†hfv‡e cÖkœ n‡e :

G‡¶‡Î `k evZ‡ZvwaK ev‡K¨i GKwU Text _vK‡e|Text wU‡Z `kwU k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡e †hLv‡b
Bracket G wb‡`©kbv †`qv _vK‡e Noun/Verb -†K Premodify bv Postmodify Ki‡Z n‡e| k–
b¨¯’vbMy‡jv‡K Numbering Kivi Rb¨ a-j e¨envi Kiv n‡e| Gevi j¶ Ki :
Read the following text and use modifiers in the blank spaces as directed. 0510 = 5
I experienced a very interesting incident (a) — (Post-modify the verb.) on my way to Dinajpur. My friend
Tamalika, (b) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive.) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but
suddenly in the middle of the road it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Tamalika had to
change her course but she didn't have (c) — (pre-modify the noun.) time and space to do that. Tamalika
tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked (d) — (post-modify the verb.) back a few steps. To save
(e) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun.) cow Tamalika had to move in the right. She lost her
control and bumped the car with a (f) — (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun.) tree. (g) — (Use
a participle to pre-modify the verb.) Tamalika was shocked but she was (h) — (Use an intensifier to pre-
modify the adjective.) happy (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). She patted the (j)
— (Pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter. [NCTB Sample Question]
†hfv‡e DËi wjL‡Z n‡e :
cix¶v_©xiv Number D‡jÐLc–e©K Modifier e¨envi K‡i Gap c–iY Ki‡e| cÖwZwU mwVK I A_©c–
Y© Dˇii Rb¨ 0.5 Marks cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| †gvU Marks _vK‡e 05|
Solution: (a) last week (b) a famous athlete (c) enough (d) slowly (e) that (f) jackfruit
(g) Seeing the damage in her new car (h) very (i) to save the cow (j) naughty

wb‡Pi Passage wU j¶ Ki :Pahela Baishakh bears a (a) special significance to us. The day is celebrated (b)
enthusiastically all over the world. It is a (c) unique festival to the people of all classes and communities in
Bangladesh. On (d) this day the shopkeepers open their new accounts book and celebrate it through
arranging Halkhata festival. They invite their customers and clients (e) offering sweetmeats in (f) different
places. The village people of all classes enjoy them (g) very much. In the capital city the day opens with the
celebration of Chhayanat, (h) a leading cultural organisation. The Institute of Fine Arts of Dhaka University
brings out a (i) colourful procession wearing various masks. They welcome the day in a very (j) gorgeous
way.
Dc‡ii Passage wU‡Z (a) special (adjective), significance (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m Gi m¤•‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q; (b) enthusiastically (adverb), celebrated (verb) Gi c‡i e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (c)
unique (adjective), festival (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (d) this (demonstrative), day
(noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (e) offering (participle), invite (verb) Gi c‡i e‡m G‡K
we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (f) different (adjective), places (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (g)
very (intensifier), much (adjective) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (h) a leading cultural
organization (appositive), Chhayanat (noun) Gi c‡i e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q| (i) colourful (adjective),
procession (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (j) gorgeous (adjective), way (noun) Gi c–‡e©
e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; G‡`i‡K modifiers e‡j|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, †hme word, phrase ev clause Ab¨ †Kvb word, phrase ev clause m¤•‡K© AwZwi³
Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i modifiers e‡j|
Modifiers †h kã‡K modify K‡i Zvi Av‡M ev c‡i em‡Z cv‡i|Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx modifiers †K `yB fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v
(i) Pre-modifiers(ii) Post-modifiers

†hme modifiers, modified element ev k‡ãi c–‡e© e‡m Zv‡`i modify K‡i, †mme modifiers †K pre
modifiers e‡j|

†hme modifiers, modified element ev k‡ãi c‡i e‡m Zv‡`i modify K‡i, †mme modifiers †K post-modifiers
e‡j|

