sera How many + plural noun + auxiliary + subject verb Ho matches Eby We aso use how with an adjetive to ask questions which canbe answered very’ or'not very, ete: How many +pluralnoun + verb? Hien are How many people liven yourhouse? E Travel survey Complete this survey about public transport by putting in the question words. © bese leng.... have you lived in this area? For atou 2 yervs. i ddo you spend on travel por week? About £20 2 «does it take you to travel to work? Abort 20 oiinutes 3 isi from your home to the nearest bus stop? Abit 500 metres 4 journeys da you make by bus? Alioot 3 awe, 5 lo you buy a travel care? een uonth 6 do you think the transport service is? Iie es very 28 | QuestonsF Museum questions ‘White the questions in this conversation between a tourist and a tour guideabout ‘a museum. Begin each question with How and use the words in brackets © How far ist feqe the bus stop teitke musevm? (Ube/the bus stop/the museum) ‘The bus station is quite close tothe museum. 1 (be/the building) WS over 500 years old. 2 (ittbe/a museum) Ws been a museum for about 30 years. 3 \ibespopular) Ws extremely popular 4 Atourists/visivivevery year) ‘About a million tourists visit every year, ed 5 {thererte/special exhibitions) “There are special exhibitions three times a yea. 6 (season ticket forthe museum/cost) ‘Aseason ticket forthe museum costs £60, G Brianis leaving Complete this conversation between work colleagues by completing or writing the ‘questions. The short answers to each question are underlined. ANE Whe were you talking te ° just now? KATE | was talking to Brian, He'san assistant here awe 5 ” KATE HeS Fiona assistant. awe » you? KATE. He told me that he wns leaving the company. AWE Really? 2 ATE. HeS leaving because he doesnt ike working here ary. mare. cue ” KATE He'sgoing toleave next montn. cue KATE HeS going to workin Biminghar, cue ” ATE. He's going to work fora company called Gregory Systems. uve 7 KATE That company is not very big. cue * that ob? KATE He got thatjeb by anaweving an advert cave "0 KATE He’ going to earn qwer £109,000 a yea Now goto page 122. vestins | 28r@) Tyas hay react oa Lol eleanor staal eae tetas og arate an TSC Wako iceaone i oulgeaile? pernaerieeh Who's tar wt George? Whe docu ie wth ~ Myparents (ve wth mp parents isthe subject of Ie andy pares Glens tana etc Theale) who + singularver> Who wants sanehing at? Grammar in action Mace pre iis So OR Ch '] Weusea subject question with Inthetequertons WhoilsthembjecrThocrerof " whaviense matislnow orcs ntbequestor isthe iveatinasatonont —Shainrarartcee estoy Whowonthegare?=Somebnywonthegere Who? ented nthevers: Who brke vind? 3 Theanswertoasubectquestion with who the Helene Who went to the concert with you? ~ Irene. (rene went ‘We use the third person (he/shevit) form of ‘tothe concert with me, irene’is the subject of went!) the verb in a sudject question. The answ 4 Some eames of abject questions with who: | serait tos eset en We dldyou meets ater wha Woe eve vol Ia ty Who knows the ansveto this question? 5 Inan object question, the patterns ‘wh kee) PRET) 5 We ute a object question with Ses See Be can eneeen en «1 OY whee you te witit pateslegrenryf belsiey eee ceca different person is the subject of Inthese questions Who? isthe [Link] the verb and tnt person snot the crierofwordsin the questonistnesameasinany ae totheqleston eee wiodduucymary? Whe did you phone? = Youphoned somebody. Who? A. Classroom questions ‘rite the subject questions asked by a teacher in a classroom, using the same verb tenses asthe student's answors. ehnunework?, ~Wevealldone the homework. ~Tknow the answer. = fm going tothand out the oaks, ~ Nobody got every answer right = We'e all stoning carefully ~ Heft pen here yesterday. ~ Ie finished the exercise, Asa. hes 30 | dsestone8 Class gossip One student i asking another student about the people in their class. ‘Wiite the object questions using the same verb tenses as the answers. © Winn [Link]® ~1went to the café with Anna, 1 ~ Elaine is going out with Phil ~Marksat next to Irene on the bus. = LllkeJackthe mast in the class, I'm going to be Ruth’ partner next week, ~ Eric hasinvited most ofthe class to his party. ~Tom was phoning his brother inthe break. C Soap opera stories Read the summary of what has been happening in atelovision series and then write the correct subject and object questions about it. CITY PEOPLE An Update : An last