Title: Relation and Function

Chapter: Relation and Function

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Composite Function :
Let f: XY1 and g: Y2 Z be two functions and D is the set of values of x such that if x  X, then
f(x)  Y2. If D  , then the function h defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is called composite function of g and
f and is denoted by gof. It is also called function of a function.

Note : Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain of f ). Range of gof is a subset of the range of
g. If D = X, then f(X) Y2.

Pictorially gof(x) can be viewed as under

Note that gof(x) exists only for those x when range of f(x) is a subset of domain of g(x).

Properties of Composite Functions :

(a) In general gof  fog (i.e. not commutative)
(b) The composition of functions are associative i.e. if three functions f, g, h are such that
fo (goh) and (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.

Example # 19 : Describe fog and gof wherever is possible for the following functions
(i) f(x) = x  3 , g(x) = 1 + x2 (ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2  1.
Solution : (i) Domain of f is [3, ), range of f is [0, ).
Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).

For gof(x)
Since range of f is a subset of domain of g,
 domain of gof is [3, ) {equal to the domain of f }
gof (x) = g{f(x)} = g ( x  3 ) = 1 + (x+3) = x + 4. Range of gof is [1, ).

For fog(x)
since range of g is a subset of domain of f,
  domain of fog is R {equal to the domain of g}
fog (x) = f{g(x)}= f(1+ x2 ) = x 2  4 Range of fog is [2, ).
(ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2  1.
Domain of f is [0, ), range of f is [0, ).

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 Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).

For gof(x)
Since range of f is a subset of the domain of g,
 domain of gof is [0, ) and g{f(x)}= g(x) = x  1. Range of gof is [1, )
For fog(x)
Since range of g is not a subset of the domain of f
i.e. [1, )  [0, )
 fog is not defined on whole of the domain of g.
Domain of fog is {xR, the domain of g : g(x) [0, ), the domain of f}.
Thus the domain of fog is D = {xR: 0  g(x) < }
i.e. D = { xR: 0  x2  1}= { xR: x  1 or x  1 }= (, 1]  [1, )
fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f(x21) = x 2  1 Its range is [0, ).

  
Example # 20 : Let f(x) = ex ; R+  R and g(x) = sinx ;   ,  [–1, 1]. Find domain and range of fog(x)
 2 2
Solution : Domain of f(x) : (0, ) Range of g(x) : [–1, 1]
 
values in range of g(x) which are accepted by f(x) are  0, 
 2

 0 < g(x)  1  0 < sinx  1  0 < x 
2

Hence domain of fog(x) is x  (0, ]
2

Therefore Domain : (0, ]
2
Range : (1, e]

Example # 21 : If f (x) = 1 + x  2, 0  x  4

g (x) = 2  x,  1  x  3
Then find fog (x) and gof (x). Also draw their rough sketch.
Solution : fog (x) = { 1 + g(x)  2, 0  g(x)  4,  1  x  3
= { 1 + 2  x 2, 0  2  x 4,  1  x  3
= {–1 + x ,  2  x  2, 1  x  3

 (1  x) , 1  x  0
=  ;
 x 1 , 0  x  2

gof(x) = {2  f(x),  1  f(x)  3, 0  x  4

= {2  1 + x  2,  1  1 + x  2 3, 0  x  4
= {2  1 + x  2, –2  x  6, 0  x  4

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 x 1 , 0  x 1

3  x , 1 x  2
=  ;
x 1 , 2x3
5  x , 3x4

Self practice problems

(13) Define fog(x) and gof(x). Also find their domain and range.
(i) f(x) = [x], g(x) = sin x
(ii) f(x) = tan x, x  (–/2, /2); g(x) = 1  x2

(14) Let f(x) = ex : R+  R and g(x) = x2 – x : R  R. Find domain and range of fog (x) and gof (x)

Answers :
(13) (i) gof = sin [x] domain : R range { sin a : a  }
fog = [ sin x] domain : R range : {–1, 0, 1}
  
(ii) gof  1  tan2 x , domain :   ,  range : [0, 1]
 4 4

fog  tan 1  x2 domain : [–1, 1] range [0, tan 1]

(14) fog (x) gof (x)

Domain : (–, 0)  (1, ) Domain : (0, )
Range : (1, ) Range : (0, )

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 Exercise – I

Section (A) : Identical functions, Composite functions

1. Check whether following pairs of functions are identical or not ?

 x 1
2
(i) f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = (ii)_ f(x) = tanx and g(x) =
cot x

1  cos 2x
(iii) f(x) = and g(x) = cos x (iv) f(x) = x and g(x) = enx
2

2. Find for what values of x, the following functions would be identical.

 x  1
f(x) = log (x  1)  log (x  2) and g (x) = log  
x  2

3. Let f(x) = x2 + x + 1 and g(x) = sin x. Show that fog  gof

4. Let f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin x, h(x) = x , then verify that [fo (goh)] (x) and [(fog) oh] (x) are equal.

