WORK

In this unit, you will learn about the present continuous tense, state verbs and
the differences between the present continuous and the present simple tense.
You will also learn some vocabulary related to jobs and professions.

Pre-reading:
reading: Glossary
common (adj.) : found in large numbers, happening often
access (n.) : a way of entering, or approaching
freedom (n.) : the power of doing what you want
task (n.) : a piece of work you have to do
pollution (n.) : the process of making something dirty
challenge (n.) : something new and difficult
assistance (n.) : the help you give someone
creature (n.) : any living thing that is not a plant

EXERCISE 8.1

Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary.

1. In a library, you have direct _______________ to thousands of books.

2. Recycling is maybe the most effective way to control _______________.

3. Today we have the _______________ to decide our own futures.

4. Madagascar is an island where many _______________ live together.

5. The _______________ of a teacher is to assist students find their ways.

6. When I was in France, learning French was my biggest _______________.

7. Earthquakes are not _______________ in this part of the world.

8. Mom is very weak, and she can’t walk without my _______________.

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Reading: Working from Home
Working from home is not just a dream anymore. Nowadays, it is
becoming more common to find people who are working from
home thanks to the technology. All you need is a laptop or PC,
and access to the Internet. Working from home sounds good, but
it has some disadvantages as well.

One advantage is the freedom it gives. Home workers can

organize their work around their daily life. You can be busy with other tasks that you
have to do during the day, such as cleaning the house or going shopping, etc. It is
especially great for female workers who have small childr
children.
en. They will have more free
time to spend with their family. It is also economical because you don’t have to travel
to your workplace every day. This way, there will be less traffic and environmental
pollution as well. You will also be able to save a lot more money by staying home.

There are a number of disadvantages too. First of all, it affects your social life in a bad
way. When you are at work, you have people around. At home, however, you are
alone most of the time. Another challenge is that sometimess you have to be at work
physically. For example, students generally need your assistance at school. So, it may
not be a good idea to teach them from home.

In short, it seems that working from home can make your life easier and give you
more control over your daily life. However, we are social creatures and we do some
things better with other people around.

EXERCISE 8.2

Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false).

1. Working from home is still a dream that hasn’t come true. T F

2. When you work from home, you can’t organize your daily life. T F

3. Traveling to the workplace every day isn’t economical. T F

4. There are usually people around you when you are at work. T F

5. Working from home causes less traffic and pollution. T F

6. Working from home is always better than going to work. T F

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Grammar: Present Continuous Tense
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Affirmative Negative Questions
I’m walking to school. I’m not walking to school. Are you walking to school?
John is cleaning his room. John isn’t cleaning his room. Is John cleaning his room?
John is cleaning his room. They aren’t having breakfast. Are they having breakfast?

Short Answers to YES/NO Questions:

Are you working right now?  Yes, I am.
Is Jack sleeping?  No, he isn’t.

WH- Questions:
Where are you going? To Ankara.
Why are you going downtown? Because I’m meeting a friend for lunch.
What is Sarah eating? She’s eating a sandwich she made.

 We use Present Continuous Tense to express actions happening right now

while the speaker is speaking.
 The students are writing articles now.
 Ahmet is not (isn’t) listening to the lesson at the moment.
 My grandpa is having his lunch at the moment.
 Sam and Kevin are getting on the train right now.
 The children are playing football in the garden right now.
 Mary is going to the library to study.
 Alex’s brother isn’t sleeping in his crib.
 The population of the world is increasing.

2. The Present Continuous Tense is also used to express temporary situations.

 I am staying with my aunt for a few days.

 Jane is driving her husband’s car for the time being because her car is broken down.

3. We use Present Continuous Tense to talk about actions that we started doing and
hasn’t finished yet. Sometimes the action may not be happening at the time of
speaking. You can use time adverbs such as ‘today, these days, this week, this year
etc.’

 He wants to live in Spain so he is learning Spanish this year.

 I am watching an interesting TV series on Netflix these days.

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4. We use Present Continuous Tense with some signal words to indicate
exclamations or warnings:

 Look! The match is starting.

 Listen! The baby is crying.
 Watch out! The lorry is coming towards us.
 Be careful! You’re driving so fast.

