DPS JODHPUR

CHEMISTRY
CLASS XI
SYLLABUS HALF YEARLY 2022

Unit I : Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 20 marks

General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry.
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory:
concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass,
percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical
reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II : Structure of Atom 25 marks
Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells,
dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes
of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau
principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic
configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals.
Unit III : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
25 marks
Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic
trends in properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii,
Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency.
Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100

v
 Some Basic
Concepts of
Chemistry
FAST TRACK : QUICK REVISION

 Matter : Anything that has mass and occupies space.

 Precision : If refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same
quantity.
 Accuracy : It refers to the agreement of a particular value to the true value
of the result.
 Mass and weight : Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in
body, while weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. The mass
of a substance is constant whereas its weight may vary from one place to
another due to change in gravity.
 Volume : 1 L = 1 dm3 = 103cm3 = 10–3 m3

 Temperature : K = °C + 273.15; =

Standard Temperature Pressure (STP) : 0°C (273.15 K) temperature


and 1 atm pressure.
 Normal Temperature Pressure (NTP) : 20°C (293.15 K) temperature
and 1 atm pressure.
 Standard Ambient Temperature Pressure (SATP) : 25°C (298.15 K)
temperature and 1 atm pressure
 Scientific Notation : Expressing a number in the form N × 10n, and N
can vary between 1 to 9.99.
 Significant figures : These are meaningful digits which are known with
certainty.
 Laws of Chemical Combination :
Ø Law of Conservation of Mass (Antonie Lavoisier) : Mass can
neither be created nor be destroyed.
Ø Law of Definite Proportions (Joseph Proust) : A given compound
always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.
 Ø Law of Multiple Proportions (John Dalton) : When two elements
combine to form two or more compounds, then the different masses
of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of the other, bear
a simple ratio to one another.
Ø Gay Lussac’s Law : When gases combine or are produced in a
chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio provided all gases
are in the same temperature and pressure.
e.g., 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g)
2 Vol 1 Vol 2 Vol
(at same T, P)
 Atomic Mass : It is defined as the average relative mass of an atom of an
element as compared to the mass of an atom of carbon – 12 taken as 12.
Atomic mass is represented by ‘u’ (unified mass).
1u = 1.66056 × 10–24 g
 Molecular mass : It is algebraic the sum of the atomic mass of the elements
present in the molecule.
For example : Molecular mass of CH4 = (1 × 12) + (4 × 1) = 16 u
 Avogadro Number : It is the amount of atoms or molecules present in
one mole of a substance.
Avogadro number (NA) = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
 Molar Mass : The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its
molar mass.
For example : Molar mass of CH4 = (1 × 12) + (4 × 1) = 16g mol–1
 Mole (n) : It is amount of a substance that contains as many particles or
entities as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12.
1 mole of a substance = Molar mass of substance = Avogadro’s Number
of chemical units = 22.4L volume at STP of gaseous substance
e.g., 1 mole of CH 4 = 16g of CH 4 = 6.022 × 10 23 molecules of
CH4 = 22.4L at STP

n = = = =

 Molar Volume (Vm) : It is volume occupied by one mole of gas at STP.

Molar volume of a gas = 22.4L at STP (273 K, 1atm) or 22.7L at STP (273
K, 1 bar)

2 Chemistry Class XI
 Calculating Molar Volume: PV = nRT
nRT 1mol ´ 0.082L atm K -1mol-1 ´ 273K
∴ V = = = 22.4L
P 1 atm
Or

V =
1 bar

 Percentage Composition : Mass % of the element

 Empirical Formula : It represents the simplest whole number ratio of

various atoms present in a compound. For e.g., CH is the empirical formula
of benzene.
 Molecular Formula : It shows the exact number of different of atoms
present in a molecule of a compound. For e.g., C6H6 is the molecular
formula of benzene.
 Relationship between empirical and molecular formulae :
Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula

Where; n=

 Information Conveyed by a chemical equation :

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

(i) 1 molecule of N2 + 3 molecules of H2 → 2 molecules of NH3

(ii) 1 mole of N2 + 3 mole of H2 → 2 mole of NH3
(iii) 1 × 28g of N2 + 3 × 2 g of H2 → 2 × 17 g of NH3
(iv) 1 × 22.4L of N2 + 3 × 22.4L of H2 → 2 × 22.4L of NH3
at STP at STP at STP

 Limiting Reagent : It is the reactant which gets consumed first or limits

the amount of product formed.
 Mass Percent : It is the mass of the solute in grams per 100 grams of the
solution.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

 Mass percent=

 Parts per million (ppm) : It is part of solute per million part of solution
by mass.

ppm =

 Molarity (M) : It is number of moles of solute dissolved per litre (dm3)

of the solution.

Molarity =

Molarity equation : M1V1 = M2V2

(Before dilution) (After Dilution)
Molarity of a solution decreases on increasing temperature.
Molarity of pure water is 55.56 mol L–1
 Molality (m)—It is number of moles of solute dissolved per 1000g (1kg)
of solvent.
No. of moles of solute
Molality =
Mass
mass of
of solvent in kg
solvent in kg
Molality is independent of temperature.
 Mole Fraction(x) is the ratio of number of moles of one component to
the total number of moles (solute and solvents) present in the solution.

x1 = and x2 =
The sum of all the mole fractions in a solution is equal to one. i.e., x1 + x2 = 1

4
 IMPORTANT POINTS
SOME BASIC OF CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
 CASE BASE : QUESTIONS
1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

The ideas underlying our modern understanding of thermodynamics and

kinetic theory were developed during the nineteenth century. Central to these
developments was the discovery that matter reacting chemically does not do so
simply between equal masses of the samples involved. We now call the study
of this phenomenon ‘stoichiometry’, defined as: ‘the relationship between the
amounts of substance that react together, and the products that are formed’.
Another development during the nineteenth century that was central to our
modern understanding of the chemical nature of matter was the observation by
Avogadro that ‘equal volumes of ideal or perfect gases, at the same temperature
and pressure, contain the same number of particles, or molecules’. This is now
known as Avogadro’s law. It provides the motivation to formulate expressions
for the quantity of a sample that reacts with another sample. The most notable
example of such a formulation is the gram-molecule, which has been used to refer
to both a unit and a quantity.
(Reference: Milton Martin J. T. 2011A new definition for the mole based on the
Avogadro constant: a journey from physics to chemistry Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
A.3693993–4003)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer:
I. The concept of stoichiometry mentioned in the study is based on the
a. formation of chemical bonds.
b. amount of reactant and product involved in a chemical reaction.
c. idea of temperature and pressure required for the reaction to occur.
d. oxidation states of reactant and product involved.
II. How much gram-molecules of H2O are produced on combustion of 32 g
of methane in excess oxygen?
a. 72 b. 4
c. 2 d. 36

6 Chemistry Class XI
III. When an antacid tablet is used, Ca(OH)2 reacts with HCl in the
stomach to form inert CaCl2 and H2O. If the molar mass of Ca(OH)2 is
75 g/mol, how many moles of HCl are required to fully react with 150 g
of Ca(OH)2 ?
a. 4 b. 1
c. 8 d. 2
IV. What must be held constant when applying Avogadro’s law?
a. pressure and temperature
b. volume and temperature
c. moles and temperature
d. pressure and volume
ANS:- I-B, II-B, III-A, IV-A
2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The goal of this study was to examine the means used by textbook authors
to introduce, define, and explain the mole concept in high school and introductory
college chemistry textbooks. The analysis was framed by four questions:
1. How is the mole defined?
2. What concepts about the atom are introduced prior to the mole?
3. Is Avogadro’s constant presented as an experimentally determined value?
4. What is the context for introducing the mole?
Twenty nine high school and introductory college level chemistry texts
were examined. After independent reading of appropriate sections of each text,
discussion of differences, second or third readings of texts, and subsequent
discussions, both authors reach 100% agreement concerning the results. Major
conclusions were
1. Two ways of defining the mole dominate the texts. One way defines the
mole as Avogadro’s number (6.02 × 1023) particles; the other method defines
the mole in terms of carbon 12.
2. All texts that present a definition in terms of C-12 introduce and define
concepts about the atom prior to introducing the mole.
3. Most texts at all levels point out that the value 6.02 × 1023 is an experimentally
determined quantity.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 7

4. Nearly all texts discuss the mole in relation to die problem of finding a way
to count particles that are too small to be directly weighed. Most texts also
use a familiar counting unit, such as the dozen, to introduce the mole by
analogy.
(Reference: John R. Staver, Andrew T. Lumpe, A content analysis of the
presentation of the mole concept in chemistry textbooks, Journal of Research in
Science Teaching).
In these questions (Q. No. (i) to (iv) , a statement of assertion followed by a
statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement
i. ASSERTION: Equal moles of different substances contain same number
of constituent particles.
REASON: Equal weights of different substances contain the same number
of constituent particles.
ii. ASSERTION: Both 106g of sodium carbonate and 12g of carbon have same
number of carbon atoms.
REASON: Both contain 1 g-atom of carbon which contains 6.02 X 1023
carbon atoms
iii. ASSERTION: Both 32g SO2 and 8g CH4 have same number of molecules.
REASON: Equal moles of substances have equal number of molecules.
iv. ASSERTION: Average atomic mass of an element depends mainly on the
heavier isotope.
REASON: The average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the masses of
its isotopes, each multiplied by its natural abundance
ANS:- I-C, II-A, III-A, IV-D

8 Chemistry Class XI
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
1. Which of the following is dependent of temperature ?
(a) Molarity (b) Molality
(c) Mole fration (d) Mass percentage
2. 4 g of NaOH dissolved in 100 ml solution. Molarity of the solution is
(a) 1M (b) 10 M
(c) 0.1 M (d) 4 M
3. Which has the maximum number of molecules among the following ?
(a) 44g of CO2 (b) 44g of O2
(c) 8g of H2 (d) 64g of SO2
4. 10 mol of Zn react with 10 mol of HCl. Calculate the number of moles
of H2 produced.
(a) 5 mol (b) 10 mol
(c) 20 mol (d) 2.5 mol
5. The number of oxygen atoms in 4.4g of CO2 is approximately
(a) 1.2 × 1023 (b) 6 × 1022
(c) 6 × 1023 (d) 12 × 1023
6. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5 M HCl with
250 ml of 2 M HCl will be
(a) 0.975 M (b) 0.875 M
(c) 1.00 M (d) 1.175 M
7. Number of atoms of He in 100 u of He ( Atomic mass of He is 4 u)
(a) 25 (b) 50
(c) 100 (d) 400
8. 6.02 ×1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its solution. The
concentration of the solution is
(a) 0.02 M (b) 0.01 M
(c) 0.001 M (d) 0.1 M

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 9

9. A gaseous hydrocarbons gives upon combustion, 0.72 g of water and 3.08
g of CO2. The empirical formula of the hydrocarbon is :
(a) C6H5 (b) C7H8
(c) C2H4 (d) C3H4
10. The density of solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea ( Mol. mass
= 60 u) in 1000 g of water is 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of the solution is
(a) 0.50 M (b) 1.78 M
(c) 1.02 M (d) 2.05 M
Ans: 1. (a), 2. (a), 3. (b), 4. (a), 5. (a), 6. (b), 7. (a), 8. (b),
9. (b), 10. (d)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. 17 g of NH3 gas will occupy a volume of _____________ cm3 at NTP.