5. Find fog and gof, if

fog, gof(x)
(i) f(x) = ex ; g(x) = n x (ii) f(x) = |x| ; g(x) = sin x
1
(iii) f(x) = sin x ; g(x) = x2 (iv) f(x) = x2 + 2 ; g(x) = 1 – ,x1
1 x

6. If f(x) = n(x2 – x + 2) ; R  R and

g(x) = {x} + 1 ; [1, 2]  [1, 2] , where {x} denotes fractional part of x.

Find the domain and range of f(g(x)) when defined.

1  x 2 ; x 1
7. If f(x) =  and g(x) = 1 – x ; – 2 < x < 1, then define the function fog(x).
 x  1; 1  x  2

x2 x2
8. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then find the domain of
x 1 x
(i) fog(x) (ii) gof(x) (iii) fof(x) (iv) fogof(x)

 2x x  Q  {0}
9. If f(x) =  , then define fof(x) and hence define fofof.....f(x) where f is ‘n’ times.
 3x x  Qc

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  x 1 x4
  x 2 1  x  3
10. Let f(x)  2x  1 4  x  9 and g(x) =  then, find f(g(x)).
 x  7  x  2 3  x  5
 x9

4x
11. If f(x) = , then show that f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1
4x  2

Section (B) : Identical functions, Composite functions

1. Which of the following pair of functions are identical –
(A) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x and g(x) = 1 (B) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x and g(x) = 1
(C) f(x) = cosec2x – cot2 x and g(x) = 1 (D) f(x) = nx2 and g(x) = 2nx

2. Let f(x) be a function whose domain is [– 5, 7]. Let g(x) = |2x + 5|, then domain of (fog) (x) is
(A) [– 4, 1] (B) [– 5, 1] (C) [– 6, 1] (D) [– 5, 7]

 1 , x  0
3. Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] and f (x) =  0 , x  0 . Then for all x, f (g (x)) is equal to (where [.] denotes
1 , x  0

greatest integer function)
(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)

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 Answer Key
Section (A) : Identical functions, Composite functions
1. (i) No (ii) No (iii) No (iv) No

2. (2, )

4. [fo(goh)] (x) = [(fog) oh] (x) = sin2 x

5. (i) fog = x, x > 0 ; gof = x, x  R (ii) |sin x|, sin |x|

3x 2  4x  2 x2  2
(iii) sin (x2), (sin x)2 (iv) ,
(x  1)2 x2  1

6. Domain : [1 , 2 ] ; Range : [n2 , n4)

2  2x  x 2 , 0  x  1
7. f(g(x)) = 
 2  x, 1  x  0

8. (i) x  R – {0, 1} (ii) x  R – {–2, –1}

 3 
(iii) x  R –   ,  1 (iv) x  R – {–2, –1}
 2 

3 2 x x  Q  {0} 3n1 2x x  Q  {0}

9. fof (x) =  , fofof.....f(x) = 
2
 3 x x  Qc n
 3 x x  Qc

 x 2  1 x  [ 1, 2]

10. f(g(x)) = 2x 2  1 x  (2, 3)
 2x  5 x  [3, 5]


Section (B) : Identical functions, Composite functions

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)

Solution
Section (A) : Identical functions, Composite functions
1. (i) f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = ( x )2
Domain x  R, Domain x  [0, )
non-identical functions
(ii) Domain of f(x) and g(x) are different.
1  cos x
(iii) f(x) = and g(x) = cos x
2
f(x) = |cos x| non-identical function

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 (iv) f(x) = x and g(x) = enx, Domain x  R+
Domain x  R non-identical function

 x 1
2. f(x) = log (x – 1) – log (x – 2) = log  
 x2
 x 1 x 1
x > 1 and x > 2  x  (2, )  g(x) = log    x  2 > 0  x  (–, 1)  (2, )
 x  2 
common domain x  (2, )

3. f(x) = x2 + x + 1  g(x) = sin x  fog(x) = sin2x + sin x + 1 gof(x) = sin (x2 + x + 1)

 fog(x)  gof (x)

4. f(x) = x2 ; g(x) = sin x ; h(x) = x  fo (goh) (x) = f (sin x ) = (sin x )2 = sin2 x

(fog) oh(x) = sin2(h(x)) = sin2 x .

