| edeshe ‘a Logic ‘Proposition A declcatue seatence fo ahich we coq orsign ere. ond omy one dt the tuth value, tao Apes of popesitinas: © bbooic propositions. av't be divided inky 2 oF more propositions | G Compound propesibong : gm 9. « move proposihons connected / 7 bya connective Connectves. Sb Conjunction Cx) (ond [out + # Te Ghen all Atomic propositions are +we * Commutarive 4 axnociolve &, PAA & Disjuackon (v) (todusive OR) ! # Tre when atleast one atomic proposikory is hve ¥ Commutgbive. 4 avtociahue * PVT i Single, Luplication €+) # TE te wvilen & P>q. Tush table « # 5k Con be ead O% ary & - the below voays a hfe Fle ai% P thea 4 me aie 4 tle 24 EP \a |r chen I 7-1 whenever P _ Scanned with CamScannerK 24 ules ©P 4a a P implies | ++ Ploy tog 4+ pis suPhcient condition for q. 4G is necenary coodition Re P a4 Gallows on P 4d provided © # A qis consequent ae kin RaQ i Bis called qnkecedeht ©9 premise. ery “bypsthais gis called consequent @9 conclusion a sehtcabion % if oxsciasue” (paqah = PaCA>A) | dv) Biconditonal Ce+) *Pod ay alole » tod O% yah and only if ahh ge > e exactly when 1 ih p then 4 and Conversly 7 is neccesary and sufficient bye 4, A e(P = POL (rey ror spots). Modifier: Beqakon: C=) st co modifiers, Ghose appiteaken inverks, the Keath value Hole. + (pera) = (pa) GaP) & Pag 2 Opvd = ag 20P Scanned with CamScannera a to 4 4 (Te commence F Pag S HF “Teqaivlect inverse of = Pag ts PROT coabrapositie & Pog vis eqrwp Paq = aGtaP Tautoloqy Cvolis) + A compound propostivon that ts along tog tonbradtchion: A compuunta proposition that is alaaays false. Coatingency : Wher Tayblogy “nor Goitrdichion Salistiability: Not a contraction (te whloyy Geskiojenoy) Taulogoical Lmplicaton ; 7 : lek PB be compound propositions, The implication P72 is said ty be ‘tautological ienplication HE P42 Is. ay tautology. TES Gritkn oy PQ -3s Logical equivalence : Let Pr& le Compound propositorg id poe have some hth tbls ux soy P 1s equinlent fe &- This denoted a (PAR) » (P28) Tn other words (gee) it (pea) is 2. faulvlogy , Note: order of precedences of Connechve, t& ; > ® > & > @) 7&) Scanned with CamScannerEquivalence: a e PATEP Indenhty lavas, pvF EP * PvT FT TY Dania PAF = * pvp 2P Tdempotent (avs Chee ‘ * eu(aan) = (Pua) s Eves \ Distibubve, favs Prcqvn) = (pag) v (any *mCeng) = ep ved Dewrge's laws — aay * pv(par) [ > Absorphon laus aC} fengpeN PA (eva) Pune aT in egg lus i on prop 2 F 3 * P54 5 wpvd = 47 P ; peg s (P49) aan) = (Pad) (oP 4 sq) * * (Pad) non) = e+ (aan) te Jn lett sige plocmulos (P24 v (Pon) = p+ (avn) th -p& _commsn ia loth (Pn) av (yon) = (Pvayan : a wma are BH is common, then (pari) v 2m) = (Paajan” symbsl_chonges Scanned with CamScannerQuiner's Method » —— ' His method ic used fo find whether the given Compound proposition is valid of contadichen “or A Sakichiable or contingency. * Whee We use appropriabe equiydences and proposition by subs Hukng truth values, reduce - Compound 5 P= (ar P) PF Twe? , , | Cooking ey Arsquenent (Tofexence): ! oe | Tho ek & pemies {Pir (Py “Pak Gjeld another, Progositiy BCeoncluaion) then whole procevs ts called Oxquynente o¢, iakexence. Tk & dencted * 3 p fRiPyPay FR Suet ©. oP =) Fo eo #8 PRP TPA => & ne Erin tt PCB Pe hee APD) PB : | | | | ; Scanned with CamScannerRales & Taferente = Colin inplicabons) s\ oO Pag : oP © Fre Coates, eh Syllegisn Pon . . © £04 Goality « @r - wb ey @® Pve ~ Ee ae me pvr Fallacies, ( Tavalid axqumaenls.): ; i ; uni exge.s & Fallyaey of oxsuraing, converses PoL a a e & Fallacy ak cotsumming inverse : Scanned with CamScannerInconsiskat: ested i A see of premise, FPP-Pak are said tbe inconsisent, e all pemises catindt be sienultancavaly Awl “ : i ber CR AR A PS KevAPy) OF To any erqueneat if premises are inca ishent then the. onqgemen 18 ‘Considered | valid - 3 | Conditional Past: (Coates oman) a8 tS equivdlest to? esis Ceara natn) a (ere) TE he question 1S oaked vin koe then H2.€4N convert it fe the fem@ ond eave ib. ‘ . 1 Tndirect prook (prost bay eonhodictor) : | ato ahis meth Ge dork by o8UmIAY oxquMENE 36 nob wali. 7 So we fake negation oF the Gooclexion 68 a. nes premise. A when this news premise combined with other premises lead. any Conhadichon, thet we Soy giver erqament 's vata. aah Cane) haem) . Fav AgGlyiog, indeed prot GTS new primise orb a ah n(ano) g wens is gid tobe true Buk Hom O£O Orb ig true which tsa Comtradichion 2 qin Orgument is valid Scanned with camScanner Cae ee- Funchonok Completeness : Ge connectives ect ty be Francionally complete, Ak & H eves, PS propositional, funchion Can be represented osed only Ynose Connectiver- B: Ly xt, Sn, a {>. wy, ave, i Complete: Te is SD waar Screen gates Nocmal forms: Dasjuochive” Nocwol_ Ferm: ATe ts ~sepeesentaltor of oR F ANDds> Aut Sum of products loalmerive Wonwnal Feet: #TL ts vepresented od AED & ORs ter Product “ge Sam's Scanned with CamScannerBS exleele® 7 First Order Logic. 9 Redieale tagie open Statement: ihe A ctatement for wahich we can’t Gasign a truth value oles an iopuk is provided is catled open graternen ts When | | Ip Is quen iE changes ato Sipe staseynenE- i &. a ts on even number Copen Stalement) | 2 Is on even number Cgmple stabement) _ Domaio cr Pscpuese @ Universe of discourse Gn Domain, A discourse; Fei the get hom which amifp is gitea fo an open stakment ye Nos Consider a is an even Number vs , 4 + rT Subject prédicole © Preaicate. vactinhe OD Dis called predicate 11S called prediake variable. EY! EIS an even number Ola) Toe PLAY False Qoankhers + & Universal auaatbier Lor alt) (¥): | Ler PE) be & preaicale | 7 RL) tg tue, HE POY is Awe by any % is false, iH ve can thou POY a false for atleast O% * © &) Bug terol Quoatiher (there exists) (3) : i Qe APL) a true, HE ple) is tue for oblet one % ean Cameo Scanned with CamScannerNote: TE the domain is empty eR) is tue » FM) ts foe 4 Th domain De $0, sh EPCS = PCD A PCED) A PCR) A FOr), Be POY PEA) v Pla) v Pl) vw PL%) Negation of Quaabbed galements: + fen eee}e tentte) —— (eonnge ¥ A ont TE ‘ * mw Lae, pOS}= Fe PPC) ond neqave the: predicate, 7 Exuivelences, 4 Toopcations : ; Je (Pod v 809) Ye (Per) 2 ACH) BP v Se BEY) ° Ve POO) v (We8c)) > ve [POV Bcx)) heal, ar[ronaay]) 3 APO) fh Be tx) |* tropicana hee $$ brie ieee Ig ? 