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BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to WBSCT&VE&SD,Kolkata

Department of Electrical Engineering

An Industrial Report submitted by

SUPRATIM CHATTERJEE 2252035 D222329001

Name College Roll Number College Reg. Number

As a partial fulfillment for the award of Diploma in Engineering and

Technology in Electrical Engineering at Bengal College of
Polytechnic, Durgapur.

Under supervision of

KRISHNA KUMAR YADAV

AICT
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REPORT ON

PCB & CIRCUIT DESIGN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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This report is an outcome of the industrial training which I have gone through at
ADVANCE INSTITUTE OF CRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY, DURGAPUR.

I express my sincere gratitude to KRISHNA KUMAR YADAV, Director of AICT for his
valuable guidance without which it would have been difficult for me to complete my training.
It was really a great experience to working with such experienced teacher with hands on
experience on the subject PCB & CIRCUIT DESIGN.

CERTIFICATE
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CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. LIST OF FIGURES 6
2. INTRODUCTION OF PCB 7
3. COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION & TESTING USING 7-10
MULTIMETER
4. IC NO’s OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS 10
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5. SOLDERING & DESOLDERING TECHNIQUES 11

6. USE OF FLUX IN SOLDERING 12
7. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 12
8. POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT 12-13
9. DIFFERENT CIRCUITS USING TRANSISTORS 13-15
10. 555 TIMERS 15-16
11. LED 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY DRIVER CIRCUIT 16-17
12. 4017 DECADE COUNTER 17-18
13. REMOTE CONTROL HOME APPLIENCES USING 555 18
AND 4017
14. BIDIRECTIONAL MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT 19
15. SOFTWARE REQUIRED FOR CIRCUIT DESIGN 19
16. MAKING OF PCB 20
17. CONCLUSION 23
18. REFERENCES 23
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1. LIST OF FIGURES:

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

Fig.1 PCB 7
Fig.2 Diode 8
Fig.3 Determination of diode polarity 8
Fig.4 Resistor 9
Fig.5 Capacitor 9
Fig.6 Transistor symbols 10
Fig.7 Transistor 10
Fig.8 Voltage regulator 12
Fig.9 Power supply circuit 13
Fig.10 Automatic street light 14
Fig.11 Flow of current during day 14
Fig.12 Flow of current during night 14
Fig.13 Water sensor 15
Fig.14 Astable 555 oscillator circuit 16
Fig.15 7 segment display driver circuit 17
Fig.16 LED pattern 17
Fig.17 Remote control home appliances 18
Fig.18 Bidirectional motor controller 19
Fig.19 Stuck the design on copper board 20
Fig.20 Soaking 20
Fig.21 Removing the paper from copper board 21
Fig.22 Ready for etching 21
Fig.23 Soaking for etching in the solvent 21
Fig.24 Etching process started 22
Fig.25 Etching process done 22
Fig.26 Component mounting 22
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2. INTRODUCTION OF PCB

A PCB is a printed circuit board, is used in electronics to build electronic devices.

A PCB serves two purposes in the construction of an electronic device; it is a place to
mount the components and it provides the means of electrical connection between the
components.

Fig1. PCB

3. COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION & TESTING USING

MULTIMETER

3.1 DIODE:-

A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far
greater ease than in the other.

 When “diode” is used as small signal devices (Switch), I ≤ 1 A,

 When “diode” is used as rectifier, I > 1 A.
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Fig2. Diode

Meter check of a diode:-

The red terminal of the multimeter is the positive terminal & the black terminal is
the negative terminal.

Fig3. Determination of diode polarity: (a) Low resistance indicates forward bias, (b) Reversing leads shows
high resistance indicating reverse bias.

3.2 RESISTOR:-

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current
in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an
active device such as a transistor.
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Fig4. Resistor

3.3 CAPACITOR:-

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy

temporarily in an electric field. They are widely used in televisions, radios, and other kinds of
electronic equipment. Capacitor passes AC & blocks DC.

Fig5. capacitor

The small terminal of the capacitor is negative & the long terminal is the positive. There are two
types of capacitor. They are-

1. Ceramic capacitor: - It has no specific terminals.

2. Electrolytic capacitor: - It has two terminals, positive & negative.

3.4 TRANSISTOR:-
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate
for electronic signals. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit.
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Fig6. Transistor symbols Fig7. Transistor

The emitter is highly doped & the collector is little bit lesser doped than the emitter. In
order to find the terminals with the help of multimeter, we should fix the middle pin (base) by
red/black lead & touch the left pins one by one with the another lead. The multimeter will show
higher value in case of emitter & little lower in case of collector. Thus we can identify the
terminals easily.