week’s episodes of this popular series, alot “happe ee ig argument. Liisi pened aaa er om her because he wants to kill her too, Sar nas left her husband and she's now living Eee Sie oe Mee deve etl ome nets Ivewith im. me ica scammed © Who/abig argument? Wine ashachigerauernert®.. Hay and Chas © Who /Hary? Wine die eee HI on Cas 1 Who/ Chis? Horry 2 Who/ whathapoened? ava 3 Who/Hary/x0 nd? aliva 4 Who/tofind olivia? Harry 5 Who/tokil? olivia © Who /her husband? sharon 7 Who/now? er parents 8 Who/a new life n Australia? sharon 9 Who/Sharon? Geott 10 Who/Geoff Sharon uesions | 31Subject and object questions Questions with what, which, and whose 7. Asubject question has the same form as a statement: Who Invited you tothe party?~ Joke invited re 10 theparty An object question has an ausilay in the sameway asany other question Who did yeu invite to theparty?~linvited 19 people from cllege ard about 20 other people. 8 Wecan also ask both subject and object questions ‘with whae, which, and whose: What's on TV tonight? (= Something is on TV tonight. What What did you watch on TV est night? ‘watched something on TV lastnight. What?) Which newspapers are the most popular? (subject) Which newspapers do you reed? (objec) Whase house is tis? (subject) Whose house aid you stay n?(abject) D_ Workplace questions Grammar in action 5 Weuse a subject question to ask about the subjectof the ver in the question. We use an object question to ask abaurt the object ofthe verb in the question: Who invented the worldwide web? ‘The answer isthe subject of invented: An Englishman called Tim Beres-Lze Invented the worldwide web). What di an Englishman caled Tim Berners-Lee vent? ‘The answeris the object of invented’ (He invented) the worldwide web, @ Wieotten use subject questions with what + be to ask fer information ard facts: Whats the capta of Venezuela? & Weotten use subject questions with what + happen to ask about stuations and events: What’ happening in this programme? can't felow \Write the questions about the place where someone works, beginning with Who or What. Whe-stacted ti 22 | Overton: ee seeping? ~ Arman called Evans started the company. What [Link] cormpany yaakee? ~The company makes computer parts. ~ My ob tie |s'Sales Executive! ~Karen sits next to mein the office, ~ Ihave lunch with Anna most days ~ lan Butler runs the department Something stange happenad at work today. (Ungar) what you seid Woy $ lVopen) the door FRANK 7 you/remember) when you last ad the key? ww0y ° (Vememben putting In my packet this morning But ‘ihen igot home a fee minutes ago, ° Wind) it Frank How did you lose lt? JOY [dont know ™ (vexplain)it. FRANK OK, Gyourwait there? ™ (Wdeve) over there now and ° (Vapea) the door for you. 34 | Moda vetsLanguage ability ‘Complete this description ofa personal experience using can, can't, could or couldn't and the verbs in brackets. [Link]® (remember) my fist year of ving inthis country very clearly, When | ist arrived here, * (peak) the language very well zi (understand) afew words and phrases and 2 (go) shopping but * (have) real conversations with people. Then | took a course and now | 5 lgpoak) the language quite well. | * (make) fiends and) ? ido} most things want 10 do. SOMEtITES Fant (emmember) Certain words but usually * (think of] the right word and people + [understand) wham saying. Possibilities for the game tomorrow ‘Complete this conversation using can/can't or will won't be ableto and the wordsin brackets. Put twe answers inte a gap ifthisis possible. JAMES Can you gad Mill. voy be able te ae. ..* (you/go) tothe game tomorrow? All Men "ieee rocking frwaro Ins Feddonatarsioa tng eagnierest i, gehen Mae { oetoceosl sapling non wanes OF Sagan contest Filet yc bec tr wing oa = jautono yor ther Jas Na 7 Ghedend| rome because he needsitthen ti a ioe ter on subtree hes, Ines "wefan that goal the ay m= i haipel one Pare martneeista c 5 ese the von on fe taste man oh ould that now? Tha set InMES. Yeah nd "ohne you backer and + (tel you the best plan then, Problems on the trip, Complete this description ofa trip using were able to, managed to or couldn't and the verbs in brackets. We had samebad problemson our rip Fist ofall we. cavldn't get. ® get) a taxd tothe airport because they were all busy. We ang lots of numbersand eventually we * (get) one and we > (ative) atthe aitport justin time. When we arrived atthe other end, we > fin) a trolley feral ‘ur bags but we * (cary them tothe bus. We . (find) our hotel uithour any problems so that was good. The nant day, we * (book! a tour ofthe ety and we * (see) allthe famous sights. Unfortunately we * (ake) any photos because the camera wasnt working. The next day, ? (get) any money because (use) my card In any ofthe cash machines. After several hours, we 5 find) a bank which accepted my card which waslucky-At the end of the tip, we "2 (come) home without any problems, Im pleased 10 say!F Homerules Complete this interview with a child in children’s magazine about what he is permitted todoat home. Change'can/cantto'be allowed to‘and'be allowed to'to‘canvcant: (Can you eat) Acejaucellowed ‘vent® meals (cont do) 2 that (eon watch) in front of the 1V? coca ls fr my age but Vm not | (We aren't allowed todo)... alowed to watch) ned Ells for Uso bt (ve'ealened to do) + Teenagers or cats \ ‘ei there’ special programme on TV. ‘ie ae veel (Are you allowed to watch) + games on school days? q films on your own? (im atloted 109809) ecco? Computer | dan tee oct violent fins, games when I get home bu (im rot allowed t ply) | ne of my tind, Ben, (is alowed to watch) "them for mere then holt an | eons anything he wants, but hour on schooldays j G Booking a hotel room Complete this phone conversation using the phrases in the box. You need to form. «questions and positive and negative verbs. Cited could/vait maythave canipatk couldtell could/gve could/book seat canigo can/smoke would/spell canvleave can/use would/send ares feovhain eouldcay “eruldlake beglanseubriet RECEPTIONIST Cavs. *yOu? rmcact Yes, * a00m for noxt eck? RECEPHONST Sure. 2 amoment please”. OK, > your surname? MRLEACH ——[Link] Leach RECEITIONST * thatform DIRLEACH —YeswSLEACH ECEPTIONST Ok, MrLeach, = mewhen you want to stay here? BREACH Yes, * areservaton for next weekend? RECEPTONST A single or adouble room? im enc 7 inaluxury single, please? RECEPTIONST Sure. must just tel you that. $n the oom. MRLEACH —ThatsOK Now, [have a question. Y atthe hotel? eCePrIOMST Yes, * your ar inthe private ca park for guess DRLENCH nd Soothe hotel gym? RECEPTIONST Yes, "tote gym ee of chargeat any time MMLEACH OK, /Ibookthe oom, RECEPTONT Fine "+ me your creditcard deal, please? MRLEACH —Yesand "¥ me enfmation ofthe booking by ema? RECEPTIONIST. [Link] course. Now go to page 123. Modalyetbe | 87i 11 Some examples of may and might: Take an umbrella because it might rain later ‘Wemay not have enough money. 2 Forms of may/might: cs ‘mayimight + verb might buy a new guitar nextweek pean ‘may not/might not + verb The raticmay not be bed today. Wee donot usually form questions with may or might We usually use the ful forms (may not / might not fo: negatives We can use the negative short form mightn't but we ‘do not use short form of may net. ‘She mightn'tbe angry withyou. 3 We use may and might forthe present anc che future: might nor have enough maney with me now. ‘may not have enough money next month A The cinema tonight OM ORT AUT rat May and might for possibility Grammar in action 1 Weuse may and might tosay that something is possible, but not ‘certain, in the future: Runner number 7 may/might win therace (= W's possible that ‘urbe? wallwin} 2 Weuse may and might to say that itis possible but aot certain, that someting fs true the present This sire may/might ft me. ‘May soften less certain than might. We often ‘use may to maka Itclear that something Is possible but that we do not think itll happen. We often use might to make it clear that it really is possible that something wl happen. Here, someone is talking abou the possibilty of gesting tickets fr a concert by a very popular band: We moy get tickets but don't think we wil We might ger tickets twe phone today. ‘Complete this conversation, using might or might not and the verbsin brackets. UKE 1. wnigh ® (go) the cinema tonight. think : (Gee) that new film, ld Thing. STANLEY Oh.I * (coma) with you. | think it +40) good. LUKE Well you $ tnot enjoy think you ae (nd) it boring STANLEY Why? LUKE Well ta comedy, but you, * {not think] that it's very funny. STANLEY You 2 (oot be) Fight about that It... . (enake| me laugh ala. The revievs say thatit’ very funny. LURE Yes,that tue. Bu we 2 thave)a problem. We "(not gat in) because the cinema tbe full. STANLEY Oh, yes. Lotsof people 2 (want to seeit There _ "(bel abig queva. We, fhave to) get there very early. LUKE Justa