MODEL
FOR CELL LIGHT AND COAL
srinikamuriki2010@[Link] Switch account
Draft saved
* Required
Email *
Your email
TRUE OR FALSE *
[Link] is a renewable source of energy.
2. Coal is a solid fossil fuel.
3. Coke is almost a pure form of carbon.
4. CNG is more polluting than petrol.
5. 40% of electricity generation depends on
coal.
6. Carbon content of lignite is 25-35%.
7. Fossil fuels are inexhaustible natural
resources.
8. We get napthalene ball from coal tar.
9. The time period take to complete
carbonisation is called carboniferous age.
10. Peat is the hardest grade coal.
11. Petroleum is also known as ‘black gold.’
12. 30% of para/ins is present in petroleum.
13. Petroleum can be mixed with water.
14. Natural gas is transported through
pipelines.
15. Kerosene is not a fossil fuel.
Your answer
Case study 1 *
Discovery of the CellRobert H ooke in
1665 obser ved slices ofcork under a
simple magnifying device .Cork is a part
of the bark of atree . H e took thin slices
of cork andobser ved them under a
microscope .
H enoticedpartitionedboxesorcompartmen
ts in the cork slice .These boxes appeared
like a honeycomb. H e also noticed that
one box wasseparated from the other by
a wall orpartition. H ooke coined the
term ‘cell’for each box . What H ooke
obser ved asboxes or cells in the cork
were actuallydead [Link] of living
organisms could beobser ved only after
the discovery ofimproved microscopes.
Very li3le wasknown about the cell for
the next 150years after Robert H ooke’s
obser [Link], we know a lot about
cellstructure and its functions because
ofimproved microscopes having
[Link] CellBoth, bricks
in a building and cells inthe living
organisms, are basicstructural units.
Thebuildings, though built of similar
bricks,have di/erent designs, shapes and
[Link], in the living world ,
organismsdi/er from one another but all
are madeup of cells. Cells in the living
organismsare complex .The egg of a hen
represents a singlecell and is big enough
to be seen by theunaided eye .H ow do
scientists obser ve and study theliving
cells? They use microscopes
whichmagnify objects. Stains (dyes ) are
usedto colour parts of the cell to study
thedetailed structure .There are millions
of livingorganisms. They are of di/erent
shapesand sizes. Their organs also vary
inshape , size and number of cells. L et
usstudy about some of [Link] of
Cells:Can you guess the number of cells
in atall tree or in a huge animal like
theelephant ? The number runs
intobillions and trillions. Human body
hastrillions of cells which vary in
shapesand sizes. Di/erent groups of
cellsperform a variety of
[Link] made of more than
onecell are called multicellular
(multi:many; cellular: cell ) organisms.
Thenumber of cells being less in
smallerorganisms does not , in any way,
a/ec3he functioning of the organisms.
Youwill be surprised to know that
anorganism with billions of cells
beginslife as a single cell which is the
fertilisedegg. The fertilised egg cell
multiplies andthe number of cells
increase asdevelopment [Link]
single-celled organisms are
calledunicellular (uni: one; cellular:
cell )organisms. A single-celled
organismperforms all the necessary
functionsthat multicellular organisms
perform.A single-celled organism,
likeamoeba, captures and digests
food ,respires,excretes,Growsandreproduc
es. Similar functions inmulticellular
organisms are carried outby groups of
specialised cells formingdi/erent tissues.
Tissues, in turn, formorgans. Youmay
say that the shape appearsirregular. In
fact , amoeba has nodefinite shape , unlike
other organisms. It keeps on changing its
shape .Obser ve the projections of
varyinglengths protruding out of itsbody.
These are called pseudopodia(pseudo:
false; podia: feet ). These
projectionsappear and disappear as
amoebamoves or feeds.A white blood cell
(WBC ) in humanblood is another
example of a single cellwhich can change
its shape . But whileWBC is a cell ,
amoeba is a full-fledgedorganism capable
of independentexistence .What shape
would you expect inorganisms with
millions of cells?As blood , muscle and
ner ve of humanbeings. The di/erent
shapes are relatedto their specific
[Link], cells are round ,
sphericalor elongated . Some cells
arelong and pointed at both ends.
Theyexhibit a spindle shape .Cells
sometimes are quite long. Someare
branched like the ner ve cell or aneuron.