2. The number of Li atoms in _____________ g. is 6.022×1024 atoms.
3. (1/12)th of the mass of carbon atom is _____________
4. Number of atoms of oxygen in 24 g of O3 is _____________
5. The number of moles of barium carbonate which contains 1.5 moles of
oxygen atoms is _____________
6. A mixture having 2 g of H2 and 32 g of oxygen occupies a volume of
_____________ at NTP.
7. If the phosphate of a metal has the formula MPO4 the formula of the
metallic sulphate is _____________
8. At NTP, the mass of 1 litre of gas is 3 g. Molecular mass of the gas is
_____________
9. The percentage mass of magnesium in chlorophyll is 2.68% The number
of magnesium atoms in 2 g of chlorophyll is _____________
10. The mass of one molecule of carbon dioxide is _____________
11 Percentage of nitrogen in urea is ___________
12 Number of carbon atoms present in 18 g of glucose ( C6H12O6)

10 Chemistry Class XI
13. 0.5 mole of triatomic gas contains ____________________atoms.
14. A binary compound contains 50% A (at. mass = 16) and 50% B (at. mass
32). The empirical formula of the compound is _____________.
15. The number of hydrogen atoms in 60 u of ethane is____________
Ans: 1. 22400 2. 70 g 3. 1u
4. 9.033 × 1023 5. 0.5 6. 44.8 litre
7. M2(SO4)3 8 67.2 9. 1.34×1021
10. 7.3×10–23 11. 46.67 12. 3.61×1023
13. 9.033 × 1023 14. A2B 15. 7.226 × 1024

TRUE AND FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS

Write true or false for the following statements
1. Equal volumes of different gases under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
2. 1 mole of C12H22O11 contain 22 hydrogen atoms.
3. Nitrogen forms five oxides. It proves the law of multiple proportions.
4. The atomicity of phosphorus is four.
5 Molarity change with change in temp.
6. Empirical formula = (Molecular formula)n.
7. Gram-atomic mass of an element may be defnined as the mass of
Avogadro’s number of atoms.
8. Gay-Lussac’s law of chemical combination is valid for all substances.
9. Avogadro’s number varies with temperature and pressure.
10. 18 g of water vapour and 18 g of ice will contain the same number of
molecules.
Ans: 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T)
6. (F) 7. (T) 8. (F) 9. (F) 10. (T)

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 11

 MATCH THE COLUMNS
1.
Column X Column Y Column Z
a. 8 g CH4 i. 0.1 mol p. Emp. formulation → CH2O
b. 1.7 g NH3 ii. 0.5 mol q. 50% oxygen
c. CH3OH iii. 40% carbon r. 1.806×1023 atoms of hydrogen
d. C6H12O6 iv. Vapour density = 16 s. 25% hydrogen

2.
Column X Column Y
a. Molarity i. For very dilute solution
b. Molality ii. No units
c. mole fraction iii. Mol L–1
d. ppm iv. independent of temperature
3.
Column X Column Y Column Z
a. 40 g of He i. 3.011×1023 atoms p. 0.5 moles
b. 35 g of Li ii. 10 atoms q. 1.67×10–23
c. 40 u of He iii. 6.022×1024 atoms r. 10 moles
d. 16 g of O2 iv. 3.011×1024 atoms s. 5 moles
4.
Column X Column Y
a. Petrol i. Heterogenous mixture
b. Graphite ii. Compound
c. Sucrose iii. Element
d. Milk iv. Homogeneous mixture
Ans: 1. a.(ii). (s), b.(i). (r), c.(iv). (q), d.(iii). (p)
2. a.(iii), b.(iv), c.(ii), d.(i)
3. a.(iii). (r), b.(iv). (s), c.(ii). (q), d.(i). (p)
4. a.(iv), b.(iii), c.(ii), d.(i)

12 Chemistry Class XI
 ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
Directions for Q. No.1-10
A Both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
B Both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
C Assertion is true statement but Reason is false.
D Assertion is false but Reason is true.

1. Assertion : A solution of table salt in a glass of water is homogeneous

Reason : A solution having same composition throughout is
heterogeneous
2. Assertion : The molecular weight of oxygen is 32 amu.
Reason : The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 amu
3. Assertion : No of moles of H2 in 0.224 L of hydrogen is 0.01 mole.
Reason : 22.4 L of H2 at STP contain 6.023 × 1023 moles.
4. Assertion : Atomic mass of Na is 23.
Reason : An atom of sodium is 23 times heavier than 1/12th mass of
C-12 isotope.
5. Assertion : Number of atoms of He in 60 u of He is 15.
Reason : Atomic weight of He is 4 u.
6. Assertion : In a gaseous reaction, the ratio of volumes of reactants and
products is in agreement with their molar ratio.
Reason : Volume of gas is inversely proportional to its moles at
particular temperature and pressure.
7. Assertion : The Empirical mass of ethane is half of its molecular mass.
Reason : The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number
ratio of various atoms present in a compound.
8. Assertion : Significant figures for 0.200 is 3 whereas for 200 is 1
Reason : Zero at the end or right of a number are significant provided
they are not on the right side of the decimal point.
9. Assertion : One molar aqueous solution has always higher concentration
than One molal aqueous solution
Reason : The molality of solution depends upon the density of solution
whereas molarity does not.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 13

10. Assertion : In a combustion reaction in the air, oxygen is the limiting
reagent
Reason : Limiting reagent is the reactant in a chemical reaction that
limits the amount of product that can be formed.

Ans: 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.A 6. C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.D

ONE WORD ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the SI unit of density?
2. What is the SI unit of molarity?
3. Calculate the number of atoms in 32 u of He. [Ans. : 8]
4. What is the volume of 17 g of NH3 gas at STP? [Ans. : 223.4 L]
5. How many molecules of SO2 are present in 11.2 L at STP?
[Ans. : 3.011×1023]
6. Which has more number of atoms ? 1.0 g Na or 1.0 g Mg
[Ans. : 1.0 g Na]
7. How many oxygen atoms are present in 16 g of ozone (O3)?
[Ans. : 2.007 ×1023]
8. Calculate the number of molecules present in 22.0 g of CO2.
[Ans. : 3.011×1023]
9. A substance has molecular formula C6H12O6. What is its empirical formula.
10. Empirical formula of a compound X (Molar mass = 78 mol-1) is CH. Write
its molecular formula.

1-MARK QUESTIONS

1. Name two chemical compounds used in treatment of cancer.

2. What is AZT ? Mention its use in medical science.
3. Classify following as pure substances and mixtures : air, glucose, gold,
sodium and milk.
4. Which measurement is more precise 4.0g or 4.00g ? [Ans. 4.00 g]

14 Chemistry Class XI
5. How many significant figures are there in (i) 3.070 and (ii) 0.0025 ?
[Ans. (i) 4 (ii) 2]
6. Express the following in the scientific notation : (i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000
7. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas react with five volumes of dioxygen
gas, how much volume of water vapour would be produced ?
[Ans. 10 volumes]
8. Define unified mass (u).
9. Define molar volume of a gas.
10. At STP, what will be the volume of 6.022 × l023 molecules of H2 ?
[Ans. 22.4L]
11. 1L of a gas at STP weighs 1.97g. What is molecular mass ?
[Ans. 44.128 g mol–1]
12. Write the relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula.
13. Which is more informative ? Empirical formula or Molecular formula.
14. How are 0.5 mol Na2CO3 and 0.5 M Na2CO3 different from each other ?
15. Why molality is preferred over molarity of a solution ?
16. Define molarity of a solution.
17. What is the effect of temperature on molarity of solution ?
18. What is limiting reactant in a reaction ?

2-MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Classify following substances as element, compounds and mixtures : water,
tea, silver, steel, carbon dioxide and platinum.
2. The body temperature of a normal healthy person is 37°C. Calculate its
value in°F.
3. At what temperature will both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales read the
same value?
4. Convert 5L into m3.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 15

5. What does the following prefixes stand for :
(a) pico (b) nano (c) micro (d) deci
6. How many significant figures are present in the following :
(i) 4.00005
(ii) 0.004
7. Convert ‘450 pm’ into SI unit and write the answer in scientific notation
upto 2 significant figures.
[Ans. 4.5 × 10–10 m]
8. Hydrogen peroxide and water contain 5.93% and 11.2 % of hydrogen
respectively. Show that the data illustrate law of multiple proportions.
9. The density ( in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29%
H2SO4 ( Molar mass = 98 g mol-1) by mass will be .......
[Ans. 1.21 g/mL]
10 The cost of table salt ( NaCl ) is Rs. 10 per Kg. calculate its cost per mole.
( Molar mass of NaCl is 58.5 gmol-1) [Ans. 0.58 Rs]
11 Calculate the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous
solution. [Ans. 0.0177]
12 Dissolving 120 g of urea ( Molar mass of urea = 60 g mol-1 ) in 1000 of
water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the
solution. [Ans. 2.05 M]
13 Calculate the percentage of N in urea. (Molar mass of urea = 60 g
mol-1) [Ans. 46.66]
14 25 ml of 3.0 M HCl are mixed with 75 mL 0f 4.0 M HCl. If the volumes
are additive, the molarity of the final mixture will be. [Ans. 3.75 M]
15 How many atoms and molecules are present in 124 gm of phosphorus
(P4) [Ans. Atoms = 4 NA & Molecules = NA]
16 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous
oxide was formed.
The reaction is given below : 2N2 (g) + O2 (g) —→ 2N2O (g)
Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the
law.

16 Chemistry Class XI
17 Give one example each of a molecule in which empirical formula and
molecular formula is
(i) Same (ii) Different.

18 Calculate the number of moles in the following masses :

(i) 7.85g of Fe;
(ii) 7.9mg of Ca

19 Calculate the percent of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in ethanol

(C2H5OH) [Ans. 52.14%, 13.13%, 34.73%]

20 How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of CuSO4 ? [Ans. 39.8g]

21 Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of

methane. [Ans. 36g]

22 How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after
combustion? [Ans. 0.5 mol]

23 A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water.

Calculate the mass per cent of the solute. [Ans. 10%]

24 Calculate molarity of water if its density is 1.00 g mL-1.

[Ans. 55.56 M]

25 Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its

4 g in enough water to form 250 mL of the solution. [Ans. 0.4 M]

26 The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL-1. Calculate molality of

the solution. [Ans. 2.8m]

27 NH3 gas can be prepared by Haber’s process as, N2(g) + 3H2 (g) →
2NH3(g). At a particular moment concentration of all the species is
2 moles; calculate the concentration of N2 and H2 taken initially.
[Ans. 3 mole, 5 moles]

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 17

 3-MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Calculate the average atomic mass of Mg using the following data:

% Natural Abudance Molar mass
24Mg 80 24
25Mg 10 25
26Mg 10 26
2. The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react
together to form different compounds :
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Mass of dinitrogen 14 14 28 28
Mass of dioxygen 16 32 32 80
Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental
data ? Give its statement.
3. Calculate :
(i) Mass in gram of 5.8 mol N2O
(ii) Number of moles in 8.0 g of O2
(iii) Molar mass if 11.2 L at STP weigh 8.5 g.
[Ans. (i) 255.2 g (ii) 0.25 mol (iii) 17 g mol–1]
4. In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following :
(i) Number of moles of carbon atom,
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms,
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
[Ans. (i) 6 moles, (ii) 18 moles, (iii) 1.81×1024]
5. 16 g of an ideal gas SOx occupies 5.6 L at STP. What is its molecular
mass ? What is the value of X ? [Ans. 64u, x = 2]
6. Calculate the number of moles :
(i) 5.0 L of 0.75 M Na2CO3
(ii) 7.85 g of Fe
(iii) 34.2 g of sucrose (C12H22O11)
[Ans. (i) 3.75, (ii) 0.14, (iii) 0.1]