minutelWe ° [be able to} Book tickets on the phone, STANLEY A, qaod idea! find the number and phane it. 38 | Woda versWhat are you going to do next summer? Complete these sentences written by @ group of students about their plans forthe summer, using might ot might not and the correct verbs from the box. Use each verb inthe box anly once. visit_do come get read rain take spend want find travel have work be 0 1. mightier . Ina shop but! wight net fied. ajob easly it 2 summerjob, but {easy to find one. 21 ‘Spain, but | ‘enough money todo that. 31 ‘round Europe and my friend, with me. 4a ‘some books for school, but todo that sit atalland! ‘every dey outdoors 61. anything, t Ie easyall the time, Possible but unlikely ‘Complete this voicemail message, using may or may not and the verbs in the box. get beableto have leave be haveto last arive get back Hikate, it's Charles here. tm just calling to tellyouthat....soey be abitlate tonight. | cont thinkit's going te happen but * atthe restaurant atexactly 80'clock-The preblem is thatl ? work late today. There's a meeting hereat 4 andi “Unie, sor \ the building until about 36. At that time, | Sein tae and ‘home until about 739. Then Ihave to get changed and | ? eshower 50 * get to the restaurant for 3. Sorry abous that. See you this evening, anyway. The visitor ‘Complete this email about vist using the phrases in the box. For some gaps ‘you will need to form negatives. may/ergonize may/say might/get on might/want may/éo might/speak mighivforget _may/book _may/go rmightiheve mightioHer mightibe might/be ableto ‘AFrench git is coming to stay with me and my family next month andt'm not quite sure ‘what to do with her when she'[Link]...wsigi have © some language problems because she * very good English butt . fight about that. She ® to spend her time going to museums and artgalleries.1 ‘a guided tour of one of them but Im not sure about that. Another thing that * with her isthat! , ‘pany for her. Some of my friends very well with herand they. * togo places with her. But » organize apartysol about that idea. Ima bit worried that her visit well and that she "that she had a good time ‘when she gets home. But'm hoping that everything will be fine. Modal vets | 39May, might, could, and should Could and should: possibility and probability 4 We an use the positive form could to say that we bbolieve that somthing is posible in the present or future (hn this way, could has the same meaning as ‘may and might) Jemight ain tomorrow ort could be sunny. We often use phrases ke I think, 'should think, I suppose; Iguess reckon, etc, before may; might and could to give our ‘pinion that something is passible: ‘think yy dad might phone tonight ‘guess that shop may have wit you want ve Int to talk about afutureor Peta uren if i. reckon could finish this work today. present possibility, We only use the negative form ‘couldn't to talk about possibilty in the past (See unit on p34) @ We can use should and shouldn't forthe present and future to say that we think that something good in Grammar in action the future probably will or probably won't heppen. (Weare more cerzain when we use should than when |B Wevse could to say that something [PTZQIEEEN sve use may or might Here, someone istalking about Isposable because the subjectis ajoumey. ‘able todo itor has the opportunity Ishould amv at 7 pm. but Il beater ifthere’ aot todo lt oftratic. ‘could see you at i2o¢lockon Iimght be late because the tat might be bad Wiednesdoy. E The weather forecast ‘Complete this weather forecast, using might and could and the verbs in brackets If bath might and could are correct. use both of them. Tomorrow willbe 2 wet day in many parts of Britain. The rain shvcpuld be Ube) very heavy Inthe North [Link] Pe. be) so heavy in the South. In the nat, thunderstorms * farcve) ety in the morning and the weather conditions 2 make) eriving iffcult However it 3 (be) as cold as twas today and temperatutes, + (se) 0 12°C in the Midlands, foo * (appear) on high around early in the morning bbutthiswil cles away by lunchtime. There wl be rain nthe afternoon, but this * last) for very long and there ? (be) only light showers. Temperatures will be around 10°C but tae. Hel) as warm ‘as that hecause of the cold winds, The weather willbe better in the South and people there * (enjoy) some sunny periods. Thee will be some rain butit (cain) atallin some parts ofthe South. 40 | Mei verbs