EE1100: Basic Electrical Engineering July - November 2024
Tutorial 5: Problems solved in the class – 2, 4, 6, 8
(2) The circuit for t < 0 and t > 0 is given by
For t < 0, we have vC (0− ) = 12V and iL (0− ) = 0A. Since the voltage across the capacitor
and the inductor cannot change abruptly we have
vC (0+ ) = vC (0− ) = 12V, iL (0+ ) = iL (0− ) = 0A.
For t > 0, we have vR (t) = vC (t) = vL (t), and using vL (t) = L diLdt(t) , iR (t) = 1
v (t)
R R
and
iC (t) = C dvdt
C (t)
, we get
L diL (t) d2 iL (t)
iR (t) = , iC (t) = LC .
R dt dt2
Applying KCL we get
d2 iL (t) L diL (t)
iC (t) + iL (t) + iR (t) = 0 ⇒ LC + + iL (t) = 0
dt2 R dt
Comparing this with the standard from
d2 iL diL
2
+ 2α + ω02 iL = ω02 Is
dt dt
we get α = 1
2RC
= 1
1
2×3× 30
= 5, ω0 = √1
LC
= √1 1
= 22.361 and Is = 0. Since,
30
×60×10−3
α < ω0 , the circuit is under-damped and iL (t) is given by
iL (t) = e−5t (B1 cos(ωd t) + B2 sin(ωd t))
p √
where ωd = ω02 − α2 = 475 = 21.794. Since iL (0) = 0, we have B1 = 0, and this
implies iL (t) = B2 sin(ωd t)e−5t . Since, vR (t) = vL (t) = vC (t), we have the voltage across
the resistor is given by
diL (t)
vR (t) = L = L (−5B2 sin(ωd t) + B2 ωd cos(ωd t)) e−5t .
dt
1
From the initial condition vC (0) = 12V we get,
12 12
LB2 ωd = 12 ⇒ B2 = = = 9.177,
Lωd 60 × 10−3 × 21.794
and
vR (t) = (12 cos(21.794t) − 2.753 sin(21.794t)) e−5t .
dvR (t)
The peaks in vR (t) occur after t > 0 when dt
= 0, that is,
dvR (t0 )
= −120 (cos(21.794t0 ) + 2.0647 sin(21.794t0 )) e−5t0 = 0
dt
2πk
⇒ t0 = + 0.1235, k = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
21.794
The first peak occurs for k = 0, that is, at t0 = 0.1235 sec.
2
(4) For t < 0 the circuit is given by
As the capacitor is an open circuit in the steady state the current passing through the inductor
iL (0− ) = 0. This implies vR (0− ) = 0 and vC (0+ ) + 10 = 0 ⇒ vC (0− ) = −10V . For t > 0
the circuit is given by
(a) Since the voltage across the capacitor and the inductor cannot change abruptly we have
vC (0+ ) = vC (0− ) = −10V, iL (0+ ) = iL (0− ) = 0A
From KVL we get vR (t) = vC (t) + 10, and this implies vR (0+ ) = vC (0+ ) + 10 =
−10 + 10 = 0, which further implies iR (0+ ) = vR (0+ )/10 = 0.
(b) Applying KCL we get iR (t) + iC (t) + iL (t) = 2, which implies iR (0+ ) + iC (0+ ) +
iL (0+ ) = 2 ⇒ iC (0+ ) = 2.
+
As iC (t) = C dvdt C (t)
, we have dvCdt(0 ) = C1 iC (0+ ) = 8V /s.
Next, from KVL we have vR (t) = vC (t) + 10, which implies dvdt R (t)
= dvC (t)
dt
and this
implies
dvR (0+ ) +
dt
= dvCdt(0 ) = 8V /s.
Again, from KVL we have vR (t) = 40iL (t) + 81 diLdt(t) , which implies
+ +
vR (0+ ) = 40iL (0+ ) + 18 diLdt(0 ) ⇒ diLdt(0 ) = 0.
(c) For t → ∞ the capacitor acts as an open circuit and the inductor as a short circuit. So,
the circuit is given by
The voltage drop across the resistors satisfy 10iR = 40iL ⇒ iR = 4iL , and from
KCL we have iL + iR = 2. Together we get iL (∞) = 0.4A and iR (∞) = 1.6A.
3
Then vR (∞) = 10iR (∞) = 16V and from KVL we have vR (∞) = vC (∞) + 10 ⇒
vC (∞) = 6V .
4
(6) For t < 0 the circuit is given by Applying mesh analysis we get
6i1 + 6i1 + 6(i1 − i2 ) = 0 ⇒ i2 = 3i1
− 45 + 6(i2 − i1 ) + 15 = 0 ⇒ i2 − i1 = 5
⇒ i1 = 2.5A, i2 = 7.5A
Since, i(t) = i2 (t) we have i(t) = 7.5A for t < 0. The voltage drop across the capacitor is
given by
vc (t) = 6i1 + 15 = 6(2.5) + 15 = 30V.