4. IC NO’s OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS:-

NAME OF COMPONENTS IC NUMBER

1. Diode 1N4007
2. Transistor BC547(npn), BC558(pnp)
3. Voltage regulator 7812(12V),7805(5V)
4. NAND Gate 7400
5. NOR Gate 7402
6. NOT Gate 7404
7. Buffer 7407
8. AND Gate 7408
9. OR Gate 7432
10.EX-OR Gate 74136
11.Bidirectional motor driver L293D
12.7 segment decoder 7447(CA),4511(CC)
13.Decade counter 4017
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5. SOLDERING & DESOLDERING TECHNIQUES:-

5.1 What is Soldering?

Soldering – A must skill for all electrical and electronic works. “Soldering” is defined as
the process of joining two pieces of metals using a filler metal, known as solder, having a low
melting point below the melting point of the work piece.

5.2Process of soldering:-
1. Heated metal are prone to oxidize rapidly. Hence, initially, we check the tip of the soldering
iron which should be clean and shiny.

2. Then we have to heat the soldering iron.

3. Further, the components which are to be soldered are inserted in the holes of the circuit
board.

4. Holding the soldering iron at an angle of 45 degree and keeping the solder wire in contact to
the space between the iron tip and lead. As the solder melts around the joints, the soldering wire
should be kept still for good results. And remove the solder tip first and the solder wire next.

5. Cut the leads of the components.

5.3 Desoldering:-

The reverse process of soldering is desoldering. It is a process of removal of solder and

components mounted on circuit boards for repair purpose.

First heat the solder material of the component to be desoldered. Then remove the component
with the help of the twipper.

6. USE OF FLUX IN SOLDERING:-

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Flux is a substance which is nearly inert at room temperature, but which becomes
strongly reducing at elevated temperatures, preventing the formation of metal oxides. Flux must
melt at a temperature lower than solder so that it can do its job prior to the soldering action. It
will volatilize very rapidly.

7. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:-
 Never touch the element of the soldering iron....400°C!
 Hold wires to be heated with tweezers or clamps.
 Keep the cleaning sponge wet during use.
 Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use. Never put it down on the
workbench.
 Turn unit off and unplug when not in use.

8. POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT:-

 Component List:-
1. Step down transformer: This transformer is used to transform 230 V AC to
9 V AC.
2. Voltage regulator: As we require 5V we need LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC.

Fig.8 voltage regulator

3. Capacitor: capacitors are used to remove the ripples & get the pure DC.
4. Diodes: Diodes are used to make the bridge rectifier.
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Description:-
7805 is a 5V fixed three terminal positive voltage regulator IC. A 9V transformer steps
down the main voltage, 1A Bridge rectifies it and capacitor C1 filters it and 7805 regulates it to
produce a steady 5Volt DC. The circuit schematic is given below.

Fig.9 Power supply circuit

9. DIFFERENT CIRCUITS USING TRANSISTORS:

9.1 TRANSISTOR AS A LIGHT SENSOR:-

A transistor is an electronic device which has three terminals and can be used as
electronic switch amplifier. Here is an example of transistor as a switch which is designed by
me. AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT Automatic street light is the automatic switching device
which glows at night automatically and turns off automatically at day. The following diagram
shows the schematics of Automatic Street light.

Fig.10
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 PARTS LIST:- Transistor -- BC547 ,light dependent resistor, resistors--330R, 1k,

led ,6/9 volt battery
 EXPLANATION: - The automatic street light functions as switch. To understand this
let us view the following diagrams

Fig.11 Fig.12

During day time, the LDR or light dependent resistor has minimum resistance and a little
current flows through it. It results the biasing of transistor bc547 and the current flows through
it due to the sufficient charge carrier at base. So the potential drop across the transistor is zero
and at that time light doesn't glow. So at day time light turns off.

During night time, the resistance of the LDR is very high so that the current doesn't flow
through it and the transistor doesn't get base biasing. so the current doesn't flow through
transistor bc547 and the voltage across it is maximum.so the current flows through led and the
led glows. so at night the light glows.

9.2 TRANSISTOR AS A WATER SENSOR:-

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Fig.13 water sensor

There is a set of sensors in the water tank. When we turn on the pump, the water starts to get
filled in the tank and when the water level in the tank starts to rise up, what happens is that the
sensors that is installed in the tank starts to get activated one by one indicating the water level in
the tank. And finally when it reaches to its top most sensor, there will be a visual display as well
as a sound from the unit indicating that the water has filled in the tank and one can be alerted
that the tank has been filled up and the water pump has to be switched off saving the electricity
bill as well as over flow of water from the tank

10. 555 Timers:

This tutorial provides sample circuits to set up a 555 timer in monostable, astable, and
bistable modes as well as an in depth discussion of how the 555 timer works and how to choose
components to use with it. The 555 timer is a chip that can be used to create pulses of various
durations, to output a continuous pulse waveform of adjustable pulse width and frequency, and
to toggle between high and low states in response to inputs. By wiring the 555 timer with
resistors and capacitors in various ways, we can get it to operate in three different modes:

Monostable Mode is great for creating time delays. In this mode an external trigger causes the
555 timer to output a pulse of an adjustable duration.