Spelling of the -ing forms

1. When the simple form of a verb ends in a single ‘e’ , the ‘e’ is dropped before adding
‘ing’.
 have –having
 write – writing
 choose – choosing
2. When a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant (excepting w, x and y)
preceded by one vowel, the consonant is doubled before adding ‘ing’.
 sit - sitting
 stop - stopping
 run - running
3. When the simple form of a verb ends in ‘ie’, the ‘e’ is dropped and the ‘i’ is changed
to ‘y’ before adding –ing.
 die - dying
 tie - tying
 lie - lying
4. When the simple form of a verb ends in ‘c’, the ‘k’ is added before adding –ing.
 panic – panicking
5. In all other cases, ‘-ing’ is added to the simple form.
 do - doing
 stand - standing
 study - studying
NOTICE! When the verb ends in ‘y’, we only add –ing.
 cry/crying
 fly/flying
 play/playing

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EXERCISE 8.3
Complete the sentences using the Present Continuous Tense.
1. A: What’s that delicious smell? B: My husband ______________ in the kitchen
now. (cook)
2. A: Where is Tom now? B: He _____________ soccer with his friends. (play)
3. _____________ you _____________ your homework? (do)
4. I _____________ TV because I am cooking dinner. (not watch)
5. Simon _____________ a lot these days. (eat)
6. John _____________the tree in the garden right now. (cut)
7. James _____________ the librarian a question right now. (ask)
8. The cashier _____________ money from the old lady. (take)
9. _____________ Susan _____________ her clothes right now? (iron)
10. Bob _____________ a tie because he has a meeting with the dean. (wear)
11. The girls _____________ the museum. They are at school now. (not visit)
12. Mom _____________ the baby. (feed) The baby _____________. (not sleep)

EXERCISE 8.4
Complete the sentences with the verbs below.

increase - sing - stay - fly - bake - wear - play - sleep - work

1. Look! She __________________ the same shoes as you.

2. My brother __________________ the guitar. He has got a concert at the
weekend.
3. A: What a lovely radio! B: It __________________, I’m afraid it's broken.
4. Air pollution ___________________ rapidly all over the world.
5. Jennifer __________________ a song right now.
6. Kevin and Amanda __________________ at a hotel in Bodrum.
7. Birds __________________ in the sky.
8. My mom __________________ a banana cake in the kitchen.
9. The cat __________________ under the table.

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More Grammar: Present Continuous Tense and Non-Action Verbs
We cannot use some verbs in the present continuous such as; believe, think, know,
understand, like, love, need, remember, forget, have (to own), want

 Mark is wanting to buy a new car.  Mark wants to buy a new car.
 Sally is loving chocolate.  Sally loves chocolate.

EXERCISE 8.5
Choose the best answer.
1. Hurry up! I wait/am waiting for you.
2. I think/am thinking you don’t like me.
3. Scientists are believing/believe human activity has caused global warming.
4. Now I am understanding /understand what she says.
5. George knows/is knowing the answer to this question.
6. The children have/are having lunch in the kitchen right now.
7. They have/are having a villa in Çeşme.
8. I love/am loving my family.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE is used PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE is used

for actions happening at or around the
for things that are always or generally
time of speaking.
true.
 Look! Your brother is smoking.
 Whales live in the ocean.
 Steven is taking his dog for a walk at
 A dog has four legs.
the moment.
to talk about something that is
for regular habits or usual activities.
happening AROUND the time of
 Your brother never smokes.
speaking but not necessarily at this exact
 I brush my teeth every day.
moment.
 She goes to the gym three times a week
 I am reading a great book this week.
with some common time expressions
with some common time expressions
such as
such as
 every day/year/month/week
 right now, at present, today, this year,
 sometimes, often, usually, always
now, at the moment
 once a day, twice a week

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VOCABULARY: JOBS AND PROFESSIONS

Doctor Nurse Paramedic Surgeon Dentist

Veterinary / Vet Carpenter Plumber Mechanic Electrician

Businessman Engineer Architect Accountant University lecturer

Lawyer Astronaut Sculptor Soldier Sailor

Police officer Pilot Fire fighter Miner Musician

Cashier Baker Butcher Farmer Judge

Waiter(m) / Waitress(f) Writer / Author Referee Librarian Cook / Chef

Photographer Hairdresser Lifeguard Driver Physical therapist

Artist Technician Actress (f) / Actor (m) Scientist Delivery man

Postman / Postwoman Singer Receptionist Reporter Ballet

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EXERCISE 8.6

Match each job with a place.

a. hairdresser 1. ___ kitchen

b. librarian 2. ___ studio
c. waitress 3. ___ hair salon
d. miner 4. ___ library
e. farmer 5. ___ restaurant
f. cook 6. ___ coal-mine
g. photographer 7. ___ field

EXERCISE 8.7

Air pollution Water Soil pollution Noise Fire

pollution pollutions

Fill in the blanks with the words above.