18 Chemistry Class XI
 7. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following :
(i) 52 moles of Ar. (ii) 52u of He (iii) 52g of He.
[Ans. (i) 3.13 × 1025 (ii) 13 (iii) 7.83 × 1024]
8. Vitamin C is essential for the prevention of scurvy. Combustion of
0.2000g of vitamin C gives 0.2998g of CO2 and 0.819g of H2O. What is
the empirical formula of vitamin C ? [Ans. C3H4O3]
9. A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65%
chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g. What are its empirical and molecular
formulas? [Ans. CH2C1, C2H4Cl2]
10. A compound made up of two elements A and B has A = 70%, B = 30%.
Their relative number of moles in the compound is 1.25 and 1.88,
calculate :
(i) Atomic masses of the elements A and B
(ii) Molecular formula of the compound , if its molecular mass is found to
be 160. [Ans. (i) 56 and 16, (ii) A2B3]
11. The reaction 2C + O2 —→ 2CO is carried out by taking 24.0 g of carbon
and 96.0 g of O2. Find out.
(i) Which reactant is left in excess ?
(ii) How much of it is left ?
(iii) How many grams of the other reactant should be taken so that nothing
is left at the end of the reaction ? [Ans. (i) O2, (ii) 64 g, (iii) 72]
12. A 10 g sample of a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride is
treated with Na2CO3 to precipitate calcium as calcium carbonate. This
CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium to CaO and the final mass of
CaO is 1.62 g. Calculate % by mass of NaCl in original solution.
[Ans. 67.9%]
13. 3.0 g of H2 react with 29.0 g of O2 yield H2O.
(i) Which is the limiting reagent.
(ii) Calculate the maximum amount of H2O that can be formed
(iii) Calculate the amount of reactant left unreacted
[Ans. H2 , 26.8g H2O & 5.2 g O2]

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 19

 14 Zinc and hydrochloric acid react according to the reaction:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) —→ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
If 0.30 mol Zn are added to hydrochloric acid containing 0.52 mol of HCl,
How many moles of H2 are produced ?
[ HCl is limiting reagent; H2 formed = 0.36 mol]
15 How many moles of Lead (II) chloride will be formed from a reaction
between 6.5 g of PbO and 3.2 g of HCl ? [ Atomic mass of Pb = 207 U]
[Ans. 0.029 mole]
16 What volume of oxygen at N.T.P is needed to cause the complete
combustion of 200 ml of acetylene ?Also calculate the volume of carbon
dioxide formed. [Ans. 500 mL of O2 & 400 mL of CO2]

5-MARKS QUESTIONS

1 (i) A black dot used as a full stop at the end of a sentence has a mass of
about one attogram. Assuming that the dot is made up of carbon,
calculate the approximate number of carbon atoms present in the dot.
[Hint : 1 attogram = 10–18g] [Ans. 5.02×104]
(ii) Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms ?
(a) 1g Au (s) (b) 1g Na (s) (c) 1g Li (s) (d) 1g of Cl2(g)
[Ans.. (i) 39.81 g (ii) 1 g of Li]
2. (i) What is the difference between empirical formula and molecular
formula ?
(ii) A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a
small sample of it in oxygen gas 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of
water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP)
of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calcuate
(i) Empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the gas, and (iii) Molecular
formula. [Ans. (i) CH, (ii) 26 g mol–1, (iii) C2H2]

20 Chemistry Class XI
 3. (i) What is the difference between Molarity and Molality.
(ii) The Molarity of a solution of sulphuric acid is 1.35 M. Calculate its
molality. (The density of acid solution is 1.02 g cm–3).
[Ans.. 1.52 m]
4. (i) Define : (a) Mole fraction (b) Mass percentage.
(ii) If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1, what is its volume needed
for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution ? [Ans. 0.0025 L]

HOTS QUESTIONS

1 In a compound CxHyOz , the mass % of C and H is 6:1 and the amount

of oxygen present is equal to the half of the oxygen required to react
completely CxHy. Find the empirical formula of the compound.
[Ans. C2H4O3]
2 A crystalline salt when heated becomes anhydrous and loses 51.2 % of
its weight. The anhydrous salt on analysis gave the following percentage
composition
Mg = 20.0% , S = 26.6 % , O = 53.33 %
Calculate the molecular formula of the anhydrous salt and the crystalline
salt. Molecular weight of the anhydrous salt is 120.
[Ans. MgSO4.7H2O]
3 An LPG cylinder weighs 14.8 kg when empty. When full, it weighs
29.0 kg and shows a pressure of 2.5 atm. In the course of use at 27°C,
the weight of cylinder is reduced to 23.2 kg. Find the volume of n-butane
in cubic meters used up at 27°C and 1 atm (Molecular weight of
n-butane = 58). [Ans. 2.463 m3]
4 2.5 g of CaCO3 was placed in 50 ml of a solution of HCl.1.05 g of CaCO3
was left after the reaction. Calculate:
(a) the weight of HCl per litre
(b) the Molarity of HCl [Ans. (a) 21.17 g, (b) 0.58 M]

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 21

 UNIT TEST-I
Time allowed : 1 hour Maximum Marks : 20
General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. If 30 mL of H2 and 20 mL of O2 react to form water, what is left at (1)

the end of the reaction ?
(a) 10 mL of H2 (b) 5 mL of H2
(c) 10 mL of O2 (d) 5 mL of O2
2. 7.5 grams of a gas occupy 5.6 litres of volume at STP the gas is (1)
(a) NO (b) N2O (c) CO (d) CO2
3. Write the relationship between empirical formula and molecular
formula. (1)
4. Why molarity is preferred over molarity in expressing the concen- (1)
tration of solution ?
5. Which has more number of atoms ? 1.0 g Na or 1.0g Mg? (1)
6. How many atoms and molecules are present in 124 g of phosphorus (P4)? (2)
7. (a) How many significant figures are present in 0.0102. (2)
(b) Write the number in scientific notation 1013.6.
8. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with
chloroform CHCl3. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(a) Express this in percent by mass.
(b) Determine the molarity of chloroform in the water sample. (3)
9. A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65%
chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g. What are its empirical and
molecular formula ? (3)
10. (a) Explain the following terms:
(i) Gay Lussac’s law (ii) Limiting reagent
(b) 3.0 g of H2 react with 30.0 g of O2 yield H2O.
(i) Which is the limiting reagent?
(ii) Calculate the maximum amount of H2O that can be formed.
(iii) Calculate the amount of reactant left unreacted. (5)

22 Chemistry Class XI
 UNIT TEST-II
Time allowed : 1 hour Maximum Marks : 20
General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to -------------- (1)

(a) 6.022×1023 molecules of oxygen
(b) 6.022×1023 atoms of oxygen
(c) 16 g of oxygen
(d) 32 g of oxygen
2.
1g of M2 CO3 on treatment with excess HCl produces 0.01186 moles
of CO2. The molar mass of M2CO3 in g mol–1 is ?
(1)
(a) 1186 (b) 84.3 (c) 118.6 (d) 11.86
3. How many atoms are present in 16 g of ozone? (1)
In following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion
(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
4. Assertion : The empirical mass of ethene is half of its molecular mass. (1)
Reason : The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio
of various atoms present in a compound.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 23

5. Assertion : Combustion of 16 g of methane gives 18 g water. (1)
Reason : In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.
6. If 2 litres of N2 is mixed with 2 litres of H2 at a constant temperature and
pressure, then what will be the volume of NH3 formed? (2)

7. Calculate the percentage of Copper in a sample of CuCl2 (2)

(Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5u, Cl = 35.5u)

8. In an experiment, when HCl was reacted with CaCO3 at STP, 48 Cm3 of
CO2 was formed. Calculate the number of mole of CO2 and number of
molecules. (3)
9. In the reaction 2A + 4B → 3C + 4D, when 5 moles of A react with 6 moles
of B, then (3)
(i) Which is the limiting reagent
(ii) Calculate the amount of C formed
(iii) Calculate the amount of excess reagent left after reaction
10. (a) How many grams atoms are there in 8.0 g of S? (5)

(b) The molarity of solution of H2SO4 is 1.35 M. Calculate its molality.

(The density of solution is 1.02 g cm–3)

*****

24 Chemistry Class XI
 Chapter - 2 Structure
Structure of
ofAtom
Atom
FAST TRACK : QUICK REVISION

• Information about fundamental particles of atom

Name of UNIT Electron Proton Neutron
Constant
Mass amu 0.000546 1.00728 1.008665
kg 9.109 × 10–31 1.673 × 10–27 1.675 × 10–27
Charge Coloumbs – 1.602 × 10–19 + 1.602 × 10–19 Zero
esu – 4.8 × 10–10 + 4.8 × 10–10 Zero
Relative –1 +1 Zero
Charge

• Electromagnetic radiations : Energy emitted from any source (in forms

of waves) in which electric and magnetic fields oscillated perpendicular to
each other and travelling with a velocity of light is known as EM radiation.
• Characteristics of waves :
(a) Wavelength : The distance of one crest and
one trough in a wave. Denoted by ‘λ’.
(b) Frequency : Number of waves passing
through a given point in one second.

Denoted by υ.

(c) Amplitude : The height of crest or depth of a trough denoted by ‘a’.

(d) Wave Number : Number of waves per unit length denoted by

= (or m–1)
 (e) Velocity : Linear distance travelled by a wave in one second.

velocity of light c = =

∴ υ =

• Energywise order for EM radiation.

cosmic < γ rays < X rays < UV < VIBGYOR < IR < Microwaves < Radiowaves
→
λ (Increases) υ (Decreases) Energy (Decreases)
• Photon : A packet or particle of light energy is knows as Photon.
• Planck’s quantum theory : The energy emitted or absorbed by a source
is discontinuous in form of small packet of energy, called quantum.
Quantum of light is called photon.
E a v
E = hv (h = Planck's constant)
E = nhv (h = 6.626×10–34 J sec)
If ‘n’ photons are emitted E = nhυ

• Photo electric effect : The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from a

metal surface when a light of suitable frequency falls on metal surface.

hυ – hυ0 = mv2

hυ ⇒ Energy of incident light on metal surface.

hυ0 ⇒ Work function of metal.

mv2 = Kinetic energy by which e– is emitted from metal surface.

• de Broglie equation : All material particles in motion also exhibit wave like
properties.
h h
=λ =
mv p
For microscopic particles mass is very less therefore Wavelength of wave
associated with it can be detected.

26 Chemistry Class XI
 For macroscopic particles mass is large, λ of wave associated with it can
not be detected. Hence dominant wave character.
Hence microscopic bodies have dual nature, where as macroscopic bodies
have particle nature.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to determine the exact position and velocity of a moving
subatomic particle simultaneously with accuracy.

∆x × m∆v ≥

∆x = uncertainty in position
∆v = uncertainty in velocity

Bohr’s theory for H [H like one e– systems He+; Li2+]

(1) e– revolving round the nucleus in circular path [stationary state; SHELL]
with a definite angular momentum [Here n = no. of shell of e–] and
with definite energy

En = ⇒ – 2.18 × 10–18

(2) As n increases, Energy of e– becomes less – ve [Due to less force of Proton

attraction]
As n decreases, Energy of e– becomes More – ve [Due to more force of
attraction by protons]
(3) In infinity shell e– has zero force of attraction therefore zero energy.
(4) Electron energy only changes by definite values ∆E = Ef – Ei.

Hydrogen spectrum : When e– in hydrogen atom is provided energy it gets

excited to higher shell from ground state, it comes back to ground state by
emitting energy in definite values.
“Quanta” : The emission of light energy is known as emission spectra. It
corresponds to each atom depending upon which energy shell e– is excited.

Structure of Atom 27
 It is discontinuous spectra as ‘λ’ of light radiations do not merge with each
other like in VIBGYOR (Continous Spectra).
When e– falls from any excited state to

= 1,09,678 R = Rydberg constant = 109678 cm–1

ni = 1, nf = 2, 3, 4, .... [Lyman series] (UV)

ni = 2, nf = 3, 4, 5, .... [Balmer series] (VIBGYOR)

ni = 3, nf = 4, 5, 6 [Paschen series] IR.

ni = 4, nf = 5, 6, 7 [Bracket series] IR.

ni = 5, nf = 6, 7, 8 [Pfund series] IR.

