Chapter 2 PPP
CCNA Exploration 4.0
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Introduction
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Serial Point-to-Point Links
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Introducing Serial Communications
Computers make use of relatively short parallel connections between
interior components, but use a serial bus to convert signals for most external communications.
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Introducing Serial Communications
In a parallel connection, it is wrong to assume that the 8 bits leaving the sender at the same time arrive at the receiver at the same time. Rather, some of the bits get there later than others. This is known as clock skew.
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Introducing Serial Communications
Parallel wires are physically bundled in a parallel cable, and signals can imprint themselves on each other. The possibility of crosstalk across the wires requires more processing, especially at higher frequencies.
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Introducing Serial Communications
Serial Communication Standards All long-haul communications and most computer networks use serial connections, because the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel connections impractical. The most significant advantage is simpler wiring. Also, serial cables can be longer than parallel cables, because there is much less interaction (crosstalk) among the conductors in the cable.
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Introducing Serial Communications
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TDM
Time Division Multiplexing Bell Laboratories invented time-division multiplexing (TDM) to maximize the amount of voice traffic carried over a medium. TDM divides the bandwidth of a single link into separate channels or time slots. TDM transmits two or more channels over the same link by allocating a different time interval (time slot) for the transmission of each channel.
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TDM
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) STDM uses a variable time slot length allowing channels to compete for any free slot space. It employs a buffer memory that temporarily stores the data during periods of peak traffic. STDM does not waste high-speed line time with inactive channels using this scheme.
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TDM Examples
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TDM Examples
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Demarcation Point
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DTE-DCE
The CPE, which is generally a router, is the DTE. The DTE could also
be a terminal, computer, printer, or fax machine if they connect directly to the service provider network. The DCE, commonly a modem or CSU/DSU, is the device used to convert the user data from the DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider transmission link. This signal is received at the remote DCE, which decodes the signal back into a sequence of bits. The remote DCE then signals this sequence to the remote DTE.
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Cable Standards
The DTE/DCE interface for a particular standard defines the following specifications: Mechanical/physical - Number of pins and connector type Electrical - Defines voltage levels for 0 and 1 Functional - Specifies the functions that are performed by assigning meanings to each of the signaling lines in the interface Procedural - Specifies the sequence of events for transmitting data
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Cable Standards
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Cable Standards
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Parallel to Serial Conversion
Your PC also has a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chip on the motherboard. Since the data in your PC flows along parallel circuits, the UART chip converts the groups of bits in parallel to a serial stream of bits. To work faster, a UART chip has buffers so it can cache data coming from the system bus while it processes data going out the serial port. The UART is the DTE agent of your PC and communicates with the modem or other serial device, which, in accordance with the RS-232C standard, has a complementary interface called the DCE interface.
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HDLC Encapsulation
HDLC - The default encapsulation type on point-to-point connections,
dedicated links, and circuit-switched connections when the link uses two Cisco devices. HDLC is now the basis for synchronous PPP used by many servers to connect to a WAN, most commonly the Internet.
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HDLC Encapsulation
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Configuring HDLC Encapsulation
Cisco HDLC is the default encapsulation method used by Cisco
devices on synchronous serial lines. You use Cisco HDLC as a point-to-point protocol on leased lines between two Cisco devices. If you are connecting to a non-Cisco device, use synchronous PPP.
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
You can identify any of the following five possible problem states in the interface status line: 1. Serial x is down, line protocol is down 2. Serial x is up, line protocol is down 3. Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped) 4. Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled) 5. Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
The command syntax varies, depending on the platform. Cisco 7000
series routers use a cBus controller card for connecting serial links. With these routers, use the show controllers cbus command.
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
Activity 2.1.7.3
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
Activity 2.1.7.3
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
Activity 2.1.7.3
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
Activity 2.1.7.3
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PPP Concepts
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Introducing PPP
What is PPP? Cisco HDLC is the default serial encapsulation method when you connect two Cisco routers. When you need to connect to a non-Cisco router, you should use PPP encapsulation. PPP establishes a direct connection using serial cables, phone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized radio links, or fiber-optic links. There are many features not available in HDLC: The link quality management feature monitors the quality of the link. If too many errors are detected, PPP takes the link down. PPP supports PAP and CHAP authentication. This feature is explained and practiced in a later section.