1. Cars’ exhaust is a major cause of ____________.

2. Chemicals used on farms that get into the water supply lead to ____________.
3. A ____________broke
broke out in the forest last night.
4. ____________ can cause hearing loss.
5. When harmful chemicals contaminate the soil, ____________ occurs.

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 EDUCATION
In this unit, you will learn about imperatives, adverbs of manner, and adverbs
of adjectives. You will also learn some vocabulary related to education and
classroom objects.

Pre-reading:
reading: Glossary
distraction (n.) : something that makes it difficult to pay attention
interfere (v.) : to become involved in a situation uninvited
schedule (n.) : a plan giving a list of events with relevant times
punctual (adj.) : doing something at the right time and not late
attention (n.) : great interest that is shown in something
vital (adj.) : necessary or very important
tap (v.) : to hit lightly especially with a slight sound
respect (v.) : to have a good opinion of someone or hi
his ideas

EXERCISE 9.1

Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary.

1. He's always very _______________. I’ve never seen him late for school.

2. The airplane arrived in London two minutes ahead of _______________.

3. The neighbors gave _______________ information about the murderer.

4. To crack the shells, just _______________ the eggs gently with a teaspoon.

5. The UN cannot _______________ in the internal affairs of any country.

6. Mary wants her husband to _______________ her as a career woman.

7. The blood on the carpet attracted the police officer’s _______________.

8. One of the guys created a _______________ and the other stole the money.

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Reading: In the Classroom
A classroom is a learning space where both children and
adults learn. Classrooms are the smallest units of
educational institutions from preschools to universities.
Classrooms provide a space for learning without outside
classroom distractions.. That's why every classroom needs
rules. Teachers set some classroom rules in order to avoid
these classroom distractions which may interfere with
learning.

On the first day of the school, teachers usually list some classroom rules. They always
ask students to be prepared for class. Students should check their weekly schedule, be
sure that they do their homework, and have got the right materials for the class.
Being punctual is essential to sit in the classroom before the bell rings.

Being active, asking questions, sharing new ideas are also important. Students may
miss out on the vital information if they don't pay attention in classroom.
class To keep
students’ attention
tention on the class, teachers should clearly tell their expectations from
students. In addition, students should not distract their classmates during lessons by
tapping their pencils, or dinging songs.

Also, students should respect and listen to their teachers and classmates. In turn,
they will get respect from others too. Everyone should always be kind to each other.
Be quiet when the teacher or a classmate is talking! It shows that you care for them.
Caring for each other is one of the most amazing feelings.

EXERCISE 9.2

Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false).

1. Classrooms are only for children, not for adults. T F

2. Classroom rules have an important role in education. T F

3. Being punctual means having right materials for the class. T F

4. It will be better for you if you listen to your teacher carefully. T F

5. Showing respect to others helps you get respect from them. T F

6. You shouldn’t talk before a classmate finishes talking. T F

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Grammar: Imperatives
We use imperatives to tell someone to do or not to do something. We most commonly
give orders, instructions, advice, and make suggestions, requests, and commands with
imperatives. We use the base form of the verb without a subject.

Take care of your health.

Be quiet while the teacher is speaking.
Raise your hand before speaking.
Finish your homework on time.
Keep your desk and class clean and tidy.

To make negative imperatives we put do not before the verb.

Don’t use negative language in class.

Do not be noisy during the lesson.
Do not eat too much chocolate.

When we want to be more polite, we use please with imperatives.

Please be nice to your elders.

Don’t drive so fast, please.
Bring me a cup of coffee, please.

EXERCISE 9.3
Complete the sentences with imperatives, using a verb from the list below. Use
“don’t” if you need to.
stop - be - read - speak - eat - drive - watch - wait
1. _______________ when the traffic light is red.
2. The doctor will see you in ten minutes. Please _______________.
3. Your grandma is having a rest upstairs. _______________ quietly.
4. You are middle aged. _______________ heavy meals in the evenings.
5. The teacher said “_______________ the paragraph carefully”.
6. My dog is quite peaceful. _______________ afraid.
7. It is snowing. _______________ slowly.
8. I am doing my homework right now. _______________ TV.

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More Grammar: Adjectives vs. Adverbs of Manner
Remember that we use adjectives to describe a noun whereas we use adverbs to
describe a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Some people prefer to drive slowly especially in rush hours. (adverb)

Some people are slow drivers especially in rush hours. (adjective)
Robert always drives carelessly. (adverb)
Robert is a careless driver. (adjective)

An adverb of manner gives information about how the subject does an action.

