PERSONALITIES

SPECTRUM ‘‘PERSONALITIES COLUMN IS AN EFFORT

TO INTRODUCE GREAT PHYSICIANS,
WHOSE CONTRIBUTION IN PHYSICS IS
UNFORGETTABLE.

MICHAEL FARADAY WILLIAM THOMSON

“The lecturer should give the audience full “There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now, all
reason to believe that all his powers have that remains is more and more precise measurement.”
been exerted for their pleasure and
instruction.”
LIFE HISTORY
William Thomson, (1824-1907) was an Irish mathematician and engineer who
LIFE HISTORY was born in Belfast in 1824. At the University of Glasgow he did important
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was an English scientist who work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and
contributed to the study of electromagnetism and second laws of thermodynamics and did much to unify the emerging discipline
electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles of physics in its modern form. He worked closely with mathematics professor
underlying induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Although Hugh Blackburn in his work. He also had a career as an electric telegraph
Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most engineer and inventor, which propelled him into the public eye and ensured
influential scientist in history and also an excellent his wealth, fame and honour. For his work on the transatlantic telegraph
experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple project he was knighted by Queen Victoria, becoming Sir William Thomson.
language of the Royal Institution and the Royal Society and John He had extensive maritime interests and was most noted for his work on the
Tatum, founder of the City Philosophical Society. During his mariner’s compass, which had previously been limited in reliability. Always
lifetime, her was offered knighthood in recognition for his active in industrial research and development, he was recruited around 1899
services to science, which he turned down on religious grounds. by George Eastman to serve as vice-chairman of the board of the British
He died at his house at Hampton Court in 1867 at the age of 75. company Kodak Limited, affiliated with Eastman Kodak.
CONTRIBUTIONS CONTRIBUTIONS
• Faraday proved the basic law of electromagnetism predicting • Joule-Thomson effect that describes the temperature change of a real gas or
how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to liquid as differentiated from an ideal gas.
produce an Electromotive Force (EMF). • Invented the Kelvin double bridge to measure unknown electrical resistors
• He determined the Faraday effect, the first experimental below 1 Ω .
evidence that proved light and electromagnetism are related. • Thomson invented the absolute temperature scale, now known as 'the Kelvin
• The Faraday constant, denoted by the symbol F and named scale’ that would be beneficial to define extremely low temperatures
after Michael Faraday is the magnitude of electric charge per precisely.
mole of electrons that has value of 96485.33289(59) C mol −1 . • His experimental research, works on the formulation of second law of
• Faraday waves, non-linear standing waves firstly described thermodynamics which states that heat will not flow from a colder body to a
them in an appendix to an article in the Philosophical hotter body and first formulated to explain how a steam engine works.
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. • Kelvin described the theory about the shape of atoms in which he observed
• Invented the Faraday rotator that works on the principle of a smoke rings, and proposed that atoms were shaped like vortices spiralling
magneto-optic effect. around each other similar to the way knots loop and twist.
AWARDS AND HONOURS • Analysis of the correspondence principles and basic tools related to the
• In 1835 and 1846, Royal Medal. Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism and Kelvin transform.
• In 1832 and 1838, Copley Medal. AWARDS AND HONOURS
• In 1833, the University of Oxford granted Faraday a Doctor of • 1845, First Smith’s Prize.
Civil Law degree (honorary). • 1851, Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
• In 1833, Faraday became the first Fullerian Professor of • 1856, Royal Medal.
Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. • 1859, Hon. Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
• In 1846, Rumford Medal. • 1864, Keith Medal.
• In 1866, Albert Medal. • 1873, Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil)
• In 1986, Michael Faraday Prize, named in his honour • 1896, Knight Grand Cross of the Victorian Order.
awarded annually to the scientist or engineer whose expertise • 1901, Order of the First Class of the Sacred Treasure of Japan.
in communicating scientific ideas at the Royal Institution. • 1905, First international recipient of John Fritz Medal.
 Er. V.P.S. Tyagi

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS ON

KINEMATICS
A collection of chapterwise best problems of their types

Passage 1 Passage 3
The graph below gives the displacement of a particle When two bodies A and B are moving with velocity vA and
travelling along the X-axis as a function of time. AM is the vB, then relative velocity of A w.r.t. B is vAB = vA - vB.
tangent to the curve at the starting moment and BN is Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A is vBA = vB - vA = vB + ( - vA ).
tangent at the end moment (q1 = q 2 = 120°)
x (m) When body C is moving with velocity vc on a body A, which
is moving with velocity vA, then velocity of C w.r.t. ground
100 A
is vc + vA.