Quantum numbers : The noumbers which completely define the state of

e– in an atom.
(1) Principal Quantum No. : It describes the distance of e– from nucleus ‘n’
i.e., defines the shell no. It is denoted by ‘n’.
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....
K, L, M, N, O .....
(2) Azimuthal (l) Quantum No. : It defines the path of e– decided by angular
momentum of e–. Each angular momentum value corresponds to one
subshell. The no. of subshells in a shell is 0 to n – 1.
n l (0 to n-1)
1 0 l=0 ‘s’ subshell

2 0, 1 l=1 ‘p’ subshell

3 0, 1, 2 l=2 ‘d’ subshell

4 0, 1, 2, 3 l=3 ‘f ’ subshell

All subshells are wave functions for locating e–.

In the same shell energy increase s < p < d < f.

28 Chemistry Class XI
(3) Magnetic Quantum No. : It gives the no. of magnetic orientations
an e– can have in a subshell. That is number of orbitals in a sub-shell.
ms = –l........o........+ l = (2l + 1).

(4) Spin Quantum No. : An e– is continuously spinning on its own axis.

1 1
The value of s = or –
2 2
An orbital can have maximum two e– one with clockwise and other with
anticlockwise spin.
Aufbau principle
(a) Electrons are filled in increasing order of energy of sub-shell.
(b) As ‘n + l’value increases energy of e– increases in that sub-shell.
(c) For two sub-shells with same ‘n + l’ value, as ‘n’ value increases
energy of e– increases.
Pauli’s principle
No two electrons can have same set of four quantum numbers in an atom.

Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

The pairing of e– in degenerate orbitals (different orbitals with same energy)
will get paired only once they have been singly occupied with same spin.

IMPORTANT POINTS
The filling of e– in subshells follows this order. (As per Aufbau principle)
(A) 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p
< 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p
(B) Half filled and completely filled subshells have more stability than
incompletely filled subshells.
Cr = [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu = [Ar] 4s1 3d10
(C) As the shell no. inc. size of subshell increases e.g., size of (2s > 1s) ; (3p
> 2p); (4d > 3d)

Structure of Atom 29
(D) The region in an orbital where probability of finding the e– is zero is known
as Nodal plane (or Node).
The no. of [radial nodes] = n – l – 1 and
Angular Nodes = l, Total nodes = n–1.

(E) ψ(psi) ψ2(psi square)

A wave function for The square of wave function where
locating an electron the probability of finding the e– is
maximum.
[Each value of ψ2 is a region and defines
one orbital]

(F) Orbit Orbital

(1) A definite distance from (1) A probability region for locating
the nucleus for finding the e– around the nucleus.
the e– [e– as a particle]. It is a wave function [e– as a wave]
(1) It has definite size and (2) It does not define definite size.
e– in this orbit has But only a boundary region diagram
definite energy. of a wave for locating the e–.

30 Chemistry Class XI
MIND MAP - STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Structure of Atom 31
 CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

The capacities of shells with a given principal quantum number are

fixed by (1) the rules governing the permitted values of the quantum numbers and
(2) the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The permitted values of the quantum numbers
are :
Principal quantum number n 1 to ∞
Azimuthal quantum number l 0 to n–1 (n values)
Magnetic quantum number ml – l to + l, (2l +1 values)
Spin quantum number ms – ½ or + ½ (2 values)

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in the same
atom may have the same values of all four quantum numbers. It follows that,
for a given value of n, there are 2n2 different sets of values for the quantum
numbers, because l may have the values O, 1, . . ., n–1, and for each value
of l there are 2l +1 values of ml and for each set of values of l and m there are
just two choices for ms.
(Reference : Thomas H. Hazlehurst, J. Chem. Educ. 1941, 18, 12, 580 Publication
Date: December 1, 1941, Journal of American Chemical Society).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer:
(i) Based on the concept of quantum numbers mentioned in the study, which
of the following value sets of quantum numbers are not possible?
(a) n=0, l=0, ml= 0, ms= -1/2
(b) n=5, l=3, ml= -4, ms= +1/2
(c) n=3, l=1, ml= -1, ms= -1/2
(d) n=6, l=1, ml= 0, ms= +1/2
(ii) What will be the maximum possible number of electrons having ms = -1/2
for n=5?
(a) 50 (b) 25
(c) 32 (d) 72

32 Chemistry Class XI
(iii) Which of the following quantum numbers can distinguish between two
electrons present in the same orbital?
(a) Azimuthal quantum number
(b) Principal quantum number
(c) Magnetic quantum number
(d) Spin quantum number
(iv) Maximum number of electrons having n = 3 and l = 1 is-
(a) 14 (b) 6
(c) 10 (d) 2
ANS: I-B, II-B, III-D, IV-B

2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting its nucleus.
The electromagnetic force between the electron and the nuclear proton leads to
a set of quantum states for the electron, each with its own energy. These states
were visualized by the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom as being distinct orbits
around the nucleus. Each energy state, or orbit, is designated by an integer, n as
shown in the figure. The Bohr model was later replaced by quantum mechanics in
which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an orbit, but the allowed
energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory.

Structure of Atom 33
Spectral emission occurs when an electron transitions, or jumps, from a higher
energy state to a lower energy state. To distinguish the two states, the lower energy
state is commonly designated as n' , and the higher energy state is designated as n.
The energy of an emitted photon corresponds to the energy difference between
the two states. Because the energy of each state is fixed, the energy difference
between them is fixed, and the transition will always produce a photon with the
same energy.
(Reference : Andrew, A. V. (2006). “2. Schrödinger equation”. Atomic
spectroscopy Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure p. 274 ISBN 978-0-
387-255736. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series).
In these questions (Q. No. (i) to (iv) , a statement of assertion followed by a
statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices :
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement
i. ASSERTION: The energy states of H-atom are independent of azimuthal
quantum number.
REASON: H-atom does not have any inter-electronic repulsion as it has
only 1 e-.
ii. ASSERTION: A spectral line will be seen for a 2px – 2py transition.
REASON: Energy is released when electron drops to lower stationary state.
iii. ASSERTION: For Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum, the value n1 = 2
and n2 = 3, 4, 5... .
REASON: The value of n2 for a line in Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum
having the highest wavelength is 6.
iv. ASSERTION: Electromagnetic radiations of fixed wavelengths are absorbed
by the H-atom.
REASON: Radiations corresponding to the energy difference between the
two stationary states are absorbed.
ANS:- I-A, II-D, III-C, IV-A

34 Chemistry Class XI
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
1. Packet of energy is called
(a) Electron (b) Photon
(c) Position (d) Proton
2. Orbital which is not possible
(a) 2p (b) 3d
(c) 3s (d) 3f
3. the magnetic quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orbital angular momentum (d) orientation of the orbital in space
4. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orbital angular momentum (d) orientation of the orbital in Spence
5. The designation of an orbital with in = 4 and 1 = 3
(a) 4s (b) 4p
(c) 4d (d) 4f
6. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength
as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 in the He+ spectrum?
(a) n = 4 to n =1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
(c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
7. The wave number of first line of Balmer series of hydrogen in 15200 cm-1.
The wave number of the first Balmer line of Li2+ ion is
(a) 15200 cm-1 (b) 60800 cm-1
(c) 76000 cm-1 (d) 136,800 cm-1
8. An electron is moving in Bohr's orbit. Its de Broglie wavelength is λ. What
is the circumference of the forth orbit?
(a) 2/λ (b) 2λ
(c) 3λ (d) 3/λ

Structure of Atom 35
9. Which of the following statements in relation to the hydrogen atom is correct?
(a) 3s-orbital is lower in energy than 3p-orbital
(b) 3p-orbital is lower in energy than 3-d-orbital
(c) 3s and 3p orbitals all have the same energy.
(d) 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals all have the same energy.
10. For principle quantum number, n = 4, the total number of orbitals having
1 = 3 is
(a) 3 (b) 7
(c) 5 (d) 9
11. The number of d-electrons retained in Fe2+ (At. no. of Fe = 26) ion is
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
12. Pauli exclusion principle helps to calculate the maximum number of electrons
that can be accommodated in any
(a) orbital (b) subsell
(c) shell (d) All of these
Ans. 1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (a), 5. (d), 6. (d), 7. (d), 8. (c), 9. (d),
10. (b), 11. (d), 12. (a)
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. Bohr’s theory is based on ________ of radiation.
2. The angular momentum of the electron in the 4th energy shell in the hydrogen
atom is ________.
3. Lines of Balmer series appear in ________ region.
4. The maximum number of electrons in Fe3+ (At. No. 26) is ________.
5. Li2+ and He+ ions have spectrum similar to ________ atom.
6. Bohr’s atomic theory is not able to explain the atomic spectra of atoms
containing ________ electron.
7. An electron in the first shell will have ________ stability and _______
energy than an electron in the third shell.
36 Chemistry Class XI
8. The space or three-dimensional region round the nucleus where there is
maximum probability of finding an electron of specific energy is called
an____
9. According to ____ no two electrons in an atom will have all the four quantum
numbers ____
10. When there are two electrons in the same orbital they have ____ spins.
11. The s-subhells have ____ shape and the p-subshells have____
12. The maximum number of electrons on a subshell is equal to ______ where
l = ______
2h
Ans. 1. Planck’s theory 2.
π
3. Visible 4. 23
5. H-atom 6. more than 1
7. Larger, lower 8. orbital
9. Pauli exclusion principle; similar
10. Opposite
11 Spherical, dumb bell shape.
12. 2l + 1; azimuthal quantum numbers

TRUE AND FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS

Write true or false for the following statements
1. Bohr’s theory cannot explain the spectra of multi-electron atoms.
2. Bohr’s theory based on the Planck’s quantum theory.
3. Size of orbital is determined by principal quantum number.
4. Fe2+ ion has more number of unpaired electrons than Fe3+.
5. The outer electronic configuration of chromium atom is 3d44s2.
6. The designation of an orbital n=4 and l=0 is 4s.
7. All photons of light have same energy.
8. Fe3+ has 3d5 configuration.

Structure of Atom 37
9. The number of subshells is always equal to the order of the orbit.
10. Two electrons in the same orbital has antiparallel spin.
11. The second orbit in He+ ion has radius as the first orbit in hydrogen atom.
12. Heisenberg principle is applicable to microscopic particles.
13. 3s orbital has 2 radial nodes.

Ans. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (F) 6. (T) 7. (F)

8. (T) 9. (F) 10. (T) 11. (T) 12. (T), 13. (T)

MATCH THE COLUMNS

1. Match the following

List-I List-II
a. Lyman series p. Visible region
b. Balmer series q. Infrared region
c. Paschen series r. Absorption spectrum
d. Brackett series s. Ultraviolet region

2. Match the following

List-I List-II List-III
a. Principal quantum number p. Spin of electrons i. –l to + l
b. Azimuthal quantum number q. Size of orbital ii. 0 to ∞
c. Magnetic quantum number r. Orientation of the orbital iii. ± ½
d. Spin quantum number s. Shape of the orbital iv. 0 to (n–1)

3. Match the following

List-I List-II List-III
a. 2s p. Dough not shape i. along z-axis
b. 2px q. Spherical ii. In between x & y-axis
c. 3dxy r. Dumb bell iii. non-directional
d. 3dz2 s. Double dumb bell iv. along x-axis

38 Chemistry Class XI
4. Match the following
List-I List-II
a. 2s p. Two nodal planes
b. ψ2 q. One radial node
c. Heisenberg’s uncertainty r. Electron probability density
principle
d. 3dyz s. Microscopic particles

Ans.: 1. a. (s), b. (p), c. (q), d. (q)

2. a. (q). (ii), b. (s). (iv), c. (r). (i), d. (p). (iii)

3. a. (q). (iii), b. (r). (iv), c. (s). (ii), d. (p).(i)

4. a. (q), b. (r), c. (s), d. (p)

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: (Questions 1 to 10)

A. Both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
B. Both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
C. Assertion is true statement but Reason is false.
D. Assertion is false but Reason is true.