PPP contains 3 main components: 1. 2. HDLC protocol for encapsulating datagrams over point-to-point links. Extensible Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish, configure, and test the data link connection. Family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network layer protocols.
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3.
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PPP Layered Architecture
At the physical layer, you can configure PPP on a range of interfaces, including: Asynchronous serial Synchronous serial HSSI ISDN
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PPP Architecture - Link Control Protocol Layer
The LCP provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end, including: Handling varying limits on packet size Detecting common misconfiguration errors Terminating the link Determining when a link is functioning properly or when it is failing PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on encapsulation formats (authentication, compression, error detection) as soon as the link is established.
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PPP Architecture - Network Control Protocol Layer
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PPP Frame Structure
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Establishing a PPP Session
Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation Phase 2: Link quality determination (optional) Phase 3: Network layer protocol configuration negotiation
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Extra: PPP Session Establishment (Detail)
1. Link establishment - (LCPs) 2. Authentication - Optional (LCPs) 3. Link quality determination - Optional (LCPs) 4. Network layer protocol configuration (NCPs) 5. Link termination (LCPs)
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Establishing a Link with LCP
LCP operation uses three classes of LCP frames to accomplish the work of each of the LCP phases: Link-establishment frames establish and configure a link (Configure-Request, Configure-Ack, Configure-Nak, and Configure-Reject) Link-maintenance frames manage and debug a link (Code-Reject, Protocol-Reject, Echo-Request, Echo-Reply, and Discard-Request) Link-termination frames terminate a link (Terminate-Request and Terminate-Ack)
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Establishing a Link with LCP
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LCP Packet
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LCP Packet
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PPP Configuration Options
PPP can be configured to support various functions including: 1. Authentication using either PAP or CHAP 2. Compression using either Stacker or Predictor 3. Multilink which combines two or more channels to increase the WAN bandwidth
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PPP Configuration Options
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NCP Explained
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NCP Explained
Activity 2.2.6.2
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NCP Explained
Activity 2.2.6.2
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NCP Explained
Activity 2.2.6.2
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Configuring PPP
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PPP Configuration Options
PPP may include the following LCP options: Authentication Compression Error Detection Multilink PPP Callback
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PPP Configuration Commands
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PPP Configuration Commands
Example 1: Enabling PPP on an Interface
R3#configure terminal R3(config)#interface serial 0/0 R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Example 2: Compression R3(config)#interface serial 0/0 R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp R3(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac] Example 3: Link Quality Monitoring R3(config)#interface serial 0/0 R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp R3(config-if)#ppp quality 80 Example 4: Load Balancing Across Links Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router(config-if)#ppp multilink
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Extra: More Information on Compression
Cisco supports these types of compression: Predictor-Determines whether the data is already compressed. If so, the data is just sent-no time is wasted trying to compress already compressed data. Stacker-A Lempel-Ziv (LZ)-based compression algorithm looks at the data, and sends each data type only once with information about where the type occurs within the data stream. The receiving side uses this information to reassemble the data stream. MPPC-This protocol (RFC 2118) allows Cisco routers to exchange compressed data with Microsoft clients. MPPC uses an LZ-based compression algorithm. TCP header compression-This type of compression is used to compress the TCP headers.
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Extra: More Information on Compression
Important notes on compression:
The highest compression ratio is usually reached with highly compressible text files. Already compressed files such as JPEG graphics or MPEG files, or files that were compressed with software such as PKZIP or StuffIt, are only compressed 1:1, or even less. Trying to compress already compressed data can take longer than transferring the data without compression. Compressing data can cause performance degradation because it is software, not hardware compression. Compression can be CPU or memory intensive. Predictor is more memory intensive and less CPU intensive, whereas Stacker and MPPC are more CPU intensive and less memory intensive. Memory intensive means that an extra memory allowance is required.