θ2
Suppose two parallel rail tracks run north-south. Train A
θ1 N moves north with a speed of 54 km/h and train B moves
O M 10 20 t (s) south with a speed of 90 km/h.
5. Relative velocity of ground w.r.t. B is
B (a) 25 ms -1 due north (b) 25 ms -1 due south
–100
(c) 40 ms -1 due north (d) 40 ms -1 due south

1. Find the average velocity during the first 20 s. 6. The instant of time at which acceleration and velocity
(a) -10 m/s (b) 10 m/s are perpendicular is
(c) Zero (d) None of these (a) 0.6 s (b)1.2 s
(c) 2.4 s (d) None of these
2. Find the average acceleration during the first 20 s.
(a) 3 m/s 2 (b) - 3 m/s 2 7. The instant of time at which speed of particle is least
(c) Zero (d) 1 m/s 2 (a) 0.6 s (b) 1.2 s
(c) 2.4 s (d) None of these
3. During which interval is the motion retarded.
(a) 0-10 (b) 5-15 8. A monkey is moving with a velocity of 18 km/h on the
(c) 10-20 (d) None of these roof of train A against the motion of train A. The
velocity of monkey as observed by a man standing on
Passage 2 u=20 m/s
the ground is
(a) 5 ms -1 towards south (b) 10 ms -1 towards north
The direction of velocity of a particle at
(c) 10 ms -1 towards south (d) 20 ms -1 towards south
time t = 0 is as shown in the figure and has
the magnitude u = 20 m/s. The Passage 4
127°
acceleration of particle is always constant
A man wants to cross a river of width d. He wants to reach
and has magnitude 10 m/s 2. The angle
at the opposite point B. If vm = 10 m/s and vr = 12 m/s, then
between its initial velocity and
solve the question given below.
acceleration is 127°. (Take, sin 37° = 3 / 5 ). a=10 m/s2
B
4. The instant of time t at which acceleration of particle is
perpendicular to its displacement (displacement from vm
d=10 m
t = 0 till that instant t) is θ
(a) 0.6 s (b) 1.2 s (c) 2.4 s (d) None of these
A vr
31
 9. The value of angle made by the velocity of man by line 15. Find the velocity with which the particle strikes the
AB. plane OB.
(a) q = sin-1 æç ö÷ (b) q = sin-1 æç ö÷ (a) v = 10 m/s (b) v = 5 m/s
10 12
è 12 ø è 10 ø (c) v = - 10 m/s (d) v = - 5 m/s
(c) 60° (d) None of these
16. Find the height (h) of point P from point O.
10. If v m becomes 24 m/s, then the time taken to reach the
(a) h = 5 m (b) h = 8 m
exactly opposite point B.
5 5 (c) h = 10 m (d) h = 4 m
(a) 3 m/s (b) m/s
6 6 3 17. Find the distance PQ. (Take g = 10 m/s2 )
(c) 3 3 m/s (d) None of these (a) 20 m (b) 15 m
(c) 10 m (d) 5 m
Passage 5
A particle A is projected with an initial velocity of 60 m/s Passage 7
at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. At the same time, a An elevator car whose floor to ceiling distance is equal to
second particle B is projected in opposite direction with 2.7 m starts ascending with constant acceleration 1.2 m/s 2.
initial speed of 50 m/s from a point at a distance of 100 m
2 second after the start a bolt begins falling from the ceiling
from A. If the particles collide in air, then
of the car.
50 m/s
60 m/s 18. Find the time after which bolts hits the floor of the
elevation.
α
(a) 0.8 s (b) 0.7 s
30°
A B (c) 0.5 s (d) 0.4 s
100 m
19. Find the net displacement and distance travelled by the
11. Find the angle of projection a of particle B. bolt with respect to earth.
(a) a = sin-1 æç ö÷ (b) a = sin-1 æç ö÷
4 3 (a) (– 0.72 m, 1.3 m) (b) (– 0.72 m, 1.5 m)
è 5ø è 5ø
(c) (– 0.48 m, 1.3 m) (d) (– 0.52 m, 1.4 m)
(c) a = cos -1 æç ö÷ (d) a = cos -1 æç ö÷
4 5
è 5ø è 4ø Passage 8
12. Find the time period when the collision takes place. Two guns, situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m, fire on
(a) t = 2.0 s (b) t = 1.5 s (c) t = 1.09 s (d) t = 1.45 s one shot each with the same speed 5 3 ms -1 at some
13. Find the distance of P from A, where collision occurs. interval of time. One gun fires horizontally and other fires
(g = 10 m/s2 ) upwards at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The shots
(a) s = 49.52 m (b) s = 62.64 m collide in air at a point P.
(c) s = 60.42 m (d) s = 64 m 20. Find the time interval between the firings.
(a) 1 s (b) 4 s
Passage 6 (c) 2 s (d) 3 s
Two inclined planes OA and OB having inclinations 30°
21. Find the coordinates of the point P.
and 60° with the horizontal respectively intersect each
(a) ( 5 3, 4) m (b) ( 5 3, 5) m
other at O as shown in figure. A particle is projected from
point with velocity u = 10 3 m/s along a direction (c) ( 4 3, 2 ) m (d) ( 6 3, 2 ) m
perpendicular to plane OA . If the particle strikes the
plane OB perpendicular at Q. Calculate Passage 9
y x A rider on an open platform, which is descending at a
constant speed of 3 ms -1, throws a ball. Relative to the
v
B platform, ball's initial velocity is horizontal at 12 m/s. The
u
A Q ground is 10 m below the location where the ball is thrown.
P 22. Find the distance where ball hits the ground.
h
60° (a) 13.80 m (b) 14.24 m (c) 12.45 m (d) 12.42 m
30°
O 23. How long after the ball hits the ground does the platform
reach the ground level?
14. Find the time period of flight.
(a) t = 2.45 s (b) t = 1.45 s
(a) t = 2 s (b) t = 6 s (c) t = 4 s (d) t = 5 s
(c) t = 2.18 s (d) t = 2.170 s