1. Assertion : Number of orbitals in 3rd shell is 9.

Reason : Number of orbitals for a particular value of n = n2.
2. Assertion : Two nodal planes are present in 3dxy.
Reason : Number of nodal planes = l
3. Assertion : The energy of an electron is largely determined by its principal
quantum number.
Reason : The principal quantum number is a measure of the most probable
distance of finding the electrons around the nucleus.

Structure of Atom 39
4. Assertion : An orbital cannot have more than two electrons, moreover, if
an orbital has two electrons they must have opposite spins.
Reason : No two electrons in an atom can have same set of all the four
quantum numbers.
5. Assertion: Black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiations of
all frequencies.
Reason: The frequency of radiation emitted by a body goes from a lower
frequency to higher frequency with an increase in temperature.
6. Assertion: 2p orbitals do not have any radial nodes.
Reason: The number of radial nodes in p-orbitals is given by (n-2) where n
is the principal quantum number.
7. Assertion: The opposite lobes of a p-orbital have opposite sign whereas
opposite lobes of d-orbital have the same sign.
Reason: The opposite lobes of a p-orbital have opposite charge whereas the
opposite lobes of d-orbital have the same charge.
8. Assertion: Electronic configurations of Cr3+ (containing 21 electrons) is
same as that of Sc(Z=21) i.e., isoelectronic species have the same electronic
configuration.
Reason: Orbitals of atoms are filled in order of increasing energy following
aufbau principle.
9. Assertion: Hydrogen has one electron in its orbit but it produces several
spectral lines.
Reason: There are many excited energy levels available.
10. Assertion: The free gaseous Cr atom has six unpaired electrons.
Reason: Half-filled d-orbitals have greater stability.

Ans. 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A

40 Chemistry Class XI
 ONE WORD ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Write the name of the theory which explain the wave nature of light.
2 Write the name of the theory which explain the Black body radiations
and photo electric effect
3 If the length of the crest of a wave is 4 pm. Write the wavelength of this
wave. [Ans.8 pm]
4. A radiation emitted from a hot iron is photon or quantum ?
5. Out of the d orbitals which does not have four lobes ?
6. What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist ?
7. Which quantum number is not obtained from solution of Schrödinger wave
equation ?
8. Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f
9. Write the name of non-directional subshell.
10. Write the name of quantum number which determines the orientation of
orbitals ?
11. Write the name of quantum number which determines the shape of orbitals.
12. How many orbitals are present in ‘g’ subshell ?

1-MARK QUESTIONS
1 Write the relation between frequency and wave number.
2 Cs shows maximum photoelectric effect, why ?
3 Distinguish between a photon and a quantum.
4 The line spectrum of an element is known as fingerprints of its atom.
Comment.
5 What is the value of the Bohr’s radius for the third orbit of hydrogen atom?
6 What type of metals are used in photoelectric cell ? Give one example.
[Ans. With large size, less work function.]
7 Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lie in the visible region’?
8 Mention the physical significance of y and y2.
9 Why did Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle replace the concept of definite
orbit by the concept of probability?
Structure of Atom 41
10. What is uncertain in uncertainty principle ?
11. Can a moving cricket ball have a wave character ? Justify your answer.
12. Heisenberg uncertainty principle has no significance in our everyday life.
Explain.
13. Write the Schrodinger wave equation.
14. Why uncertainty in position is more when uncertainty in velocity is less for
an electron ?
15. What are the four quantum numbers of 19th electron of copper ?
(Given : Atomic number of copper = 29)
16. How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms, value
of – 1/2 for n = 4 ?
17. Write the electronic configuration of Ni3+. (At. No. of Ni = 28)
18. How many radial and angular nodes are present in 2p orbital.
[Ans. Radial nodes = 0, Angular nodes = 1]

2-MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Define black body and black body radiations.
Q. 2. Give the essential postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom. How did it
explain ?
(i) the stability of the atom ?
(ii) origin of the spectral lines in H-atom ?
Q. 3. What is quantisation ? How quantisation of energy was introduced
in Bohr’s model ?
Q. 4. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same
wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+spectrum?
[Ans. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2]
Q. 5. What transition of Li2+ spectrum will have the same wavelength as
that of the second line of Balmer series in He+spectrum ?
[Ans. n2 = 6 to n1 = 3]
Q. 6. Calculate the energy required for the process
He+(g) ——→ He2+ (g) + e–

42 Chemistry Class XI
 The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 ×
10–18 J atom–1] [Ans. 8.72 × 10–18 J]
Q. 7. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in
the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen. [Ans. 1.523 × 106 m–1]
Q. 8. To which orbit the electron in H atom will jump on absorbing 12.1
eV energy ? [Ans. 3rd orbit]
Q. 9. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He+. What is
the radius of this orbit? [Ans. – 54.38 eV, 0.2645 Å]
Q. 10. What is the distance of separation between 3rd and 4th orbit of
H-atom ? [Ans. 3.703 Å]
Q. 11. The energy of electron in the first Bohr’s orbit is – 13.6 eV. Calculate
the energy of electron in the first excited state. [Ans. – 3.4 eV]
Q. 12. Calculate the number of protons emitted in 10 hours by a 60 W sodium
lamp emitting radiations of wavelength 6000 Å.
Q. 13. Which one has a higher energy, a photon of violet light with wavelength
4000 Å or a proton of red light with wavelength 7000 Å ?
[Given. h = 6.62 × 10–34 J sec.]
Q. 14. A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm.
Calculate the number of protons emitted per second by the bulb.
[Ans. 2.012 × 1020 s–1]
Q. 15. What are the maximum number of emission lines when the excited
electron of a H atom in n = 4 drops to the ground state ? [Ans. 6]
Q. 16. Which has more energy, light radiation of wavelength 400 pm or light
radiation of frequency 1015 Hz ?
Q. 17. Find the energy of electron in 4th shell of Li2+ ion.
Q. 18. What is the wave number of an electron with shortest wavelength
radiation in Lyman spectrum of He+ ion?
Q. 19. Write short note on :
(a) Continuous and discontinuous spectrum.
(b) Absorbtion and emission spectrum.
Q. 20. Calculate the mass of the photon with wavelength of 3.6 Å.
[Ans. 6.135 × 10–29 kg]

Structure of Atom 43
 Q. 21. Calculate the mass of the photon with wavelength of 5 pm.
Q. 22. On the basis of uncertainty principle show that an electron cannot
exist with in atomic nucleus. (Given : Nuclear radius = 10–I5 m)
[Hint : Taking 10–15 m as ∆x, the ∆v comes much higher than the
velocity of light and hence is not possible]
Q. 23. Explain why the uncertainty principle is significant only from the
motion of subatomic particles and is negligible for macroscopic
particles?
Q. 24. List two differences between orbit and orbital .
Q. 25. Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom
is an integral multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with
the electron revolving around the orbit
Q. 26. Comment on “Bohr’s model is against the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle”.
Q. 27. What are the similarities and difference in 2s and 2px orbitals and 1s
and 2s orbitals ?
Q. 28. Draw shape of d x 2 − y2 orbital.
Q. 29. On the basis of Pauli’s exclusion principle show that the maximum
number of electrons in the M -shell (n = 3 ) of any individual atom
is 18.
Q. 30. Designate each subshell with n = 4.
Q. 31. List the possible values for all the quantum numbers for the following
subshell.
(a) 2p (b) 4f
Q. 32. Write down the electronic configuration of Fe3+ and Ni2+. How many
unpaired electrons are present? (Given Atomic number, Fe = 26,
Ni = 28).
Q. 33. Out of principal, angular, magnetic and spin quantum number, which
quantum number determines the ?
(a) Shape of the orbital
(b) Number of orbitals in an orbit
(c) Size of the orbital
(d) Spin orientation of the electron.

44 Chemistry Class XI
 Q. 34. What is the Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity ? Explain with
suitable example.
Q. 35. Explain why :
(a) The three electrons present in 2p subshell of nitrogen remain
unpaired.
(b) Cr has configuration 3d5 4s1 and not 3d4 4s2.
Q. 36. (a) What is difference between 'l' and 'L'?
(b) Nitrogen has 7 proton, 7 electron and 7 neutrons. Calculate the
number of electron, protons and neutrons in N3– ion.
Q. 37. Which one is having higher energy?
(a) Last electron of Cl– or last electron of O2–.
(b) n = 4, l = 3 or n = 5, l = 2.

3-MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1.(i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is
– 2.18 × 10–18 J atom-1. What is the energy associated with the fourth
orbit ?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s third orbit for hydrogen atom.
[Ans.– 1.36 × 10–19 J atom–l .4.761 nm]
Q. 2. A bulb emits light of wave length 4500Å. The bulb is rated as 150
watt and 8% of the energy is emitted as light. How many photons are
emitted by the bulb per second ? [Ans. n = 27.2 × 1018]
Q. 3. When light with a wavelength of 400 nm falls on the surface of sodium,
electrons with a kinetic energy of 1.05 × 105 J mol-1 are emitted.
(a) What is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from
sodium ?
(b) What is the maximum wavelength of light that will cause a
photoelectron to be emitted ?
[Ans. a = 3.2255 × 1019 J, b = 616 nm]
Q. 4. Compare the frequency of light radiations emitted when electron falls
from 5th shell to the 2nd shell in Li2+ ion and electron falls from 4th
shell to the 1st shell in He+ ion.

Structure of Atom 45
 Q. 5. Calculate the number of waves made by Bohr electron in one complete
revolution in its third orbit. [Ans. 3]
Q. 6. What should be the ratio of velocities of CH4 and O2 molecules
so that they are associated with de Broglie waves of equal
wavelength ? [Ans. 2]
Q. 7. Calculate the wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated in
a particle accelerator through a potential difference of 1 kv.
[Given 1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J] [Ans. 3.87 × l0–7 m]
Q. 8. (i) Discuss the similarities and differences between a 1s and 2s orbital.
(ii) Draw the shape of d z2 .
Q. 9. Calculate the wavelength of a tennis ball of mass 60 gm moving with
a velocity of 10 m per second. (h = 6.626 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1)
[Ans. 10–3 metre]
Q. 10. Calculate the wavelength of 1000 kg rocket moving with a velocity
of 3000 km/hr. (h = 6.626 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1)
[Ans. 7.9512 × 10–40 m]
Q. 11. Calculate the uncertain it in the velocity of a cricket ball of mass
150 g, if uncertainity in its position is of the order of 1 Å.
[Ans. 3.5 × 10–24 m s1]
Q. 12. (a) What is de-Broglie wavelength for an electron moving with
velocity of light?
(b) What is the angular momentum of electron in 5th shell?
Q. 13. Two particles A and B have wavelength λA = 5 × 10–10 m and λB =
10 × 1010 m. Find their frequency, wave number and energies. Which
has more penetrating power and why ?
Q. 14. (a) Which has max. uncertainty regarding position and why ?
Electron, proton and neutron.
(b) Find the number of waves associated with a light radiation of
time period 5 ns.
Q. 15. If an electron in He+ has angular momentum of 5h/2π. Find its energy
and wavelength associated with it. Find the kinetic energy of this
electron.