Responsible students study very hard.

My favorite film star always dresses elegantly.
Our next-door neighbor gently said hello to us.

NOTE that we generally create an adverb of manner by adding –ly to the adjectives.

quick → quickly
careful → carefully
regular → regularly
polite → politely
fluent → fluently

If the adjective ends in –y, –y changes to –i, and we add –ly at the end of the adjective.

heavy → heavily
happy → happily
angry → angrily
lucky → luckily
easy → easily

NOTE that there are also some irregular adverbs. We cannot add –ly to these
adjectives. Instead, we use them as follows:

good → well
hard → hard
fast → fast
late → late

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EXERCISE 9.4 Fill in the blanks using the adverb or adjective forms of the words in
brackets.

(good - well)
1. Nadal plays tennis __________.
2. Nadal is very __________ at playing tennis.
(quick - quickly)
3. He reads a book __________.
4. Cheetah is a ___________ animal.
(good - well)
5. Max is a __________ singer.
6. It's a __________ day today.
7. She sings the song __________.
(easy - easily)
8. You can __________ open this bottle.
9. The exam was very ___________.
(happy - happily)
10. He is very __________ today.
11. He is smiling __________.
(careful - carefully)
12. He is a __________ driver.
13. He drives the car __________.

EXERCISE 9.5 Underline the correct adjective/adverb in brackets to fill in the

blanks.

1. My best friend is a _____ person. (nice / nicely)

2. I can speak English very _____. (good / well)

3. The weather is very _____ today. (good / well)

4. Kate took Spanish classes, so she can speak Spanish _____. (fluent / fluently)

5. My mom looked at me _____ when I came home late. (angry / angrily)

6. I cannot hear you because the classroom is _____. (noisy / noisily)

7. My father is a _____ driver and he always drives slowly. (careful / carefully)

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 8. I went across the street _____. (careful / carefully)

9. I am very _____ because I passed my exam. (happy / happily)

10. The music is too _____. Please turn it down! (loud / loudly)

11. My friends always tell me that I sing _____. (beautiful / beautifully)

12. Sam _____ walked to the kitchen. (quiet / quietly)

13. Be _____ when the teacher is talking. (quiet / quietly)

14. I want to finish my homework very _____. (quick / quickly)

15. Our last English exam was _____. (easy / easily)

16. My brother is very _____. He always helps his classmates. (kind / kindly)

17. Everybody likes _____ people. (polite / politely)

18. Because my grandfather is very old, he walks _____. (slow / slowly)

19. It was midnight, and we heard a _____ noise upstairs. (strange / strangely)

EXERCISE 9.6
Fill in the blanks using the adverb or adjective forms of the words in brackets.
1. Turtles move ____________ They are ____________ animals. (slow)

2. Nadal plays tennis ____________ because he is very ____________ at it. (good)

3. Whenever she is naughty, her mum looks at her ____________ (angry)

4. You cannot pass the test ____________ if you do not study hard. (easy)

5. Congratulations! You answered the question ____________ (correct)

6. He made a very ____________ summary of the situation. He summarized the

situation ____________ (simple)

7. Can you speak ____________ please? I can hardly understand you. (clear)

8. Your answer is ____________ Please try again. (incorrect)

9. The question was so ____________ so I answered it very quickly. (easy)

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Vocabulary: School
Study and learn the names of some school subjects, classroom objects and
an some verbs
used in classroom.

SCHOOL SUBJECTS

Biology English / Chemistry Physics Science

Foreign
languages

Math Music Geography History Literature

Sport / I.T
(Information
P.E (Physical
Technology)
Education)

CLASSROOM OBJECTS

Map Notebook Eraser Sharpener Schoolbag /

Backpack

Glue Scissors Crayon Book Pen

Pencil Ruler Pencil case Paint brush Globe

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 File Folder Highlighter / Stapler Paper clip
Marker pen

Tape Computer Projector Bookcase Desk

Chair Table Board Sheet of paper Calculator

CLASSROOM VERBS

To read To write To listen To ask To know

To study To explain To draw To do an To observe

experiment

To count To help To play To sing To calculate

To cheat To paint

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 HISTORY
In this unit, you will learn about affirmative, negative and question sentences
in the simple past tense. You will also learn some new vocabulary related to
animals and plants.