32
24. With what velocity does the ball hits the ground? 25. Find the value of angle q.
(a) v = 18.68 m/s (b) v = 15.40 m/s (a) q = 30° (b) q = 45°
(c) v = 20.00 m/s (d) v = 18.00 m/s (c) q = 60° (d) q = 35°

Passage 10 26. Find the vertical and horizontal coordinates of the

A bullet of mass M is fired with a velocity 50 m/s at an initial position bob w.r.t. to the point of firing of the
bullet. (g = 10 m/s2 )
angle q with the horizontal. At the highest point of its
(a) (108.25 m, 31.25 m)
trajectory, it collides head on with a bob of mass 3 M
(b) (108.14 m, 30.0 m)
suspended by a massless string of length (10/3) m and gets
(c) (105.25 m, 30.45 m)
embedded in the bob. After the collision, the string moves (d) (100 m, 35.27 m)
through an angle of 120°.

Answers with Explanation

xf - xi -100 - 100
Þ q = sin-1 æç ö÷
12 12
1. (a) Average velocity, v = = = - 10 m/s sin q =
Dt 20 10 è 10 ø
2. (c) Average acceleration, But the value of q cannot be more than one. So, this case is
v - v i tan q 2 - tan q1 not possible for the given values of v r and v m.
a = f = =0 (Q q 2 = q1)
Dt 20 10. (b) Time taken to cross the river =
d
3. (a) During first 10 s, magnitude of the slope of x-t curve and v m × cos q
hence, speed is decreasing motion is retarded. As he wants to reach at B, then
v m × sin q = v r
4. (c) Acceleration and displacement are mutually
v 12 1
perpendicular at instant 2 t 0 = 2.4 s. or sin q = r = =
v m 24 2
5. (a) Relative velocity of ground w.r.t. B
or q = 30°
vGB = vG + ( - v B ) = 0 + ( - 25 ms -1 )
d 10
So, t = =
= 25 ms -1 due north. v n × cos q 24 ´ cos 30°
6. (b) As, the path of particle is parabolic as shown in figure 10 ´ 2 5
= = s
y 24 ´ 3 6 3
u=20 m/s 11. (b) Taking x and y -directions as shown in figure.
Here, a A = - g$j y