46 Chemistry Class XI
 Q. 16 .(i) An atomic orbital has n = 2. What are the possible values of l and ml ?
(ii) List the quantum numbers (m1 and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
2d, 1s, 2p and 3f.
Q. 17. (a) Write the maximum number of electron in a subshell with l = 3 and
n = 4.
(b) Write the maximum number of electron that can be associated with
the following set of quantum numbers ?
n = 3, l = 1 and ml = – 1
(c) Write the maximum number of electron that can be accomodated in
an atom in which the highest principal quantum number value is 4.
Q. 18. (i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ions :
(a) H– (b)Na+ (c)O2– (d) F–
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons
are represented by (a) 3s1(b) 2p3 and (c) 3p5 ?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations ?
(a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
Q. 19. Calculate:
(a) Total number of spherical nodes in 3p orbital.
(b) Total number of nodal planes in 3p orbital.
(c) Nodal planes in 3d orbital.

5-MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1.(a) Define Photoelectric effect ? Mention its one practical application in
daily life.
(b) Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when
it is exposed to radiation of wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate threshold
frequency (νo) and work function (Wo ) of the metal.
[Ans. νo = 4.41 × 1014 s–1 Wo = 2.92 × 10–19 J]
Q. 2.(a) The electronic energy in Bohr’s orbit is negative .How will you account
for it?
(b) The ionisation energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What will be the
energy of the first orbit of He+ and Li2+ ions ?
[Ans. E1 of He+ = – 54.4 eV, E1 of Li2+ = – 122.4 eV ]

Structure of Atom 47
 Q. 3.(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Threshold frequency (ii) Work function.
(b) The work function for Cs atom is 1 .9 eV. Find threshold wavelength
(λ0)and threshold frequency (ν0) of this light radiation. If Cs metal is
irradiated with a radiation of wavelength 500 nm find kinetic energy
and velocity of emitted electron.
Q. 4.(a) State de Broglie equation. Write its significance.
(b) A beam of helium atoms moves with a velocity of 2.0 × 103 m s–1.
Find the wavelength of the particle constituting the beam
(h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s) [Ans. 49.9 pm ]
Q. 5.(a) State Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. Give its mathematical
expression. Also give its significance.
(b) Calculate the uncertainity in the position of a dust particle with mass
equal to 1 mg if the uncertainity in its velocity is 5.5 × l0–20ms–1.
[Ans. 9.55 × 1010 m]
Q. 6.(a) Cricket ball, a tennis ball and a proton which has more uncertainity
in velocity and which follows Heisenberg uncertainity principle
maximum.
(b) What is the similarity in de-Broglie and Heisenberg principle? Which
is different from Bohr theory for structure of atom?
(c) Why energy in a given subshell is negative?
Q. 7.(a) Write short notes on:
(i) Aufbau principle (ii) Pauli’s principle (iii) Hund’s rule.
(b) Write the electronic configuration of the following ions :
(i) Fe3+ (ii) Cu+ [Given Atomic number of Fe and
Cu are 26 & 29]
Q. 8.(a) Draw the shapes of the following orbitals.
(i) 3dxy (ii) dz2
(b) What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal
quantum number n = 3 ?

48 Chemistry Class XI
 (c) Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following
quantum numbers:-
(a) n = 3, l = 0, (b) n = 4, l = 2, (c) n = 5, l = 3, (d) n = 1, l = 0
Q .9. Explain the following :
(i) Energy of electron is not decided by : n, l ,m and s.
(ii) Maximum number of electron with – 1/2 spin for n = 3 is 6,9,12
or none.
(iii) Maximum number of electron can be present for n + l = 4.
(iv) 3f subshell is not possible.
(v) Maximum number of electrons in a subshell is :
(2l + l) or (4l + l) or n2
Q. 10.(a) A neutral atom has 2K, 8L and 15 M electrons. Find the total numbers
of electrons in s, p, d and f subshell.
(b) How many unpaired electrons are present in the following ions :
Al+, Cr2+, Co3+ and Mn2+
(Given Atomic number : Al=13, Cr = 24, Co = 27 & Mn = 25)
(c) One electron is present in 4f subshell. What is the sum of n + l +
m1 + ms values assuming ‘f ’ subshell follows – 3 to + 3 order of
filling electron.
Q. 11. Answer the following :
(a) n + l value for 14th electron in an atom.
(b) Increasing order of filling electron in 4f, 5p and 6d subshells.
(c) ‘m’ and ‘l’ value for last electron of Mg atom.
(Given atomic number of Mg is 12)
(d) Subshell in which last electron is present in Ga.
(Given Atomic number of Ga is 31)
(e) Sum of spin of all the electron in element having atomic number 14.

Structure of Atom 49
 UNIT TEST-I
Time allowed : 1 Hour Maximum Marks : 20

General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. Designation for an orbital with n = 4 and l = 3 is (1)

(a) 4s (b) 4p (c) 4d (d) 4f
2. Maximum number of unpaired electrons in chromium is (1)
(Given: Atomic number of Cr = 24)
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
3. Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lie in the visible
region’? (1)
4. Why de-Broglie's wavelength is not significant for macroscopic objects.(1)
5. Which of the following is not possible ?
(a) 2p (b) 3d (c) 3f (d) 4p (1)
6. Write two difference between orbit and orbital. (2)
7. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in
the paschen series of atomic hydrogen. (2)
8. (a) How many orbitals are associated with n = 4 ? (3)
(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having
ms value of –1/2 for n = 3 ?
(c) Draw the shape of dz2.
9. Calculate the uncertainty in the position of a dust particle with mass
equal to 1 mg if the uncertainty in its velocity is 5.5 × 10-20 ms-1. (3)
10. (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is
–2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1. What is the energy associated with the
fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
(iii) Calculate the radial and angular nodes in 2p orbital.
(iv) Define the black body and black body radiations. (5)

50 Chemistry Class XI
 UNIT TEST-II
Time allowed : 1 Hour Maximum Marks : 20

General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a ball of mass 1 kg having kinetic

energy 0.5j is (1)
(a) 6.626 × 10–34 m (b) 13.20 × 10–34 m
(c) 10.38 × 10–21 m (d) 6.626 × 10–34 Å
2. The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of first orbit of
hydrogen atom? (1)
+ 2+ 2+
(a) He (n = 2) (b) Li (n = 2) (c) Li (n = 3) (d) Be (n = 2) 3+

3. Which series of hydrogen spectrum lies in the UV region’? (1)

In following questions a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of
Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
4. Assertion : It is impossible to determine the exact position and exact
momentum of an electron simultaneously.
Reason : The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined. (1)
5. Assertion : All isotopes of a given element show the same type of chemical
behaviour.
Reason : The chemical properties of an atom are controlled by the number
of electrons in the atom. (1)
6. Calculate the number of angular nodes and radial nodes in 3p orbital. (2)
7. Calculate the mass of photon with wavelength 3.6A°. (2)

Structure of Atom 51
8. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength
as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum? (3)
9. (a) The energy associated with Bohr's first orbit is –2.18×10–18 J atom–1.
What is the energy associated with fifth orbit?
(b) The work function for Caesium atom is 1.9eV. Calculate the threshold
wavelength.
[Given : lev = 1.6 × 10–19 J]
(c) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4? (1×3=3)

10. (i) How many electrons will present in sub-shell having spin quantum
number value of –½ for n = 4?
(ii) Which of the following transition will have minimum wavelength and
why?
n4 → n1 , n4 → n2 , n2 → n1
(iii) Give the number of radial nodes for 3s and 2p orbitals. (5)

******

52 Chemistry Class XI
 Classification of Elements
and Periodicity in
Properties
FAST TRACK : QUICK REVISION

• The first systematic classification of elements was provided by Russian

chemist D.I. Mendeleev.
1. Mendeleev's periodic law
“The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions
of their atomic weight.”
2. It was modified to Modern Periodic law :
“The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions
of their atomic numbers.”
It is the long form of periodic table :
7 Horizontal rows are called Periods and 18 Vertical columns are called
Group
Group-1 are called Alkali metals Group-2 are called Alkaline earth metals.
Group-15 are called Pnicogens Group-16 are called Chalcogens
Group-17 are called Halogens Group-18 are called Noble gases
3. 1st period – 2 elements 2nd and 3rd period – 8 elements
4th and 5th period – 18 elements 6th period – 32 elements
7th period – Incomplete (32 elements)
4. Groups
1 and 2 – ‘s’ block elements last electron entered in ‘s’ subshell [s1, s2]
3 to 12 – ‘d’ block elements last electrons entered in ‘d’ subshell [d1 to d10].
13 to 18 – ‘p’ block elements last electrons enter in ‘p ’ subshell [p1 to p6].
Two f-block series lanthanoids and actinoids are placed in the bottom of
periodic table.

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 53

 5. (A) In ‘s’ and ‘p’ block elements the electrons enters in outer most shell.
In ‘d’ block elements the electron enters in the penultimate shell (n – 1).
‘f ’ block elements last electron enter the antepenultimate shell (n – 2).
(B) ‘f ’ block elements are placed in between ‘d’ block elements.
‘f ’ block elements in 2 rows [4f lanthanoids, 5f actinoids]
6. General outer electronic configuration
‘s’ block : ns1, ns2 [Group 1 to 2]
‘p’ block : ns1np1 to ns2 np6 Group 13 to 18
‘d’ block : ns0–2 (n – 1) d1 to 10 Group 3 to 12
‘f ’ block : (n – 2)f 1 to 14 (n – 1)d0, 1 ns2
7. General periodic trends in properties of elements

• ATOMIC RADIUS
(A) Left to right decreases due to effect of successive increasing nuclear change
without addition of a new shell.
(B) From top to bottom atomic radius increases due to successive addition of
shell.
(C) Noble gases have large radius than group 17 due to complete filling of
electron in outer shell electron-electron repulsion mildy increases.
• COVALENT RADIUS
It is half of the distance between the centre of nuclei of two adjacent similar
atoms which are bonded to each other by single covalent bond.
• van der Waal's Radius
van der Waal's radius is defined as one-half the distance between the centres
of nuclei of two nearest like atoms belonging to two adjacent molecules of
the element in the solid state.
54 Chemistry Class XI
• METALLIC RADIUS
Half of the distance between the centres of the nuclei of two adjacent atoms
in the metallic crystal. A comparison of the three atomic radii show that
van der Waal's radius is maximum while the covalent radius has the least value.

van der Waal's radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius

• IONIC RADIUS
(A) Cation radius < Atomic radius – due to more no. of protons than number
of electron coloumbic force increases, size decreases.
[Mg2+ < Mg+ < Mg]
(B) Anion radius > Atomic radius – Due to more number of electron than
number of protons
[N3– > O2– > F–]
Electron-Electron repulsion increase, coloumbic force of attraction
decreases.
(C) For Isoelectronic species – More is the charge of cation lesser the size.
More is the charge of anion, more is the size.
(D) Order of size – O2– > F– > Na > Na+ > Mg2+
8. (A) Ionisation enthalpy :
The minimum amount of energy which is required to remove the most
loosely bound electron from an isolated atom in the gaseous state is called
Ionisation enthalpy.
M(g) + Energy —→ M+ + e–
IE3 > IE2 > IE1
(B) Variation of I.E along a period:
Ionisation enthalpy increase along the period because atomic radii
decrease and nuclear charge increase along the period.
I ionisation enthalpy Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ar
II ionisation enthalpy Be < C < B < N < F < O < Ne
 Non metallic behaviour : Increase from left to right due to more number
of electron in outershell and added electron goes towards nucleus.