The ner ve cellreceives and transfers
messages, therebyhelping to control and
coordinate theworking of di/erent parts
of the body. Components of the cellare
enclosed in a membrane . Thismembrane
provides shape to the cellsof plants and
animals. Cell wall is anadditional
covering over the cellmembrane in plant
cells. It gives shapeand rigidity to these
[Link] cell also has a cell
wall .Size of Cells:The size of cells in
living organisms maybe as small as a
millionth of a metre(micrometre or
micron ) or may be as largeas a few
centimetres. H owever, most of thecells
are microscopic in size and are notvisible
to the unaided eye . They need tobe
enlarged or magnified by a
microscope .The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5
micrometrein bacteria. The largest cell
measuring170 mm ×130 mm, is the egg of
an [Link] size of the cells has no
relationwith the size of the body of the
animal orplant . It is not necessary that
the cells inthe elephant be much bigger
than thosein a rat . The size of the cell is
related toits function. For example ,
ner ve cells,both in the elephant and rat ,
are longand branched . They perform the
samefunction that of transferring
messages.
Que . 1) Which among the following
scientists coined the term “cell” for the
very first time?
(a) Anton von Leuwenhoek
(b) Robert Brown
(c ) Robert H ook
(d ) Aristotle
Que . 2 )
…………………………………………………………………
………………. are used to colour the parts
of cell to study the detailed structure .
(a) Stains
(b) Microscopes
(c ) Slides
(d ) Sections
Que . 3) Which among the following
cells have a characteristic branched
shape?
(a) WBC
(b) Neuron
(c ) RBC
(d ) Amoeba
Que . 4) Define unicellular organisms
and name one example .
Que . 5) Name some of the di/erent
shapes of cells that are obser ved .
Option 1
Case study 2 *
You have learnt that each living
organism has many organs. You have
studied in Class VII about the digestive
organs which together constitute the
digestive system. Each organ in the
system performs di/erent functions such
as digestion, assimilation and absorption.
Similarly, di/erent organs of a plant
perform specific /specialised functions.
For example , roots help in the
absorption of water and minerals.
L eaves, as you have learnt in Class VII,
are responsible for synthesis of food .
Each organ is further made up of
smaller parts called tissues. A tissue is
a group of similar cells performing a
specific function. Paheli realised that an
organ is made up of tissues which in turn,
are made up of cells. The cell in a living
organism is the basic structural
unit .Cell Membrane: The basic
components of a cell are cell membrane ,
cytoplasm and nucleus. The cytoplasm
and nucleus are enclosed within the cell
membrane , also called the plasma
membrane . The membrane separates cells
from one another and also the cell from
the surrounding medium. The plasma
membrane is porous and allows
themovement of substances or materials
both inward and outward .The boundary
of the onion cell is the cell membrane
covered by another thick covering called
the cell wall . The central dense round
body in the centre is called the nucleus.
The jelly-like substancebetween the
nucleus and the cell membrane is called
[Link] have learnt earlier that
the cell membrane gives shape to the
cell . In addition to the cell membrane ,
there is an outer thick layer in cells of
plants called cell wall . This additional
layer surrounding the cell membrane is
required by plants for protection. Plant
cells need protection against variations
in temperature , high wind speed ,
atmospheric moisture etc . They are
exposed to these variations because they
cannot move . Cells can be obser ved in the
leaf peel of Tradescantia, Elodea or
Rhoeo. You can prepare a slide as in the
case of onion.
Que . 1) The jelly like substance between
the nucleus and the cell membrane is
called
the …………………………………………………………
………………………………..
(a) Plasma membrane
(b) Vacuole
(c ) Mitochondria
(d ) Cytoplasm
Que . 2 ) Which of the following
organelle is NOT a basic component of a
cell ?
(a) Cell membrane
(b) Cytoplasm
(c ) Cell wall
(d ) Nucleus
Que . 3)
A ……………………………………………………………
……………….. is a group of cells performing
a specific function.
a) Tissue
(b) Organ
(c ) Organ system
(d ) OrganisM
Que . 4) Why do only plants cells have
cell wall ?
Que . 5) Explain some of the
characteristics of plasma membrane .
Your answer
Case study 3 *
Cytoplasm: It is the jelly-like substance
present between the cell membrane and
the nucleus. Various other components,
or organelles, of cells are present in the
cytoplasm. These are mitochondria,
Golgi bodies, ribosomes, etc . You will
learn about them in later classes.