θ=37° a B = - g$j
x u Ax = 60 cos 30° = 30 3 m/s
a=10 m/s2
u Ay = 60 sin 30° O x
= 30 m/s
\ a ^ v at maximum height, that is at half time of flight. uAB
u sin q 20 ´ 3 / 5 u Bx = - 50cos a
Hence, t 0 = = = 1.2 s
a 10 and u By = 50 sin a
Relative acceleration between the two is zero as a A = a B.
7. (b) Speed is least at maximum height, that is at instant
Hence, the relative motion between the two is uniform. It can be
t 0 = 1.2 s.
assumed that B is at rest and A is moving with u AB. Hence, the
8. (b) Velocity of monkey as observed by a man, two particles will collide, if u AB is along AB. This is possible only
v mG = v m + vG = 5 + ( -15 ms -1 ) when u Ay = u By
i.e. component of relative velocity along Y-axis should be zero.
= - 10 ms -1 towards south
or 30 = 50 × sin a
= 10 ms -1 towards north
a = sin-1 æç ö÷
3
\
9. (b) To reach at B, the displacement along X-axis should be è 5ø
zero. 12. (c) Now, |u AB| = u Ax - u Bx = ( 30 3 + 50 cos a) m/s
For that v m sin q must be equal to v r .
= æç 30 3 + 50 ´ ö÷ m/s
4
v m × sin q = v r è 5ø
= ( 30 3 + 40) m/s

33
 AB After 2 s, velocity of lift is v = at = (1.2 ) (2) = 2.4 m/s
Therefore, time of collision is t =
|u AB.| Therefore, initial velocity of the bolt is also 2.4 m/s and it gets
100 accelerated with relative acceleration 11 m/s 2 with respect to
= = 1.09 s
( 30 3 + 40) elevator, initial velocity of bolt is zero and it has to travel 2.7 m
with 11m/s 2. Thus, time taken can be directly given as
13. (b) Distance of point P from A where collision takes place is 2s 2 ´ 2.7
2 = = 07 . s
s = (u Ax × t )2 + æçu Ay t - gt 2 ö÷
1 a 11
è 2 ø
19. (a) Displacement of bolt relative to ground in 0.7s.
2 1 2
. )2 + æç 30 ´ 109 . ö÷
1 s = ut + at
s = ( 30 3 ´ 109 . - ´ 10 ´ 109
. ´ 109 2
è 2 ø
1
s = (2.4) ( 07
. )+ . )2
( -9.8).( 07
Þ s = 62.64 m. 2
14. (a) Let, us choose the x and y-directions along OB and OA Þ s = - 072
. m
V=0
respectively. Then, u x = u = 10 3 m/s; u y = 0
s1
ax = - g sin 60° = - 5 3 m/s 2
and ay = - g × cos 60° = - 5 m/s 2. s2
u
At point Q, x-component of velocity is zero, Hence,
substituting in v x = u x + ax t
or 0 = 10 3 - 5 3 t
10 3
or t = = 2 s.
5 3
Velocity of bolt will become zero after a time
15. (c) At point Q, v = v y = u y + ay t u
t0 = (v = u - gt )
\ v = 0 - ( 5) (2 ) = - 10 m/s. g
Here, negative sign implies that velocity of particle at Q is 2.4
along negative y-direction. = = 0.245 s
9.8
16. (a) Distance PO = displacement of particle along y-direction Therefore, distance travelled by the bolt = s1 + s 2.
=|s y |.
u2 1 (2.4)2 1
1 + × g (t - t 0 )2 = . - 0.24)2 = 1.3 m
+ ´ 9.8 ( 07
Here, s y = u y × t + ay × t 2 2g 2 2 ´ 9.8 2
2
1 20. (a) As shown in figure, from equation of motion.
= 0 - ( 5) × (2 )2 = - 10 m
2 1 2
s = s 0 + ut + at for first gun
\ PO = 10 m. 2
Therefore, h = PO sin 30° = (10) × æç ö÷ = 5 m
1 y
è2 ø
\ h = 5m
II
17. (a) Distance OQ = displacement of particle along x-direction 60°