9. Screening effect or shielding effect:-

It is the decrease in the force of attraction between nucleus and outermost
electron due to presence of inner shell electrons. As a result, the outer most
electrons does not feel full charge of the nucleus. The actual charge felt by
an electron is called effective Nuclear charge.
Shielding effect is in the following order s > p > d > f
d & f subshell show weak sheilding effect because their orbital size are large
and are more diffused.
10. Isoelectronic species:
Ions of different elements which have the same number of electrons but
different no. of protons are called isoelectronic ions.
Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ N3– O2– F–
No. of Protons 11 12 13 7 8 9
No. of electrons 10 10 10 10 10 10
Ionic Radii Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– < N3–
11. Electron gain enthalpy:
The enthalpy change when an extra electron is added to neutral gaseous atom
to form anion.
E(g) + e– → E– (g)
■ Trends : From left to right – Increase due to decrease in size, more
attraction of added electron by nucleus.
■ From top to bottom—Decreases as the added electron is away from
nucleus due to increase in size.
■ Cl has more negative electron gain enthalpy than fluorine – Due to small
size of fluorine extra added electron has more inter electronic repulsion
than chlorine which has large size.
■ Similarly Phosphorus and Sulphur have negative electron gain enthalpy
than nitrogen and oxygen respectively.
■ Maximum electron gain enthalpy – Chlorine (in periodic table)
56 Chemistry Class XI
 ■ Electron gain enthalpy –
Halogen > Oxygen > Nitrogen > Metal of group 1 and 13 and non metal
of group 14 > metal of group 2.
■ 2nd electron gain enthalpy is always positive.

12. Electro negativity:

The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electron towards itself
in a bonded state.
■ Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table.
■ Cesium is the least electronegative element in the periodic table.
■ Electro-negativity decreases down the group and increases along the period
Difference between electron gain enthalpy and Electronegativity.
Electron gain enthalpy is the energy, but electronegativity is not the energy,
it is only the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of
electrons. Three highest electronegative atoms F > O > N.
Maximum electronegative Assign to F.
* Lightest element : Hydrogen
* Lightest metal : Lithium
* Heaviest metal (highest density) : Osmium
* Most reactive metal : Caesium
* Most reactive nonmetal : Fluorine
* Most malleable metal : Gold
* Electrically best conductor : Silver
* Metals which are relatively volatile : Zn, Cd, Hg
* Strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution : Lithium
* Strongest oxidising agent : Fluorine
* The element of lowest ionisation energy : Caesium
* The element of highest ionisation energy : Helium
* The most electronegative element : Fluorine
* The element of highest electron gain enthalpy : Chlorine
* The group containing most electropositive metals : Group 1
* The group containing most electronegative metals : Halogens Group 17
* The group containing maximum number of gaseous elements : Group 18

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 57

13. Second period element—Show different behaviour that I group element—
Due to (a) small size (b) High electron negativity (C) High polarising
power (d) absence of ‘d’ orbital.
Na3[Al(OH)6] exists but Na[B(OH)4] not exists.
14. The similarities in properties of first member of a group to second member
of just next higher group due to comparable atomic radius, nearly same
polarising power of ions is known as diagonal relationship.
Li Be B C N
Na Mg Al Si P
Elements with number of e– in valance shell
(a) 1, 2, 3 metals
(b) 4 metalloids
(c) 5, 6, 7 non-metals
(d) 8 noble gas

eg

58 Chemistry Class XI
 number number of
subshell and orbital filled acrosss a period orbital element
used
1 2
4 8
4 8

8 16
8 16
16 32
16 32
 MIND MAP
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

(s, p, d, f)

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties

59
 CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups generally
have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends
are more significant than vertical group trends, such as the f-block, where
the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.
Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius, ionization
energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. Moving left to right across a period,
atomic radius usually decreases. This occurs because each successive element has
an added proton and electron, which causes the electron to be drawn closer to
the nucleus. This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to
increase when moving from left to right across a period. The more tightly bound
an element is, the more energy is required to remove an electron. Electronegativity
increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on
the electrons by the nucleus. Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a
period. Metals (left side of a period) generally have a lower electron affinity than
non-metals (right side of a period), with the exception of the noble gases.
(Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer:
(i) The atomic radii of Elements Z and X are compared. Element Z is having
larger radius than Element X. (Both the elements does not have noble gas
configuration and exist in same period in the periodic table)
Based on this you can say that the:
A) Element Z is located to the left side of Element X in the periodic table
B) Element Z is located to the right side of Element X in the periodic table
C) Element Z and X are probably in the same group
D) None of the above
(ii) In which of the following atoms is the 3s orbital closest to the nucleus?
A) Br B) Cl
C) I D) Same distance in all of these atoms

60 Chemistry Class XI
(iii) __________ have the lowest first ionization energies of the groups listed.
A) Alkali metals
B) Transition metals
C) Halogens
D) Noble gases
(iv) The correct order of electronegativity is
A) Cl > F > O > Br
B) F > O > Cl > Br
C) F > Cl > Br > O
D) O > F > Cl > Br
ANS:- I-A, II-B, III-C, IV-B

2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

As the number of protons increase within a period (or row) of the periodic
table, the first ionization energies of the transition-metal elements are relatively
steady, while that for the main-group elements increases. The effective nuclear
charge mirrors and may explain the periodic trends in the first ionization energies of
the transition-metal and main-group elements. The differing periodic trends in the
effective nuclear charge are due to a greater increase in shielding in the transition-
metal elements than in the main-group elements. The difference in shielding is
due to the entry of electrons into an inner-shell orbital for the transition-metal
elements, while electrons enter an outer-shell orbital for the main-group elements.

(Reference: Paul S. Matsumoto J. Chem. Educ. 2005, 82, 11, 1660 Publication
Date: November 1, 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society)

In these questions (Q. No. (i) to (iv) , a statement of assertion followed by a

statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 61

b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement

i. ASSERTION: The first ionization energies of the transition-metal elements

are relatively steady.

REASON: Electrons are added into an inner-shell orbital for the transition-
metal elements along the period.

ii. ASSERTION: The first ionisation energy of Be is greater than that of B.

REASON: 2p orbital is lower in energy than 2s orbital.

iii. ASSERTION: The ionisation of s-electron requires more energy than

ionisation of p-electron of the same shell

REASON: The s-electrons are closer to the nucleus than p-electrons and
hence are more strongly attracted by the nucleus.

iv. ASSERTION: The first ionisation enthalpy of aluminium is lower than

that of magnesium.

REASON: Ionic radius of aluminium is smaller than that of magnesium.

ANS:- I-A, II-C, III-A, IV-B

62 Chemistry Class XI
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
1. According to modern periodic law, the physical and chemical properties
of elements are the periodic functions of their ?
(a) Density (b) Atomic Number
(c) Mass Number (d) Atomic Mass

2. Highest electropositive element in the periodic table is

(a) Cs (b) Rb
(c) K (d) Na

3. The correct order of ionic radii of the species N3–, O2–, Na+ and F– is
(a) Na+ < F– < O2– > N3– (b) F– < O2– < N3 > Na+
(c) O2– < N3– < F– > Na+ (d) N3– < Na+ < F– > O2–

4. The basic strength of the oxides follows the order

(a) Al2O3 > MgO > Na2O (b) Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O
(c) Na2O3 < MgO > Al2O3 (d) Al2O3 > MgO > Na2O

5. The correct order of the size of C, N, P, S follows the order

(a) N<C<P<S (b) C < N < S < P
(c) C<N<P<S (d) N < C < S < P

6. Which of the following oxide is most acidic?

(a) Na2O (b) Al2O3
(c) P2O5 (d) SO3

7. Downward in a group, electropositive character of elements

(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains same (d) none of these

8. Element which has more negative electron gain enthalpy is

(a) F (b) O
(c) Cl (d) S

9. The electronegativity of the following elements increase in the order

(a) C, N, Si, P (b) N, Si, C, P
(c) Si, P, C, N (d) P, Si, N, C

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 63

10. The ionisation enthalpy of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen molecules
because of
(a) greater attraction of electrons by the nucleus
(b) extra stability of the half filled p-orbitals
(c) smaller size of nitrogen
(d) more penetrating effect
Ans: 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (d), 6. (d), 7. (a), 8. (c),
9. (c), 10. (d)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Lightest metal in s-block elements is _____________ .

2. In the periodic table, horizontal rows are known as _____________ .
3. Elements of s-blocks and p-blocks are collectively called ___________.
4. Most electropositive elements belong to ___________ group.
5. Most electronegative elements belong to ___________ group.
6. The elements above atomic number 92 are called ___________.
7. The inner-transition elements belong to ________ block of the periodic
table and are shown separately at the ________ of the periodic table.
8. An element having electronic configuration [Ar] 3d5, 4s2 belongs to
____________ block.
9. Ca2+ has smaller ionic radius than K+ ion because it has ___________.
10. The maximum electronegativity is shown by ____________.
11 The maximum ionisation enthalpy is shown by ___________.
12 The cation is ________ and the anion is ________ than the parent atom.
Ans:
1. Lithium 7. F -, bottom
2. periods 8. s -
3. normal elements or 9. more protons
representative elements
4. 1st 10. F -
5. 17th 11. H
6. transuranic elements 12. smaller, bigger

64 Chemistry Class XI
 TRUE AND FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS
Write true or false for the following statements
1. First ionisation enthalpy of Be is higher than B.
2. Every period of the periodic table (except first period) starts with a member
of alkali metal.
3. The energy liberated during the removal of one electron from an atom is
called its ionisation potential.
4. Flourine has more negative electron gain enthalpy than chlorine.
5 Mg2+ ion has smaller size than Mg.
6. Electronegativity of F is larger than that of Cl but electron gain enthalpy
of Cl is larger than of F.
7. The decreasing order of electronegativity of F, O and N is F > O > N.
8. Group-18 contain maximum gaseous elements.
9. Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide.
10. Helium has the highest ionisation enthalpy.
Ans: 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)
6. (T) 7. (T) 8. (T) 9. (T) 10. (T)
MATCH THE COLUMNS
1.
Column A Column B Column C
a. Lightest element i. Caesium p. Is1
b. Lightest metal ii. Osmium q. [He] 2s1
c. Heaviest metal iii. Lithium r. [Xe] 6s1
d. Most reactive metal iv. Hydrogen s. d-block element
2.
Column A Column B
a. Fluorine i. High negative electron gain enthalpy
b. Helium ii. Most electropositive element
c. Chlorine iii. Most electronegative element
d. Caesium iv. Highest ionisation enthalpy
Column C
p. [Xe] 6s1
q. [He] 2s2 2p5
r. Is2
s. [Ne] 3s2 3p5

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 65

3.
Column A Column B
a. Na2O i. Amphoteric oxide
b. Cl2O7 ii. Acidic oxide
c. Al2O3 iii. Neutral oxide
d. CO iv. Basic oxide
4.
Column A Column B
a. s & p-block i. Inner transition elements
b. d-block ii. s-block elements
c. f-block iii. Transition elements
d. group-1 and group-2 iv. Representative elements
Ans: 1. a. (iv). (p), b. (iii). (q), c. (ii). (s), d. (i). (r)
2. a. (iii). (q), b. (iv). (r), c. (i). (s), d. (ii). (p)
3. a.(iv), b.(ii), c.(i), d.(iii)
4. a.(iv), b.(iii), c.(i), d.(ii)

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions for Q. No.1-10
A Both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
B Both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
C Assertion is true statement but Reason is false.
D Assertion is false but Reason is true.
1. Assertion : Ionic radius of Na+ is smaller than Na
Reason : Effective nuclear charge of Na+ is higher than Na
2. Assertion : First ionisation enthalpy of N is higher than O.
Reason : Extra stability of fully filled up 2p subshell of N atom
3. Assertion : Electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more negative than F atom.
Reason : F is more electronegative than Cl atom.
4. Assertion : First ionisation enthalpy of Galium is higher than aluminium.
Reason : Weak sheliding effect of 3d subshell is Galium.

