Periodic
Table
16.10.24
Periodic Table
Periodic table- a table of elements arranged in order of increasing proton
number/atomic number to show the similarities of the chemical elements
with related electronic configurations
Housekeeping
ManageBac submission of notes
Mind map submission
Periodic Table as an arrangement of elements in periods and
groups and in order of increasing proton number/atomic
number
There are over 100 chemical elements which have been
isolated and identified
Each element has one proton more than the element
preceding it
This is done so that elements end up in columns
with other elements which have similar properties
Elements are arranged on the periodic table in order
of increasing atomic number
The table is arranged in vertical columns called
groups and in rows called periods
Arrangement
of Elements
groups- vertical
columns of
elements with
similar properties-
atoms of elements
in the same group
have the same
number of valence
electrons
periods- horizontal
rows
Groups
Groups are the vertical columns that show how many outer electrons each atom has
They are numbered from 1-7 with a final group called Group 0
Group 4 elements have atoms with 4 electrons in the outermost shell, Group 6 elements have atoms
with 6 electrons in the outermost shell, and so on
The group number can help determine the charge that metal and non-metal ions form
For metals, the group number corresponds to the number of electrons it will lose to achieve a full outer
shell and the charge of the metal ion
Sodium is in Group 1, it will lose 1 electron and form an ion with a 1+ charge
Magnesium is in Group 2, it will lose 2 electrons and form an ion with a 2+ charge
For non-metals in Group 7 and 6, they will gain 1 and 2 electrons respectively to gain a full outer shell
non-metals in Group 7 gain 1 electron to form ions with a 1- charge
Non-metals in Group 6 gain 2 electrons to form ions with a 2- charge
Periods
Periods- horizontal rows that show the number of shells of electrons an atom has
and are numbered from 1 - 7
Elements in Period 2 have two electron shells, and elements in Period 3 have three
electron shells
Metals and Non-metals
Main distinction- between metals and non-metals
non-metals- grouped into the top hand region of the PT above the thick stepped
line
the change from metallic to non-metallic properties in the elements across a
period is not as clear-cut as the line
elements close to the line show properties that lie between those of metals
and non-metals
these are known as metalloids/ semi-metals
8 such metals- look like metals but are brittle like non-metals
neither conductors nor insulators- semiconductors
Position of Hydrogen in the PT
as the smallest
atom of all, its
properties are
unique- it does not
easilt fit into the
trends shown in any
one group
Electronic Configuration
elements in the same group have the
same number of valence electrons
periods of the PT have numbers-
these numbers show us how many
shells of electrons the atom has
Ca?
outer electrons of an atom- mainly
responsible for chemical properties
elements in the same group will
have similar chemical properties
Group VIII have the most stable
electron arrangements
Group Trends
Broad trends in the periodic table- leaving aside the noble gases
Individual groups show “group characteristics”- these properties follow a trend in
particular groups
Group I Properties
Group I metals are also known as alkali metals
sodium, lithium and potassium
elements in group I of the PT; form an alkaline solution when reacted with water
generally the most reactive group of metals
soft solids
relatively low melting points
low densities
highly reactive- stored in oil to prevent them from reacting with the oxygen and vapor
in the air
when cut with a knife- light-grey silvery surface- which quickly tarnishes and becomes
dull
Group I Trends
physical properties of the alkali metals change as we go down the group
melting and boiling points decrease
get softer
density of metals increase
chemical reactivity increases
alkali metals- react vigorously with cold water to form hydrogen and an alkaline
solution
Na reacting with water
sodium + water --> sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
In-text Practice Questions
Goals for 13.10.23
Review Group I characteristics and trends
Group VII characteristics and trends
WELCOME
BACK!
Group I Trends Review
Density down group I?
exception?
Melting point down group I?
Boiling point down group I?
Hardness of element?
Group Recactivity Review
reactivity down Group I?
when reacted with water forms?
Na + H20 -->
exothermic/endothermic?
Group VII Properties
Halogen Displacement Reactions
How can we test for this?
Group VII Properties
Halogens- elements in Group VII of the PT; generally the most reactive group of
non-metals
Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
exist as diatomic molecules (pairs of atoms)
Group VII down the group:
reactivity decreases down the group
F dangerously reactive pale-yellow gas at room temperature
steady increase in melting points and boiling points
steady increase in density
elements change from gas --> solid as the atomic number increases
intensity of color of element also increases (pale-->dark)
Common Properties of Halogens
poisonous and have a similar strong smell
all non-metals
all form diatomic molecules
valency of 1 and form compounds (halides) with similar formulae
HCl, HBr, HI
gradual changes in properties between halogens, down the group
Bp increases
densities increase
state changes from gas-->liquid-->solid
intensity of color of element increases
pale--> dark
chlorine- pale-yellow green
bromine- red-brown
Halogen Displacement Reactions
halogen displacement reactions- demonstrate the order of reactivity of the three
major halogens
Cl, Br, I
Cl added to a solution of potassium bromide- Cl displaces Br
Cl more reactive than Br, so it displaces Br and potassium chloride is formed
KBr is colorless, turns orange when Cl is bubbled through it
Housekeeping 11.11.24
group presentation Wed
Mb task for individual reports
Summative date and details on Mb
Review Group I and VII
Which halogen(s) will displace bromine from
a solution of KBr
write down the equation(s)
Halogen which is a red-brown liquid
Most poisonous halogen
Arrange the elements in increasing boiling point
order
Na
Rb
K
Cs
Li
Fr
Arrange the following Group VII elements in
decreasing density
I
Cl
Br
F
Transition Elements
block of elements
Features of Transition Elements
hard and strong
have high density
high melting and boiling points
18.11.24
review worksheet
venn diagram - submit with notes on Wed
notes due- Wednesday 7PM
Plan for 18.11-2.12
18.11- PT +ATP introduction
25.11- spillover + line curve, line of best fit
28.11- Metals
2.12- metals + revision
Common Properties of Transition Elements
some of the properties make them amongst the most useful metallic elements
much less reactive than the metals in Group I and II
excellent corrosion resistance
chromium
high melting point of Tungsten (3410 degrees C)
used in filaments of incandescent light bulbs
iron nails, silver cutlery, titanium camera body, iron magnet etc
Distinctive Properties of Transition Elements
distinctive properties
variable oxidation states
often produce colored compounds
act as catalysts
iron for making ammonia
platinum and rhodium in a catalytic converter
The Noble Gases
all of the noble gases are present in the Earth’s atmosphere
make up 1% of the total
these gases are unreactive
atoms of the noble gas do not combine with each other to form molecules or
any other form of structure
have a complete outer shell of electrons
making the atoms of these gases stable
electronic configuration of the atoms of the noble gases are energetically very
stable
so they do not react readily with other atoms and generally exist as single
atoms
25.11.24
notes submitted
line of best fit/curve of best fit completed
review FA
review line/curve of best fit
ATP questions
check that excel sheet for notes is acessible
ATP style questions
Kahoot Time!
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Pass on your doubts......