= sx . I P
1 10 m
Here, s x = u x t + × ax × t 2
2 O x
1 x1 = 5 3 t 1 …(i)
= (10 3 ) (2 ) × - ( 5 3 )(2 )2
2 1
y1 = 10 - gt 12 …(ii)
= 10 3 m. 2
or OQ = 10 3 m. While for the second gun,

\ 2
PQ = ( PO ) + (OQ ) . 2 x2 = 5 3 cos 60° × t 2 …(iii)
1
and y2 = 10 + 5 3 sin 60° t 2 - gt 22 …(iv)
= (10)2 + (10 3 )2 2
= 100 + 300 = 400 = 20 For collision, x1 = x2
and y1 = y2
\ PQ = 20 m 1
i.e. 5 3 t1 = 5 3 × t 2
2
18. (b) If we consider elevator at rest, then relative acceleration of
1 15 1
the bolt is ar = ( 9.8 + 1.2 ). and 10 - gt 12 = 10 + × t 2 - gt 22
2 2 2
= 11 m/s 2(downwards)

34
 i.e. t 2 = 2t 1 M ´ 50 × cos q + 0 = 4 MV.
and g (t 22 - t 12 ) = 15 t 2 50
i.e. V = æç ö÷ × cos q …(i)
Which on simplification gives t 1 =1 s and t 2 = 2 s è 4ø
So, time interval between the firings = (2 - 1) s = 1 s. Now equation of circular motion of the bob at B will be
21. (b) Substituting the value of t 1 = 1 s and g = 10 m/s in 2 4Mv 2
T = + 4 Mg × cos120°
Eqs. (i) and (ii), then coordinates of point will be ( 5 3, 5) m. l
But at B, T = 0 and v ¹ 0 [as angle > 90°]
22. (a) Due to inertia, ball will share the velocity of platform at the
So, that the above equation reduces to
instant of projection. Hence, horizontal components of the
g 5 10
ball’s velocity = 3 m/s v2 = l = g [as l = m] …(ii)
2 3 3
Considering the vertical motion,
1 Now by conservation of mechanical energy between A and B
10 = 3 t + ´ 9.8 t 2 or 49 = t 2 + 30 t - 100 = 0 (after collision).
2
1 1 10 10
-30 ± 900 + 19600 ( 4M )V 2 = ( 4M ) × v 2 + 4Mg ´ é + sin 30° ù
or t = 2 2 êë 3 3 úû
98
1 2 1 2
Rejecting the negative root, we have or V = v + 5g …(iii)
2 2
-30 + 10 205
t = = 1.15 s (approx.) Substituting the values of V and v from Eqs. (i) and (ii) in
98
Eq. (iii), we get
\ The distance AB = 12 ´ 1.15 = 13.80 m 2
1 é 50 1 5
23. (c) The time taken by the platform to reach the ground × cos qù = é g ù + 5g
2 êë 4 úû 2 êë 3 úû
10
= = 3.33 s. 2
3 i.e. é 25 × cos qù = 35 g
Thus, the time difference = (3.33 - 1.15) = 2.18 s. ëê 2 ûú 3
25 350
24. (a) Let the ball strikes the ground with velocity v, then or × cos q = = 1077
.
horizontal component v n = 12 m/s 2 3
and vertical component v v2 = ( 3) 2 + 2 ´ 9.8 ´ 10 = 14.32 m/s. So, cos q = 0.86
i.e. q = 30°
Then, v = v n2 + v v2 = 144 + 205 = 349 m/s = 18.68 m/s
26. (a) As initially the bob is at the highest point of trajectory,
25. (a) At the highest point of trajectory horizontal force is zero Horizontal component ( X )
(as mg cos 90° = 0). So, by conservation of linear momentum R 1 æ u 2 × sin2 q ö
in horizontal direction. = = ç ÷
2 2è g ø
v
50 ´ 50 ´ 3
T B =
2 ´ 10 ´ 2
50 m/s 120°
= 108.25 m
v u 2 sin2 q
Vertical component ( Y ) = H =
2g
y=H 50 ´ 50 ´ 1
=
2 ´ 10 ´ 4
O θ
= 31.25 m
x