66 Chemistry Class XI
5. Assertion: Noble gases have positive electron gain enthalpy.
Reason: Noble gases have stable closed shell electronic configuration.
6. Assertion: F is more electronegative than Cl.
Reason: F has more electron affinity than Cl.
7. Assertion: The ionic size of O2– is bigger than that of F– ion.
Reason: O2– and F– are isoelectronic ions.
8. Assertion: The ionic radii follows the order: I– < I < I+.
Reason: Smaller the value of z/e, larger the size of the species.
9. Assertion: The first ionisation enthalpy of aluminium is lower than that
of magnesium.
Reason: Ionic radius of aluminium is smaller than that of magnesium.
10. Assertion: First ionisation energy for nitrogen is higher than that of oxygen.
Reason: Across a period effective nuclear charge decreases.

Ans: 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C

ONE WORD ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Metals are placed on which side of modern periodic table?

2. Which block of modern periodic table represent inner transition elements?
3. Name a halogen which has more negative electron gain enthalpy value?
4. Which element is iso-electronic with Na+ ? [Ans. Ne]
[Given a atomic number of Sodium (Na) : 11]
5. An element is placed in 5th period and 3rd group what is its atomic number?
[Ans. 39]
6. What is covalency of Al in [AlCl4]– ? [Ans. 4]
7. Write the IUPAC Symbol for the element having atomic number 120.
[Ans. Ubn]
8. Write the name of the group containing maximum number of gaseous
elements.
9. Write the name of the subshell which show weakest sheilding effect.
10. Write the name of most electropositive element in the periodic table.
11. In what period and group will an element with Z = 118 will be present.

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 67

 1-MARK QUESTIONS

1. Which pair of elements has similar properties?

13, 31, 11 & 21
2. Name the element which exhibit diagonal relationship with Be.
[Ans. 13, 31]
3. Which group elements are known as halogens?
4. The element with ns2, np5 configuration is non-metal or metal?
5. Define van der Waal's radius.
6. Write the outer shell configuration of atomic number 31. [Ans. 4s2, p1]
7. Find the group number and period number of element having atomic
number 52. [Ans. Period = 5th, Group = 16th]
8. Arrange O2–, O–1, O in decreasing radius (size). [Ans. O2– > O–1 > O]
9. Why noble gas have bigger size than halogens?
10. Why first electron gain enthalpy of sulphur is more negative then oxygen?
11. Write general outer electronic configuration of 4f series elements.
[Ans. 6s2, 5d0–1, 4f1 to 14]
12. Write two isoelectronic species with Br (35). [Ans. Kr+, Se–1]
13. Show that 4th period can have maximum 18 elements in it.
14. Second I.E. is always more than first I.E., why?
15. Electronegativity of F > Cl > Br > I, why?
16. Arrange F and Cl in terms of increasing chemical reactivity?
17. Second I.E. of Na is more than second IE of Mg. Why?
18. I.E. for cation is more than neutral atom. Why?
19. Define diagonal relationship with the help of an example.
20. Out of O– and O, which has more negative electron gain enthalpy?
21. Mention any two anomalous properties of second period elements.

68 Chemistry Class XI
 2-MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Cations are smaller than their parent atom whereas anions are larger in
size than their parent atom. Explain.
2. Ionisation energy of nitrogen is more than ‘O’ and ‘C’ both, why ?
3. First ionisation energy of boron is less than Be but size of Be is less than
Boron. Why ?
4. Electron gain enthalpy of Mg is positive. Explain.
5. Define co-valency.
6. The reactivity of halogens decrease down the group but of alkali metals
increases down the group. Why?
7. Name a halogen, a metal and a group13 element which are liquid at
30°C. [Ans. Br, Hg, Ga]
8. The reducing power of elements increases down the group but reverse is
true for oxidising power along a period. Why ?
9. What is the formula of binary compound formed between :
(a) 1st element of I group and iodine ?
(b) 2nd element of II group and 1st element of 17th group ?
10. Arrange in the following in increasing order of property indicated:
(a) Size I, F, Cl, Br
(b) Oxidising power I, F, Br, Cl
11. Oxygen is more non-metallic than nitrogen but less than fluorine why ?
12. LiCl, LiBr, LiI are covalent as well as ionic why ?
13. PbCl2 is more stable than PbCl4. Why ? [Ans. Inert pair effect]
14. [Magnesium and Lithium both form nitrides why ?
15. Which has least I.E. [3p3, 3p6, 2p3, 2p6]?
16. (a) I.E. of sulphur is lower than chlorine.
(b) Arrange the following in decreasing order of their electro-negativity:
F, O, N, Cl, C, H.
17. Element ‘A’ in group 17 (2nd period)
‘B’ in group 16 (2nd period)
‘C’ in group 15 (2nd period)
Arrange ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ in their decreasing order of electro-negativity
and ionisation enthalpy.

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 69

 18. Element ‘A’ 13 group forms ionic compounds. Write the :
(a) Formula of its oxide.
(b) Arrange the following in their decreasing electro-positive character
Mg, Na, Al, Si.
19. Write the atomic number of element place diagonally to :
(a) Group 14, period 4 (b) Group 2, period 5
(c) Group 17, period 4
20. An element has outer shell electronic configuration 4s2 4p3. Find :-
(a) The atomic number of element place next below it.
(b) Atomic number of next noble gas.
3-MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is metallic radius, Covalent radius, van der waal’s radius. Give one
example for each.
2. Oxygen has first electron gain enthalpy exothermic while second
endothermic still a large number of ionic oxides are formed. Why ?
3. In some properties Boron shows different properties with respect to rest
of the membering the group. Justify.
4. Out of group 17, 18 and I, predict:-
(a) Which has most negative first electron gain enthalpy ?
(b) Which shows most metallic behaviour ?
(c) Which has highly positive electron gain enthalpy?
5. What are (a) representative elements, (b) Transition elements, (c)
Lanthanoid and actinoids. Give their positions in modern periodic table.
6. Why LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF are ionic ? But LiF is less ionic than CsF.
7. (a) Why Ca has larger atomic radius than Al ?
(b) Why 2s2 electron is difficult to remove than 2p electron ?
8. (a) Why the compounds of group 17 with group 13 elements are more
ionic and stable than with (group 1) elements? (b) Na2O is more ionic
than Li2O. why?
9. Explain the following data :
Ionisation energy Cl < H < O < N < F.

70 Chemistry Class XI
 10. IE2 of 3rd period elements is as follows. Why ?
Mg < Si < Al < P < S < Cl < Ar < Na.
11. Account fot the following:
(a) Halogens have very high negative electron gain enthalpy
(b) The electron gain enthalpy of Cl (Z = 17 )is more negative than that
of Fluorine ( Z = 9 ).
(c) Ionisation enthaply of Nitrogen ( Z = 7 ) is more than oxygen ( Z =8).
12. What are the d- block elements? Write any four properties of d - block
elements and give their general outer electronic configuration.
13. Explain the following:
(a) Modern Periodic law
(b) Electro-negativity
(c) Shielding effect
14. Among the second period elements the actual ionisation enthalpies are in
the order Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne. Explain why?
(i) Be has higher (DiH)1 than B
(ii) O has lower (DiH)1 than N and F ?
15. What do you understand by the isoelectronic species ? Name a species
that will be isoelectronic with each of the following atoms or ions.
(i) F– (ii) Ar (iii) Ca2+ (iv) Rb+
16. (a) Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na2O is a basic oxide
and Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide.
(b) Name a species that will be isoelectronic with each of the following
atoms or ions, (i) F– (ii) Ca2+
17. The first ionisation enthalpy values (in kJmol–1) of group-13 elements are:
B Al Ga In Tl
801 577 579 558 589
How would you explain this deviation from the general trend ?

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 71

 18. The first (IE1) and the second (IE2) ionisation enthalpies (kJ mol–1) of
three elements are given below:
I II III
IE1 403 549 1142
IE2 2640 1060 2080

Identify the element which is likely to be:-

(a) a non metal
(b) an alkali metal
(c) an alkaline earth metal
5-MARKS QUESTIONS
1. (A) Which of the following have same chemical properties :
(a) Atomic number 17, 53
(b) Atomic number 8, 52
(c) Both
(d) None
(B) Answer the following :
(i) B, Al, Ga (decreasing order of atomic radii).
(ii) C, S, N (decreasing order of (DHeg)1)
(iii) Al forms amphoteric oxide. Why ?
(iv) Si is a semiconductor while ‘C’ is a non-metal, why ?

2. Element ∆iHΘ1 ∆iHΘ2 ∆egH01

I 1681 3374 – 328

II 1008 1846 – 295
III 2372 5251 + 48
(a) The most reactive non-metal.
(b) The least reactive non-metal.
(c) The least reactive element. Give reasons also.
[Ans. (a) 1 (b) II (c) III]

72 Chemistry Class XI
 UNIT TEST-I
Time allowed : 1 Hour Maximum Marks : 20
General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. Which of the following show the weakest shielding effect ? (1)

(a) s (b) p (c) d (d) f
2. Which has highest electronegativity ? (1)
(a) Cl (b) O (c) N (d) S
3. Which pair of elements has similar properties? (1)
13, 31, 11, 21
4. Write general outer electronic configuration of 4f series elements. (1)
5. Write the IUPAC symbol for the element having atomic number 120. (1)
6. (a) Explain why cation are smaller and anions larger in radii than (2)
their parent atoms?
(b) Define accuracy & precision.
7. The first ionisation enthalpy values (in kJ mol–1) of group-13 (2)
elements are :
B Al Ga In Tl
801 577 579 558 589
How would you explain this deviation from the general trend?
8. (a) Show by a chemical reaction with water than Na2O is a basic (3)
oxide and Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide.
(b) Name a species that will be isoelectronic with each of the
following atoms or ions. (i) F– (ii) Ca2+
9. Explain the following :
(a) Shielding effect
(b) Diagonal relationship
(c) Anomalous behavior of second period elements.
10. (a) Alkali metals do not form dis-positive ions. Why? (5)
(b) Why is the IUPAC name and symbol of the element having atomic
number 117.
(c) Are the oxidation state and covalency of Al in [Al(H2O)6]2+ same?
(d) Why are there fourteen elements in the Lanthanide series?

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 73

 UNIT TEST-II
Time allowed : 1 Hour Maximum Marks : 20
General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. In the P3–, S2– and Cl– ions, the increasing order of size is (1)
(a) Cl–, S2–, P3– (b) P3–, S2–, Cl–

(c) S2–, Cl–, P3– (d) S2–, P3–, Cl–

2. The element with positive electron gain enthalpy is (1)
(a) hydrogen (b) sodium (c) oxygen (d) neon
3. Write the IUPAC name and symbol for the element with atomic
number 118. (1)
In following questions a statement of question followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices :
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
4. Assertion : Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a
group. (1)
Reason : Size of the atom increases on going down the group and the added
electron would be farther from the nucleus.
5. Assertion : Boron has a smaller first ionisation enthalpy than Beryllium.(1)
Reason : The penetration of 2s electron to the nucleus is more than 2p electron
hence 2p electron is more shielded by the inner core than 2s electron.
6. Out of O and S, which has higher negative electron gain enthalpy and
why? (2)
7. Assign the position of elements having outer electronic configuration :
(i) ns2 np4 for n = 3
(ii) (n-1) d2 ns2 for n = 4

74 Chemistry Class XI
8. Consider the element N, P, O and S and arrange them is order of : (3)
(i) increasing 1st I.E.
(ii) increasing negative electron gain enthalpy
(iii) increasing non-metallic character
The first (IE1) and second (IE2) ionisation enthalpies (kJmol–1) of three
9.
elements I, II and III are given below :
Element IE1 IE2
I 403 2640
II 549 1060
III 1142 2080
Identify the element which is likely to be
(i) non-metal
(ii) an alkali metal
(ii) an alkaline earth metal (3)
10. (a) Lithium shows diagonal relationship with which element and why?
(b) Among the elements of second period Li to Ne, pick out element:
(i) with the highest 1st I.E.
(ii) with the highest electronegativity
(iii) with largest atomic radius
(iv) most reactive non-metal (5)

*****

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 75