9.1 Find out the modifiers used in the sentences.

(i) Elderly people are the seasoned section of our society. They play important roles that are very helpful for
the next generation. So, they should not be treated with disrespect. They should be provided with all
kinds of human right. We are the young generation. We can extend our helping hand towards the elders.
Social awareness can be raised for the old.
(ii) Traffic jam is a common affair in urban life. It is one of the major problems of our country. This problem
often occurs in the congested areas of the busy cities. Traffic jam occurs for many causes. The numbers of
licensed vehicles is increasing by leaps and bounds that should be controlled.
(iii) Eid-ul-Fitr is a religious festival of the Muslims. We eagerly await this day after having a fasting for
thirty days. The day is celebrated with religious gravity. People get up early in the morning. People say
eid prayer with congregation. They eat special dishes on this day.

(i) Noun Gi c–‡e© k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Determiner, Predeterminer, Present Participle, Past
Participle, Adjective, Ab¨ †Kv‡bvNoun ev Nominal Compound em‡Z cv‡i|
 (a) Determiner : Determiner :Determiner n‡”Q Ggb wKQz kã
The boys and girls are walking side by side. †hMy‡jv Noun ev Noun phrase Gi c–‡e© e‡m
Sabbir is an ideal student.[DinajB '17] Noun ev Noun phrase My‡jvi msL¨v, cwigvY ev
He has some good qualities.[BB '17] †mMy‡jvi wbw`©óZv wb‡`©k K‡i| Determiner
Here a nutritionist can help us.[CB '17] mvaviYZ wbæiƒc nq:
Articles : a/an, the
Most of the people in our country do not Demonstratives : this, that, these, those, which
know the importance of English.[JB '16] Possessives : my, your, his, her, our, their, its, whose,
(b) Predeterminer : Rahim’s, Karim’s etc
All the boys except two are present. Quantifiers : (a) few, fewer, (a) little, many, most,
much, more, some, any etc.
Both the books are out of print. Numbers : one, two. three etc.
All my friends came to the party. Ordinals : first, second, third, 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc
Either of the pens will do. Predeterminer :Predeterminer †Kv‡bvdeterminer Gi
Neither of the boys got the prize. c–‡e© e‡m H determiner ‡K modify K‡i A_ev Zvi
(c) Present Participle : cieZ©x noun m¤c‡K© Av‡iv Z_¨ †`q| †hgb: All
The boy got into the running train. their belongings were captured. GLv‡b ‘their’ GKwU
He noticed a flying bird in the sky. determiner hvi c–‡e© ‘all’ kãwU e‡m ‘their’ ‡K
A darkening sky may bring showers. modify Ki‡Q| myZivs GwU GKwU Predeterminer|
They need wood for building houses. Predeterminer My‡jv n‡”Q : all, any, another, both,
A barking dog seldom bites. each, either, every, few, little, many, more, much,
neither, other, some, several, such BZ¨vw`|
(d) Past Participle :
Present Participle:VerbGi g–j iƒ‡ci mv‡_ ‘ing’
The injured students were sent to hospital.
†hvM K‡i Present participle MVb Kiv nq|| GwU
A burnt child dreads the fire. ev‡K¨ g–jZ ‘adjective/ adverb’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges
The ants eat their stored food in winter. active Gi gZ A_© cÖKvk K‡i| wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv
The worried man could not attend the †`L:
guests. Rana get into the running bus.
The destroyed bridge should be repaired. Rumi noticed a flying bird in the sky.
(e) Adjective : Present Participle Phrase:Present Participle
A village doctor is a very familiar person in Phrase ev‡K¨ adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU v1 +
the rural areas of Bangladesh.[JB '17] ing + Ab¨ kã †hv‡M MwVZ nq| †hgb:
Going to the nearest market I bought a mobile phone.
Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet of
GLv‡b †gvUv A¶‡i †jLv Ask ‘Going’ GKwU Present
Bengali literature.[DB '16]
Participle Ges underline Kiv cy‡iv AskwU GKwU
An intelligent girl worked out the sum in a Present Participle Phrase|
few minutes. Adjective:†Kv‡bv noun†K eY©bv Kivi Rb¨ †h kã
Shefali is a beautiful girl. e¨envi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv adjective|| †hgb :
The old man is helpless. Manik is an honest cowboy. He has a black cow.
(f) Noun : Adverb: †h word My‡jv verb wKfv‡e m¤cbœ nq
The sea level is rising and many parts of the Zv eY©bv K‡i Zv‡K Adverb e‡j| †hgb:
world are going to be engulfed by the sea in He showed really a wonderful attitude.
near future.[DB '17] She completely rejected his proposal.
Noun Adjective:†Kv‡bvnoun hLb Ab¨ noun Gi c–
He was a rebel poet.[SB '17]
‡e© e‡m D³ noun†K eY©bv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Noun
His literary works have enriched Bengali
Adjective e‡j| †hgb: He bought a leather bag. GB
literature.[SB '17] ev‡K¨ leather noun wU bag noun Gi c–‡e© e‡m Zvi
We went to the football stadium yesterday. eY©bv w`‡”Q| GwU GKwU Noun Adjective|
Sakib Al Hasan is a famous cricket player. Nominal Compound: `ywU g–j kã‡K †hvM K‡i
(g) Nominal compound : compound words MVb Kiv nq| GKwU Noun Gi m‡½
She is a record-breaking typist. Avi GKwU Noun, GKwU Noun Ges GKwU Adjective,
Mark the wheat-producing countries in the GKwU Noun Ges GKwU Verb, GKwU Gerund Ges
map. GKwU Noun, GKwU Adverb Ges GKwU Noun †hv‡M
Try to use this labour-saving method. GB Nominal Compound MVb Kiv hvq| wb‡Pi
We live in a two-storeyed building. D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki:
A low cost house is not easily available in Dhaka. Steam Engine - Noun + Noun
Black Board - Adjective + Noun
Earth quake - Noun + Verb
Washing machine - Gerund + Noun
Over confidence - Adverb + Noun