INSPIRING ICONS
Rajanikant Nayak, son of a widow daily wage earner, who despite all the obstacles, managed to
crack the JEE Advanced. The list of adverse condition that the tribal boy faced is unending, from
losing his father at a very young age to having a bed ridden sister. With his mother being the only
earning member of the family, it could have been very easy for him to get mowed down by the
obstacles and get lost in the crowd of non-descript Denua village under baruan block of
Mayurbhanj district in Odisha.
He got an all India ST rank of 245 and is now aiming to join a core stream in any of the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT).

35
 1. In Oersted’s experiment, deflection of magnetic 5. A straight wire of length 0.5 m carrying a current of
needle produced due to current carrying wire 1.2 A placed in a uniform magnetic field of
(a) remains constant with decrease in current induction 2 T. The magnetic field is perpendicular
(b) increases with increases in current to the length of the wire. The force on the wire is
(c) first increases then decreases with increases in current (a) 2.4 N (b) 1.2 N (c) 3.0 N (d) 2.0 N
(d) not found in Oersted’s experiment
6. Force acting on a particle does same work only
2. A current or magnetic field going into the plane of when
paper is indicated by a ...A... and a current or I. force has a component along the direction of
magnetic field emerging out of plane of paper is motion of particle.
indicated by a ...B... . Here, A and B refer to
II. force has a component opposite to direction of
(a) cross, dot (b) dot, cross motion of particle.
(c) circle, square (d) square, circle
III. force has a component perpendicular to
3. Direction of force due to magnetic field on a moving direction of motion of particle.
charged particle is IV. force is not able to move the particle.
I. perpendicular to direction of velocity of Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
charged particle. (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) III and IV (d) IV and I
II. perpendicular to direction of magnetic field.
III. parallel to direction of velocity of charged 7. Consider a moving charged particle in region of
particle. magnetic field. Which of the following are correct?
IV. parallel to the direction of magnetic field. I. If v is parallel to B, then path of particle is spiral.
Correct option is II. If v is perpendicular to B, then path of particle is
(a) I and IV (b) I and II a circle.
(c) I and III (d) III and IV III. If v has a component along B, then path of
4. A current carrying wire of area A, length l, number particle is helical.
density of charge carriers n is placed in a region of IV. If v is along B, then path of particle is a circle.
external magnetic field B, what will be the net force (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) III and IV (d) IV and I
on charge carriers? 8. An electron and a proton moving on a straight
(a) ( n A l) q ( vd ´ B) (b) q ( vd ´ B) parallel path with same velocity enters a
(c) nq ( vd ´ B) (d) Alq ( vd ´ B) semi-infinite region of uniform magnetic field
perpendicular to velocity.