5. (i) f(x) = ex and g(x) = n x  fog(x) = en x = x, x > 0  gof(x) = n ex = x, x  R

(ii) f(x) = |x| and g(x) = sin x  fog(x) = f(sin x) = |sin x| gof (x) = g(|x|) = sin |x|
(iii) f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2  fog(x) = sin(g(x)) = sin x2 gof(x) = (f2(x)) = (sin x)2
x x2 3x 2 – 4x  2
(iv) f(x) = x2 + 2, g(x) =  fog(x) = g2(x) + 2 = 2
+2=
x –1 (x – 1) (x – 1)2
f(x) x2  2
gof(x) = = 2
f(x)  1 x  1

6. f(x) = n (x2 – x + 2) ; R+  R  g(x) = {x} + 1; [1, 2]  [1, 2]

f(g(x)) = n ({x}2 + {x} + 2)
Domain [1, 2] for x  (1, 2) {x} = x – 1  fog (x) = n (x2 – x + 2)
Range [n 2, n 4)

1  x 2 , x 1
7. f(x) = 
 1  x , 1  x  2
g(x) = 1 – x, – 2  x  1
 1  g2 , g(x)  1  x  [0,1]
fog(x) =  
1  g(x) , 1  g(x)  2  x  [–1,0)
1  (1– x)2 , x  [0,1]
 fog (x) = 
 1  (1– x) , x  [–1,0)

2 – 2x  x 2 , x  [0,1]
fog (x) = 
 2 – x , x  [–1, 0)

g(x)  2 x2
8. (i) f(g(x)) = ; x 0 & b 1  x1
g(x)  1 x
f(x)  2
(ii) g(f(x)) = ; x  –1 & f(x)  0   x  –2
f(x)
f(x)  2 x2 3
(iii) f(f(x)) = ; x  –1 &  –1  x
f(x)  1 x 1 2

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 f(x)  2
2
g(f(x))  2 f(x)
(iv) f(g(f(x)) = 
g(f(x))  1 f(x)  2
1
f(x)
 f(x)  0   x  –2 also x  –1

 2 f(x) f(x)  Q  {0} 3 2 x x  Q  {0}

9. fof(x) = f(f(x)) =  = 
c 2
 3 f(x) f(x)  Q  3 x x  Qc

3 2x f(x) f(x)  Q  {0} 32 2 x x  Q  {0}

Similarly fofof(x) = f(f(f(x))) =  =
2
 3 f(x) f(x)  Qc 3
3 x x  Qc

3
n1
2x x  Q  {0}
So fofo ..........f(x) 
 n
x  Qc
n times  3 x

 g(x)  1 g(x)  4

10. f(g(x)) =  2g(x)  1 4  g(x)  9
g(x)  7 g(x)  9

 x2  1 (x 2  4)  ( 1  x  3)

 (x  2)  1 (x  2  4)  (3  x  5)
 2
 2x  1 (4  x 2  9)  ( 1  x  3)
= 
 2(x  2)  1 (4  x  2  9)  (3  x  5)
 2
 x  7 (x 2  9)  ( 1  x  3)
 (x  2)  7 (x  2  9)  (3  x  5)
 x 2  1 x  [ 1, 2]

 f(g(x)) = 2x 2  1 x  (2, 3)
 2x  5 x  [3, 5]


4x 41– x 2
11. f(x) =  f(1 – x) = =  f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1
4x  2 41– x  2 2  4x

Section (B) : Identical functions, Composite functions

1. (A) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x, x  R and g(x) = 1, x  R
f(x) = 1, x  R and g(x) = 1, x  R identical functions

(B) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x, x  R – (2n + 1) and g(x) = 1, x  R Non-identical functions
2
(C) f(x) = cosec2x – cot2x, x  R – n and g(x) = 1, x  R Non-identical functions

2. Domain of f(g(x)). Range of g(x)  Domain of f(x)

 – 5  |2x + 5|  7  0  |2x + 5|  7  –7  2x + 5  7
 – 12  2x  2  –6x1

3. g(x) = 1 + {x}  f(x) = sgn (x)

f(g(x)) = sgn (1 + {x}) = 1

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