Pre-reading:
reading: Glossary
ancient (adj.) : belonging to the distant past
supporter (n.) : a person who approves of a public figure
portray (v.) : to describe something in writing, painting, etc.
criticize (v.) : to say what you don’t like about something
wisdom (n.) : the quality of having knowledge
respond (v.) : to give an answer to someone in reply
suddenly (adv.) : happening quickly and unexpectedly
consider (v.) : to believe or think about something as true

EXERCISE 10.1

Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary.

1. When she saw the spider, she _______________ started to scream.

2. The artist _______________ the woman beautifully in his painting.

3. I am waiting for the company to _______________ to my e-mail.

mail.

4. People _______________ Einstein the greatest physicists of all time.

5. His mother rarely _______________ him for mistakes that he makes.

6. The violence in Chelsea was triggered by football _______________.

7. At university, she studied both _______________ and modern history.

8. Vincent has gained a lot of _______________ just by reading books.

77
Reading: Socrates
Ancient Greece had a lot of wellwell-known philosophers.
Socrates is perhaps the most famous among them, but not
the best understood. He walked through the streets of
Athens in the 5th century BC and made a lot of
conversations. However, he never wrote any books or
papers.
apers. After his death in 399 BC, his supporters, such as
Plato, Aristotle, and Xenophon, wrote books about him.
In their work, they portrayed him doing what he was best
known for: making conversations. They mostly wrote
about his dialogues and kept his id
ideas alive.

Socrates was interested in neither money nor power. In the streets of Athens, he
talked to whoever would listen. He asked questions and criticized the answers. As an
intelligent person who had seen both the good and bad days of Athens, he suppo
supported
his fellows to think and question everything around them. For example, he would
make conversations about the meaning of justice and wisdom.

According to what we have learned from books about him, Socrates would throw out
a question, and let people re
respond to it. When they responded to him, he would go on
to ask more questions, and made them think deeper. As the dialogues continued, the
people that thought themselves wise would suddenly find themselves unwise.
Sometimes it made some people angry and un uncomfortable.
comfortable. Yet, the Greeks of his
time enjoyed being with him. Today, Socrates is still considered one of the wisest
men who ever lived, and one of the world’s greatest moral teachers.

EXERCISE 10.2

Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false).

1. Socrates is a well-understood
understood philosopher. T F

2. Socrates was famous for his conversations. T F

3. Wise is the opposite of unwise. T F

4. Socrates affected citizens with his ideas. T F

5. In his time, everybody liked Socrates. T F

6. Socrates wrote many books. T F

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 PAST SIMPLE TENSE – THE VERB “TO BE”
Affirmative Negative
You You
We were at home. We weren’t at home.
They They
I I
He He
was angry. wasn’t angry.
She She
It It

Question Short Answer

you I was.
Were we at home? Yes, you were.
they they were.
I you weren’t.
he he wasn’t.
Was angry? No,
she she wasn’t.
it it wasn’t.

Past Form of Verb “To Be”

The past form of to be (was/were) is used…
 to state facts about the past.
The primary school was in the town.
Atatürk was the first President of the Turkish Republic.
 with adjectives in the past.
It was so hot last week.
She was nervous in the test yesterday.
 to state place and time in the past.
The Johnsons were on a holiday last summer.
You weren’t at work yesterday. Where were you?
The appointment was at 2.00 yesterday.
We were at my grandparents’ last week.

Time expressions in Past Simple Tense

in the past, in 1998, in 1923, in May, on Sunday, at 05:30,

yesterday, yesterday morning/afternoon/evening
a week/two weeks/a month/3 years/a long time ago
last week/year/month/summer/night

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EXERCISE 10.3
Complete the following sentences using was - were.
1. I bought these shoes yesterday. They _______________ on sale.
2. _______________ you at home last night?
3. The guests _______________ late for the party.
4. The weather _______________ so cold that we had to stay in.
5. Marx _______________ not at school yesterday. He _______________ ill.
6. Betty _______________ born in Germany.
7. 1914 _______________ a terrible time in many people’s lives.
8. My cat _______________ happy when she ate the cat food.
9. My assignment _______________ due on Monday, so I had to hurry up.
10. How old _______________ Bill during the First World War?

Past Forms of Other Verbs

PAST SIMPLE TENSE – THE VERB “TO BE”
Affirmative Negative
I I
You You
He He
opened the door. didn’t open the door.
She She
made the cake. didn’t make the cake.
It It
broke the window. didn’t break the window.
We We
You You
They They

Question Short Answer

I I
you Yes, you did
he he
open the door?
she she
Did make the cake?
it it
break the window?
we No, we didn’t
you you
they they

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