7 Tot bee, NCL PADS Ga] =r WARE) > ve BL) We [eed Cex] * Some caty ave intelligent Ye [Leakey A invay] | | | . ay hae: “ * alk - O05] . . + nolnone - “los roy pak ol [ty AWS} , R 4 warialeley . OPE. The part of leqical expression to usnicn a quonbier ts applied is called Ahe xope of this quoatifier, Be Fa (PD BED) MRE) = ' y Scope Fa iss PLLY A Oe) the 1S Rex) ' . + yd _ Boveds A variable ahich & quantified ov -utder scope of a vactable ts. called eound vastoble- ® ‘ Free variolle, § vartable which as not quorkitied is called free * variable. ) BS: de(ays) : | 1 ig hound variable | 4 iS free variable ond doesn't change werto Scanned with CamScanner“Qeshided Equivalences : = Te Yollorsing equivalencen, ‘held hog doe, rok it Sree 4 the well bored Pormula C: t+ WC EC We EC * ade (CvateS) 2 Cv ave ACH) Be (ev aed) = Cv kA) # we (CHAK) 2 Cw NeAbs) : , . ax (Cn AG) BC aA) p * te Coane) 2 canned’ of Redk: Bi (capes) 2 C> B60) nC ary 22) ve( , c 2 ve (way ve) Ve (amy? c) = RAG) 7 mute e Be (a@yod) = We AG) AC Berane Sy fox others, Ha MPG) v Ve ete) = very (POO valy)) WEP) A MeOH) = vey (PLE) A @ty)) # were) v Beste) = 42496 v9) 5 are Rv-0¢9) Ye A An BOY = Vedy (MK ECW) = Byte (ea\n 8) * aa) y 3x8) : Bedy (PAW 8) Bee) Fe Ole) 2 3x By, (eced a ouy') LP) A NEARS 3. Bey (A> BED) Be PW 7, Mx Ole) 2 Wey (AC Bey) ‘Scanned with CamScannerAft) 2 Bx8H) 2 WIyCoed? Bp) : BXP) AAROL) -¢ Wey (9x) > Aly) Nok: + AM AG) v MBO) £ Me AL) vy Bly) Lone ee As long os Scope, dant overlap Can be Change. eVasiable nomey Nested Quantihtess . Oey = Very 2 tye, Wey Plea) is tue when Plab)etue OED, ¥oed ts false when P(aib)= false for atleaat a One Gb) EDxO Dis domain &) dvays Ade Sxdy Pug) ts bud “when Plab)=hue for atlent one @bIEDD 45 false chen Plow =falte fg vad Woed ‘ ai MF \ Wey Poo) is Aye when Woe A there erst ateast one “b’ such thak eat T is alse when + Rhee erste @ ER for hich nob! exiga guch that oe oo PCa) = true. ye Fb sa kind f rrelaron- in hich every tS related ty Gme g- Scanned with CamScannerr or ey a qexpteepistoeen ” aye: aye Ply) is Hue hen, pa have atleagt one bER (bis YoeA Plate) = True Grea) such ‘that ik ws false Ghen xyos. can't ‘ghoo Guth xed ys Aik tsa Wad of relakoa ia wich, for some.-y, every %> velakes wy. Wole: * vey 2 vy Me avay 5 ay aye Ye By ay 4 My ae Relation bho different seated quantifiers Bo ER Scanned with CamScanneros ¥ , b sis - e sh we have more than Ao ered quadtifiers we can, sepesest 08 Graphs and see them og tf they were loopy Bi MOY He Domoln D2} u2y, ‘oy e He 4 boty We ne . “of Ae SoZ ey pace [8 a mae Paras | oa a-icy (ie | 1tL AI) oe Hy * sols ~ 3 r * 4 z © 4 a S79 Woe Su NY Me “4 “4 ot toy oe NX eK TS we - v Cinis is ot valid) a Vey $2 Meo Set betel a ——— ooo an ees rao peed i Taference Ruley with Qaaittifion, o ‘ &) Universal Specification Crs) GB MEPCAY a Hoe Brey Ploy tere , a6 Domain ais ie any watdom element ‘Scanned with CamScanner Neierwaiier ee eo,pe 7 gi Nawesoh drenexahization LU &) TE PLO) igre for ome random element ae Domain and a Book oy ih Play is Awe Nae Domaiq fren Ne PC) is true wy Exiscabial. Speciation (es) Lh ALP) ay toe then PlOd ts beue ,aeDoraia ats @ specie or Qued element. W) Exstenbtah heneralization (e-a) TE PCaS is brve foe some feed ach, Yen Sn PS ts bue- Scanned with CamScanner