9.2. Fill in the gaps with pre modifiers.

(a) — students are playing cricket in the field. (b) — my friends attended the party. (c) A — stone gathers no moss.
(d) The — people should educate the uneducated. (e) Everybody likes an — man. (f) Rana is working in the —
garden. (g) Bangladesh is one of the largest — countries in the world. (h) — boy who stood first is my brother. (i) She
gave you a few — papers. (j) Most of the — people are farmers.

(ii) Adjective Gi c–‡e© k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Intensifier/ Adverb em‡Z cv‡i|
Raja is verygentle.[BB '17]
Intensifier :Intensifiern‡”Q †m
She felt very weak, almost giving up hope. [RB '16]
Sumon was born in a highly educated family. mg¯@ kã †hMy‡jv †Kv‡bv adjective/
She lives in a nicely decorated house. adverbGiDcievowZ
Dhaka is a densely populated city. †Rviw`‡Ze¨enviKivnq|
Tiger are extremely storng. wKQyeûje¨eüZIntensifierMy‡jvn‡”Q:v
(iii) Verb Gi c–‡e© k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Adverb em‡Z ery, cv‡i|at all, absolutely, completely,
Adverb :
He gets up early so that he can get enough time to study. [BB ' 17]
Sumon usually wakes up at six O'clock.
 A village doctor generally sits in a small dispensary attached to his house.
Arsenic problem is seriously found in North Bengal.
We can easily store different kinds of data, records and information in computer.
Tea is now commonly used for the entertainment of guests in our country.
(iv) GKwU evK¨vs‡ki c–‡e© Gap _vK‡j †mLv‡b present participle/ past participle phrase em‡Z cv‡i|
Present Participle :
Seeing them, we became very excited. [CB '16]
Leaving the female uneducated, no nation can prosper.
Seeing the damage in his new car, Rana was shocked.
Closing the door, Bithi went to sleep.
Going to market, Hasan bought a shirt.
Hearing the news, Smriti began to weep.