Astable Mode outputs an oscillating pulse signal/waveform. In this mode the output of the 555
timer is switching between high and low states at a tunable frequency and pulse width.
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Bistable Mode causes the 555 timer to toggle its output between high and low states depending
on the state of two inputs.

Basic Astable 555 Oscillator Circuit:-

.
Fig.14

11. LED 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY DRIVER CIRCUIT:

Seven segment decoder / driver is a digital circuit that can decode a digital input to the
seven segment format and simultaneously drive a 7 segment LED display using the decoded
information. For example, if the input BCD code is 0001, the display output will be 1 , for
0010 the display output will be 2 and so on.

The circuit diagram shown below is of a BCD to seven segment decoder / driver using
7446 IC. 7446 is a BCD to 7 segment display driver IC with active low outputs. The display
used here must be a common anode type because the IC has active low outputs.
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Fig.15 7 segment display driver

12. 4017 Decade Counter:

Fig.16 LED pattern

In the Knight Rider circuit, the 555 is wired as an oscillator (Astable mode). The output
of the 555 is directly connected to the input of a 4017 decade counter.
The input of the 4017 counter is called the CLOCK line. The 10 outputs Q0 to Q9 become
active, one at a time, on the rising edge of the waveform from the 555. The outputs of the
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counter are fed to the respective LED’s.

13. Remote control home appliances using 555 and 4017:

Fig.17 Remote control home appliances

Description:
Here is a versatile remote controlled switch that can ON or OFF any appliance connected
to it using a TV remote.

IR remote sensor IC TSOP 1738 is used for receiving the signal. Normally when no signal is
falling on TSOP, the output of it will be high. This makes transistor OFF. When a signal of 38
KHz from the TV remote falls on the TSOP its output goes low. This makes transistor conduct
and a negative pulse is obtained at pin 2 of NE 555. Due to this 555 timer wired as a
monostable multivibrator produces a 4 Sec long high signal at its output. This high output is the
clock for 4017 which is wired as a Flipflop and of, its two outputs pin 3 goes low and pin 2 goes
high. The high output at pin 2 is amplified to drive the relay. For the next signal the outputs of
IC2 toggles state. Result, we get a relay toggling on each press on the remote. Any appliance
connected to this circuit can be switched ON or OFF.

14.Bidirectional Motor Controller Circuit:

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Fig.18 Bidirectional motor controller

L293D IC is widely used for implementing DC motor control circuits. It is a dual H

bridge motor driver IC, that is it can drive two DC motor simultaneously.
After giving 1 (High voltage) to the Enable pin, we can control the direction of
rotation of DC motors by digital manipulation of the inputs. For each motor there will be
two inputs. If both inputs are 0 or 1, the DC motor shaft is locked or baked. Alternate
input combination will drive the motor in either direction.

15. SOFTWARE REQUIRED FOR CIRCUIT DESIGN:

For circuit design we have used “PROTEUS” software.

16. MAKING OF PCB:

 Single side PCB have copper foil on one side while the double sided PCB have a copper
foil on both side of laminate

 Thickness of copper foil is 35 micrometer minimum on cheaper PCB and 70 micrometer

on costly PCB
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 Tracks are made by masking the track part of copper

PROCEDURE:-
 1st Draw schematic in any Layout editor
 Print it out onto some semi glossy photo paper
 Then quickly take this paper, cut out own design and place it face down onto some blank
PCB board.
 Then use an iron and press the design on to the board up to 5 min

Fig.19 stuck
the design on pcb Fig.20 soaking

 Then take your blank PCB with the design stuck on to it and soak it in soapy water for
about 20 mins to loosen the paper.
 Carefully remove the paper. Be sure not to remove any of the black ink traces because
these are what stops the acid in the etching process. Keep it wet all the time so that it
separates easily from the copper board.
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Fig.21 Removing the paper from copper board

 Done and ready for etching.

Fig.22 Ready for etching

 We can use FeCl3 solution also for etching process.

Fig.23 Soaking
for etching in the solvent
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Fig.24 Etching process has started

Fig.25 Etching process done

 Then we need to drill out the holes and start mounting the components.

Fig.26 Component mounting

17. CONCLUSION:
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As a student of B.Tech, I have to undergo the industrial training. I have done my

training from 20th JUNE, 2015 to 15th SEPT, 2015. I had chosen to do my practical training on
PCB & CIRCUIT DESIGN from AICT. I am very glad that I had chosen AICT.

This training will help me in my future career. During the period of practical, I learnt to
be discipline and punctual. I learnt how different circuits work, how printed circuit boards are
actually made.

As a conclusion, I gain a lot of knowledge from this industrial training.

18. REFERENCES:-

 www.electronicshub.org
 www.electronicecircuit.com