36 AUGUST 2016 PHYSICS SPECTRUM

 Which of these are correct? 12. An element DI = Dx $i is placed at the origin and
I. They will never come out of magnetic field carries a current I = 10 A.
region. y
II. They will come out travelling along parallel
P
paths.
III. They will come out same time.
0.5 m
IV. They will come out at different times.
(a) I and II (b) II and III x
(c) II and IV (d) I and IV
∆x
9. A velocity selector, (a region of perpendicular If Dx = 1.0 m, then magnetic field at point P is
electric and magnetic field) $
(a) 4 ´ 10 - 8 kT (b) 4 ´ 10 - 8 $i T
I. Allows charged particles to pass straight when - 8 $
(c) 4 ´ 10 jT (d) - 4 ´ 10 - 8 $jT
v = E / B.
II. Deflects particle in a direction perpendicular to 13. Match the following columns.
both v and B, where, v > E / B. Column I Column II
III. Deflects particle in the direction of electric field A. Lorentz force 1. q
when, v < E / B. ò E × dA = e0
IV. Deflects all particles in a direction B. Gauss’s law 2. m id l ´ r
dB = 0 =
perpendicular to both E and B. 4p r3
(a) I, III and IV (b) II, III and IV C. Biot-Savart’s law 3. F = q [E + ( v ´ B)]
(c) I, II and III (d) I, II and IV D. Coulomb’s law 4. 1 qq
F = × 12 2
4pe0 r
10. For the sketch of cyclotron given match the name of
parts of cyclotron with their levels. Codes
A B C D A B C D
Column I Column II (a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 1 2 4 3
(Name) (Labels) (c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 4 1 2 3
A. Metal dees
B. Oscillator 1 3 14. Which of the following figures correctly depicts the
C. Exit port 4
direction of magnetic field of a current carrying
D. Magnetic field coil?
out of the Charged
P particle
I I
paper
E. Deflection plate 2 D2 (a) (b)

I I
5
(c) (d)
Codes
A B C D E A B C D E
(a) 1 2 3 4 5 (b) 1 3 2 5 4
(c) 3 1 2 4 5 (d) 2 5 4 1 3 15. A straight wire carrying a current of 12 A is bent into
11. Similarities of Biot-Savart’s law and Coulomb’s law a semicircular loop of radius 2.0 cm as shown in
for the electrostatics, figure. What will be magnetic field at the centre of
loop?
I. both are long range and inversely proportional
to the square of distance from the source to
point of interest.
I I
II. both are linear in source.
III. both are produced by scalar sources.
(a) B = 1.9 ´ 10 - 4 T
IV. both follow principles of superposition. (b) B = 1.9 ´ 10 4 T
(a) I, II, III (b) II, III, IV (c) B = 1.9 ´ 10 -4 T, Ä
(c) I, II, IV (d) I, III, IV (d) B = 1.9 ´ 10 4 T, Ä

37
16. A straight long wire carries a current of 35 A. Its (b) Cross-section of wires
magnitude of magnetic field at a distance of 0.20 m
from the wire is
(a) 3.5 ´ 10 - 5 T
(b) 3.5 ´ 10 5 T
(c) 3.5 T (c) Cross-section of wires
(d) 7 T
17. Two concentric circular coils x and y of radii 16 cm
and 10 cm lie in same vertical plane containing
north to south direction. Coil x has 20 turns, coil y
has 25 turns and current in coil x is 16 A whereas in
coil y is 18A. Current in x is anti-clockwise and in y (d) Cross-section of wires
is clockwise. For an observer facing west and
looking at coils, magnetic field at the centre of
assembly of coils is
(a) 1.57 ´ 10 - 3 T towards east
(b) 1.57 ´ 10 - 3 T towards west
(c) 1.57 ´ 10 - 3 T towards north 21. Which one is a correct figure to represent magnetic
(d) 1.57 ´ 10 - 3 T towards south bottle in a plasma fusion experiment?

18. For a cylindrical conductor of radius a, which of

the following graphs shows a correct relationship of (a) (b)
B versus r?
B B

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

r r
r=a r=a
22. A solenoid of length 1 m and 30 cm diameters has
five layers of windings of 850 turns each and carries
B B a current of 5A. Calculate the magnetic flux for a
cross-section of the solenoid as the centre of the
(c)
(d) solenoid.
(a) 2.45 ´ 10 - 5 Wb (b) 4 ´ 10 - 3 Wb
r r
a r=a (c) 1.89 ´ 10 - 5 Wb (d) 3 ´ 10 - 2 Wb