9.3. Fill in the gaps with pre modifiers.

(a)Rahmat lives a — simple life.(b)Ripon — goes to bed at 9 pm.(c)—, Hasan went to sleep.(d)Our
headmaster is a — minded person.(e)The teachers of our school are — qualified.(f)—, we can keep fit.
(g)Dishonest people are — responsible for corruption.(h)Smoking is — detrimental to health.(i)All the
districts of Bangladesh are not — developed.(j)—, the man fell asleep.

(i) Noun Gi c‡i k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Present Participle phrase, Past Participle phrase, Infinitive Phrase,
Adjective Phrase, Appositive, Nominal clause ev Relative clause em‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Present Participle Phrase : GUv H Noun Infinitive :
Gi m¤•‡K© AviI Z_¨ hy³ K‡i| GKwU infinitive, verb ‡_‡K MwVZ nq wKš‘ Zv
Sentence G verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i bv| Infinitive ‘to +
Besides, latrines standing on ponds and V1’ Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq hv ev‡K¨ Noun, Adjective
rivers cause water pollution. [DinajB '16] ev Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ‡hgb:
The students saw their teacher coming. I love to sing. (Noun)
My cousin reading at Jahangirnagar She didn’t have permission to go. (Adjective)
University will join the party tonight. He plays cricket to become a cricketer. (Adverb)
I found an old man standing at the door. Infinitive/ Infinitive phrase hLb ev‡K¨ modifier wn‡m‡e
I used to watch the flower plant growing e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zv †Kv‡bv noun Gi c‡i e‡m H noun †K
everyday. eY©bv Kiv ev †Kv‡bv verb Gi c‡i e¨eüZ n‡q H verb
I saw my cousin playing in the field. Gi D‡Ïk¨ ev KviY cÖKvk K‡i|
Infinitive Phrase :
(b) Past Participle Phrase : Infinitive Phrase g–jZ to + v1 + other word (s) wb‡q
A tiger killed by the hunter was left in the MwVZ nq| Infinitive Gi g‡Zv Infinitive Phrase-I ev‡K¨
jungle. Noun, Adjective ev Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb:
I saw a man injured by an accident. He helped to build the roof. (Noun)
He has got the money sent by his father. I need a book to read on holiday. (Adjective)
I have got the letter written by you. I went to market to buy a mobile phone. (Adverb)
The bridge destroyed by floods has been rebuilt. Infinitive/Infinitive phrase hLb ev‡K¨ modifier wn‡m‡e
(c) Infinitive Phrase : e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zv †Kv‡bv Noun Gi ci e‡m H Noun †K
They left for towns to earn money.[RB '17] eY©bv K‡i ev †Kv‡bv Verb Gi ci e¨eüZ n‡q H Verb Gi
D‡Ïk¨ ev KviY cÖKvk K‡i|
Rafiq was the last man to leave the campus too.
Fatima was surprised to hear the news. Appositive :
She got a nice bat to play with. Appositiven‡”Q noun ev noun phrase ev noun
Here is a chair to sit on. clause hv Ab¨ GKwU noun Gi c‡i e‡m H noun
(d) Preposition Phrase :
m¤c‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ †`q ev noun wU‡K eY©bv
A man with white beard came here yesterday.
He is a man of great honour. K‡i| Appositive Gi ïiy Ges †k‡l Kgv (,) _v‡K|
We saw a girl with a small dog. wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki : Mr. Jamal,the
chairman of the company, was rewarded.
We found the clues of the cruel murder. We, the people of Bangladesh, are peace loving.
We saw a gentleman with sunglasses. Prepositional phrase :
(e) Appositive : GKwU Preposition Ges GKwU Noun A_ev Pronoun wb‡q
Nazrul, the national poet, won the attention
†h Phrase MwVZ nq Zv‡K Prepositional phrase e‡j|
of everyone in his early childhood. [SB '17]
We, the teachers and students, are proud D‡jÐL¨ Preposition Gi c‡ii Noun wU Noun, Noun Phrase
of him. A_ev Noun Clause n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY:
He has come from Paris.(Preposition + Noun)
Mr Kabir Hossain, our headmaster, presided The book is on the table. (Preposition + Noun Phrase)
over the meeting. I have quoted here everything from what he said.
Rabindranath Tagore, a great poet, was (Preposition + Noun Clause)
born in 1861. I am thinking of sleeping. (Preposition + Gerund)
We, the people of Bangladesh, are peace loving. g‡b ivL‡e, Prepositional phrase ev‡K¨ Adjective A_ev
(f) Nominal clause : Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
The report that he was murdered is true. Relative clause :
Our hope that he would come back home Relative clause †Kvb Noun ‡K Post modifiy Ki‡Z e¨envi
proved false. Kiv nq| Relative clause wU c–‡e© e¨eüZ Noun ‡K
The idea that she did it was wrong. eY©bv K‡i ev Noun wU m¤c‡K© Z_¨ †`q| GKwU
The announcement that a new airport is to be Relative clause memgq GKwU Relative Pronoun (who,
built nearby aroused immediate opposition. which, that, whose) w`‡q ïiy nq| D`vniY:
(g) Relative clause :
I bought a new car that is very fast. (Relative Clause wU
This is the pen which I lost yesterday.
‘car’ noun ‡K eY©bv Ki‡Q| )
I know the man who came here.
I got a mobile which was very expensive. (Relative
The book which you gave me is very good.
Clause wU ‘mobile’ noun †K eY©bv Ki‡Q| )
He is the man whom we all respect.
Nominal clause :
 The reason why I did it is obvious. Nominal clause ev Noun clause ev‡K¨ memgq GKwU
noun wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Noun clause My‡jv nq main
clause Gi subject Avi bv nq object| g‡b ivL‡e GKwU
noun clause me©`v GKwU c–Yv©½ evK¨ wb‡q nq|
†hgb: Our expectation that Rumi would get A+ proved
false. GLv‡b †gvUv A¶‡i ‡jLv AskwU GKwU Noun
clause| GB AskwU main clause wUi object hv GKwU c–
Yv©½ sentence|