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Extra: Enable Link Quality Monitoring (LQM)
Link Quality Monitoring (LQM) is available on all serial interfaces running
PPP. LQM will monitor the link quality, and if the quality drops below a configured percentage, the router shuts down the link. The percentages are calculated for both the incoming and outgoing directions. The outgoing quality is calculated by comparing the total number of packets and bytes sent with the total number of packets and bytes received by the destination node. The incoming quality is calculated by comparing the total number of packets and bytes received with the total number of packets and bytes sent by the destination peer. When LQM is enabled, Link Quality Reports (LQRs) are sent, in place of keepalives, every keepalive period. All incoming keepalives are responded to properly. If LQM is not configured, keepalives are sent every keepalive period and all incoming LQRs are responded to with an LQR. LQR is specified in RFC 1989, PPP Link Quality Monitoring, by William A. Simpson of Computer Systems Consulting Services.
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Verifying a Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration
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Troubleshooting PPP Encapsulation
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Troubleshooting PPP Encapsulation
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Troubleshooting PPP Encapsulation
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Troubleshooting PPP Encapsulation
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Configuring PPP with Authentication
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PPP Authentication Protocols
The authentication phase of a PPP session is optional. If used, you can
authenticate the peer after the LCP establishes the link and choose the authentication protocol. If it is used, authentication takes place before the network layer protocol configuration phase begins.
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Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
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Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
Initiating CHAP
Responding CHAP
Completing CHAP
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PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process
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Configuring PPP with Authentication
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Example: Configuring PAP
172.25.3.0/24 Serial
DTE .2/S0
hostname SantaCruz username HQ password HQpass
DCE .1/S0
hostname HQ username SantaCruz password SantaCruzpass interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username HQ password HQpass
interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username SantaCruz password SantaCruzpass
Notes: - sent-username and password must match remote username and password. - Passwords are case-sensitive, but usernames are not. - Hostnames are not involved.
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Extra: One-way PAP authentication
(config)# hostname RA (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp pap sent-username RA-X password CISCO-X
(config)# hostname RB (config)# username RA-X password CISCO-X (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap
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Extra: Two-way PAP authentication
(config)# hostname RA (config)# username RB-X password CISCO-B (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username RA-X password CISCO-A (config)# hostname RB (config)# username RA-X password CISCO-A (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username RB-X password CISCO-B
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Example: Configuring CHAP
172.25.3.0/24 Serial
DTE .2/S0
DCE .1/S0
hostname SantaCruz username HQ password boardwalk ppp chap hostname SantaCruz (optional) interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
hostname HQ username SantaCruz password boardwalk ppp chap hostname HQ (optional) interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
Notes: - Hostnames are involved unless the ppp chap hostname command is used, and must match remote routers username command (not case-sensitive). - Passwords are case-sensitive and must match
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Extra: One-way CHAP authentication
(config)# hostname RA-X (config)# username RB password CISCO (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp OR (config)# hostname RA (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp chap hostname RA-X ppp chap password CISCO (config)# hostname RB (config)# username RA-X password CISCO (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
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Troubleshooting a PPP Configuration with Authentication
In the last line, the code = 4 means a failure has occurred. Other code values are as follows: 1 = Challenge 2 = Response 3 = Success 4 = Failure
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Extra: Configuring PPP Multilink (MLP)
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router(config-if)#ppp multilink
In some environments, it may be necessary to bundle multiple serial
links to act as single link with aggregated bandwidth. Multilink PPP provides load balancing over the router interfaces that PPP uses.
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Extra: Configuring PPP Multilink
hostname SantaCruz multilink Virtual-Template 1 interface loopback 0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 interface Virtual-Template1 ip unnumbered loopback0 ppp multilink interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial1 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial2 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink
hostname HQ multilink Virtual-Template 1 interface loopback 0 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 interface Virtual-Template1 ip unnumbered loopback0 ppp multilink interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial1 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial2 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink
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Extra: Configuring PPP Multilink
(config)# interface Multilink 1 ip address 1.2.3.4 255.255.255.0 ppp multilink (config)# interface Serial 0/0 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink ppp multilink group 1 (config)# interface Serial 0/1 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink ppp multilink group 1
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Labs
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Summary
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