The current passing through the inductor and voltage across the capacitor cannot change
abruptly. So, we have i(0+ ) = i(0− ) = 7.5A and vc (0+ ) = vc (0− ) = 30V . For t > 0 the
circuit is given by
Two 6Ω resistors are in parallel with another 6Ω resistor. So, the effective resistance is
(6+6)×6
6+6+6
= 4Ω. Let the current passing through the inductor leaving the voltage source be
represented by iL (t). Then iL (t) = −i(t) . Using KVL we get
1 diL
−15 + + 4iL + vc = 0
2 dt
5
As the current entering the capacitor is iL we have iL = C dv
dt
c
= 1 dvc
8 dt
. Using this in the
above equation we get
1 diL
− 15 + 2
+ 4iL + vc = 0
dt
2
1 d vc dvc
16 2
+ 12 + vc = 15
dt dt
d2 v c dvc
+ 8 + 16vc = 240
dt2 dt
Comparing this with the standard from
d2 vc dvc
2
+ 2α + ω02 vc = ω02 Vs
dt dt
we get α = 4, ω0 = 4 and Vs = 15. Since, α = ω0 , the circuit is critically damped and the
voltage across the capacitor is given by
vc (t) = e−αt (A1 t + A2 ) + Vs = e−4t (A1 t + A2 ) + 15.
The current passing through the capacitor iL is calculated as
dvc 1
iL (t) = C = (−4A1 t + A1 − 4A2 ) e−4t .
dt 8
Using the initial condition vc (0+ ) = vc (0− ) = 30V , we get
vc (0) = 30 = A2 + 15 ⇒ A2 = 15
Since iL (t) = −i(t), the initial condition i(0+ ) = i(0− ) = 7.5 implies iL (0+ ) = −7.5, and
using this we get
1
(A1 − 4A2 ) = −7.5 ⇒ A1 = 0.
8
So, we get vc (t) = 15(1 + e−4t ) and i(t) = −iL (t) = 7.5e−4t . This example demonstrates
that as the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0+ is higher than the independent source of
15V , the positive current i(t) in the direction opposite to iL (t). That is, the capacitor is
discharging at t = 0+ .
6
(8) For t < 0 the circuit is given by
The current passing through the inductors is zero, and this implies i1 (0− ) = 0 and i2 (0− ) =
0. Since, the current passing through the inductor cannot change abruptly we have i1 (0+ ) =
i1 (0− ) = 0 and i2 (0+ ) = i2 (0− ) = 0. For t > 0 the circuit is given by
Applying KCL at node 1, we get
4 = iR + i1 + i2 (1)
Applying KVL, we get
v1 = 3i2 + v2 . (2)
We have
v1
iR = for the resistor (3)
2
di1 di1
v1 = and v2 = for the inductors (4)
dt dt
Substituting the above in (1) we get
v1
4= + i1 + i2
2
v1
⇒ i2 = 4 − i1 −
2
1 di1
⇒ i2 = 4 − i1 − (5)
2 dt
Taking the derivative on both sides we also get
di2 di1 1 d2 i1
⇒ =− − (6)
dt dt 2 dt2
7
Substituting (3) and (4) in (2), we get
di1 di2
= 3i2 + (7)
dt dt
Substituting (5) and (6) in (7), we get
di1 1 d2 i1
di1 1 di1
= 3 4 − i1 − + − −
dt 2 dt dt 2 dt2
1 d2 i1 7 di1
⇒ + + 3i1 = 12
2 dt2 2 dt
d2 i1 di1
⇒ 2 +7 + 6i1 = 24 (8)
dt dt
Comparing the above second order system with the standard system
d2 i1 di1
+ 2α + ω02 i1 = ω02 Is
dt2 dt
We get α = 27 = 3.5, ω02 = 6 ⇒ ω0 = 2.4495 and Is = 4. Further, as α = 3.5 > 2.4495 =
ω0 , the response of the polynomial s2 + 2αs + w02 = 0 are
p of i1 (t) is over damped. The rootsp
s1 = −α + α2 − ω02 = −1 and and s2 = −α − α2 − ω02 = −6. Then i1 (t) is given by
i1 (t) = A1 e−1t + A2 e−6t + 4.
Further, from (5), we get
1 di1 (t)
i2 (t) = 4 − i1 (t) −
2 dt
1
= 4 − A1 e−1t + A2 e−6t + 4 − −A1 e−1t − 6A2 e−6t
2
1 −1t −6t
= − A1 e + 2A2 e .
2
Now, using the initial conditions i1 (0) = 0 and i2 (0) = 0, we get
1
A1 + A2 + 4 = 0, − A1 + 2A2 = 0 ⇒ A1 = −3.2, A2 = −0.8.
2
So, i1 (t) = 4 − 3.2e−1t − 0.8e−1t and i2 (t) = 1.6(e−1t − e−6t ).