9.4. Fill in the gaps with post modifiers.

(a) The boy — in the field is my brother. (b) The girl — first in the examination is meritorious. (c) The bed
is soft —. (d) The old man — came to meet me yesterday. (e) Humayun Kabir, —, is an honest man. (f)
The statement — has proved false. (g) The book — has lost. (h) I saw the girl — a letter. (i) The boy — the
first prize is my brother. (j) We, — went to picnic last Firday.

(ii) Verb Gi c‡i k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Adverb/Infinitive Phrase/Preposition Phrase/Present Participle/
Past Participle em‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Adverb :
Deforestation means cutting down of trees indiscriminately. [DB '17]
The drug addiction has grasped the young generation seriously.
The train arrived late.
He does well in every examination as he does not waste time.[DinajB '17]
At first they used to send money to their parents time to time.[RB '17]
So, don't waste your time and try to learn English regularly from today. [JB '16]
The tortoise walks slowly.
(b) Infinitive phrase :
At the age of seventeen, he went to London to get admitted to a school there. [DB '16]
He wanted to know the matter.
Sumon went to market to buy a shirt.
Rana liked to play cricket in the afternoon.
They tried to win the match.
My parents encouraged me to study.
(c) Preposition Phrase :
Rana goes to school in the morning.
The crow is flying to and fro in search of water.
The car is running at a high speed.
The sun sets in the west.
Birds fly in the sky.
(d) Present/Past Participle :
He wrote letters to Kolkata praising English society. [DB '16]
The boys went out dancing and singing.