Nucleus: It is an important component of
the living cell . It is generally spherical
and located in the centre of the cell . It
can be stained and seen easily with the
help of a microscope . Nucleus is
separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane called the nuclear membrane .
This membrane is also porous and allows
the movement of materials between the
cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus.
With a microscope of higher
magnification, we can see a smaller
spherical body in the nucleus. It is called
the nucleolus. In addition, nucleus
contains thread-like structures called
chromosomes. These carry genes and help
in inheritance or transfer of characters
from the parents to the o/ spring. The
chromosomes can be seen only when the
cell [Link] is a unit of inheritance
in living organisms. It controls the
transfer of a hereditary characteristic
from parents to o/ spring. This means
that your parents pass some of their
characteristics on to you. If your father
has brown eyes, you may also have brown
eyes. If your mother has curly hair, you
might also end up having curly hair.
H owever, the di/erent combination of
genes from parents results in di/erent
[Link], in addition to its
role in inheritance , acts as control centre
of the activities of the cell . The entire
content of a living cell is known as
protoplasm. It includes the cytoplasm
and the nucleus. Protoplasm is called the
living substance of the cell .The nucleus
of the bacterial cell is not well-
organised like the cells of multicellular
organisms. There is no nuclear
membrane . The cells having nuclear
material without nuclear membrane are
termed prokaryotic cells. The organisms
with these kinds of cells are called
prokaryotes (pro: primitive; karyon:
nucleus ). Examples are bacteria and blue
green algae . The cells, like onion cells
and cheek cells having well-organised
nucleus with a nuclear membrane are
designated as eukaryotic cells. All
organisms other than bacteria and blue
green algae are called eukaryotes. (eu:
true; karyon: nucleus ).While obser ving
the onion cells under the microscope , did
you notice any blank-looking structures
in the cytoplasm? It is called vacuole . It
could be single and big as in an onion
cell . Cheek cells have smaller vacuoles.
Large vacuoles are common in plant
cells. Vacuoles in animal cells are much
smaller. You might have noticed several
small coloured bodies in the cytoplasm of
the cells of Tradescantia leaf . They are
sca3ered in the cytoplasm of the leaf
cells. These are called plastids. They are
of di/erent colours. Some of them
contain green Pigment called
chlorophyll . Green coloured plastids
arecalled chloroplasts. They provide
green colour to the leaves. You may
recall that chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts of leaves, is essential for
photosynthesis.
Que . 1) The porous membrane present
between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is
called ?
(a) Cell wall
(b) Nuclear membrane
(c ) Cell membrane
(d ) Golgi body
Que .
2 ) …………………………………………..………………
………………………. is known as the entire
content of living cell that include the
cytopLASM and nucleus.
(a) Protoplasm
(b) Nucleoplasm
(c ) Sarcoplasm
(d ) Plastid
Que . 3) Bacteria and blue-green algae
are the examples of which of the
following category?
(a) Eukaryotes
(b) Archaea
(c ) Fungi
(d ) Prokaryotes
Que . 4) Define the term “gene”.
Que . 5) What are chloroplasts and
what are its functions.
Option 1
1. Where does the image form in our eye?
2. Which bird is called night bird?
3. Which part of eyes is controlled by iris?
4. What are the uses of kaleidoscope?
5. What is the function of rods and cones in
our eye?
6. What is blind spot?
7. Which cells of the retina are sensitive to
bright light and color?
8. What is the distinct vision of normal eye?
Your answer
THIS QUESTION HAS MARKS IN
IT AND 35 MIN TO WRITE AND
MARKS 20
1. Name the parts of a human eye. 1
2. H ow many types of reflection are there?
Name them. 2
3. Write the name of colors of sun rays? 1
4. H ow should we care our eyes? Write any
three. 3
5. Di/erentiate between regular and di/used
reflection? 3
6. Describe Braille system. 2
7. Verify the laws of reflection by an activity. 4
8. Write various precautions to save our eyes.
4
Your answer
DRAW PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL
CELL
Your answer
Submit Clear form
Never submit passwords through Google Forms.
This content is neither created nor endorsed by Google. Report
Abuse - Terms of Service - Privacy Policy
Forms