19. A current I flows along the length of an infinitely 23. Which one is a correct shape for current carrying
long straight thin walled pipe, then wires?
(a) the magnetic field is zero only at axis of the pipe
A. I1 I2 B. I1 I2 C. I1 I2 D. I1 I2
(b) the magnetic field is different at different points inside the
pipe
(c) the magnetic field at any point inside the pipe is zero
(d) the magnetic field at all points inside the pipe is the same
but not zero
20. Which is a correct figure to display the magnetic (a) A and B (b) B and C (c) C and D (d) D and A
field lines due to a solenoid?
(a) Cross-section of wires
24. If two parallel current carrying conductors placed
one metre apart in vacuum are placed such that
each carries I current, then there is a force of
(a) 2 ´ 10 - 7 N per metre of length
(b) 2 ´ 10 7 N per metre of length
(c) 9 ´ 10 9 N per metre of length
(d) 9 ´ 10 - 9 N per metre of length

38
25. For a current carrying wire loop of N turns, placed in æ NAB ö æ k ö
(a) f = ç ÷I (b) f = ç ÷I
è k ø è BNA ø
region of a uniform magnetic field B, match column
æ kA ö æ BN ö
I and column II. (c) f = ç ÷I (d) f = ç ÷I
è BN ø è kA ø
Column I Column II
28. The galvanometer cannot as such be used as
A. Torque on loop 1. mB ammeter to measure the value of current in a given
B. Torque on loop when m is either 2. NIA
circuit. The following reasons are
parallel or anti-parallel to B
C. Magnetic moment of loop. 3. Zero I. galvanometer gives full scale deflection for a
D. Torque on loop when m is 4. m ´B small current.
perpendicular to B II. galvanometer has a large resistance.
Codes
III. a linear scale cannot be designed so that I µ f.
A B C D A B C D IV. a galvanometer can give in accurate values.
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 1 4 3 (a) I and IV
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 4 2 (b) II and III
26. A current carrying circular loop lies on a smooth (c) I and II
horizontal plane. (d) III and IV
(a) If a uniform magnetic field is set up parallel to plane of loop,
it turns about the vertical axis
29. To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter
(a) a low resistance in parallel is used
(b) If a uniform magnetic field is set up perpendicular to plane
of loop it turns about the vertical axis (b) a low resistance in series is used
(c) If a uniform magnetic field is set up perpendicularly towards (c) a high resistance in series is used
loop turns up about the vertical axis (d) a high resistance in parallel is used
(d) Torque produced is always in the plane perpendicular to B 30. To increase the current sensitivity of a moving coil
27. In a moving coil galvanometer of coil of N turns of galvanometer, we should decrease
area A having a spring of stiffness k. If coil is (a) a strength of magnet
deflected by some angle f due to flow of I current in (b) torsional constant of spring
uniform radial magnetic field B, then (c) number of turns in coil
(d) area of coil

Correct Answers along with NCERT Textbook Reference

1. (b) Introduction, Page No. 132 15. (c) Magnetic field on the axis of a
2. (a) Introduction, Page No. 133 circular current loop, Page No. 145
3. (b) Magnetic force, Page No. 134 16. (a) Magnetic field on the axis of a
circular current loop, Page No. 146
4. (a) Magnetic field, Lorentz force, Page No. 134
17. (b) Magnetic field on the axis of a
5. (b) Magnetic force on a current
circular current loop, Page No. 147
carrying conductor, Page No. 136-137
18. (c) Ampere’s circuital law, Page No. 147
6. (a) Motion in a magnetic field, Page No. 137 19. (c) Ampere’s circuital law, Page No. 148
7. (b) Motion in a magnetic field, Page No. 138 20. (d) The solenoid Page No. 151
8. (c) Motion in a magnetic field, Page No. 138 21. (b) The solenoid Page No. 152
9. (c) Motion in combined electric and 22. (c) The toroid Page No. 154
magnetic fields, Page No. 140 23. (b) Force between two parallel currents,
10. (d) Motion is combined electric and the ampere, Page No. 154
magnetic fields, Page No. 141
24. (a) Force between two parallel currents,
the ampere, Page No. 155
11. (c) Magnetic field due to a current
25. (c) Torque on current loop, magnetic
element, Biot-Savart law, Page No. 143 dipole, Page No. 157
12. (a) Magnetic field due to a 26. (d) Circular current loop as a magnetic
current element, Biot-Savart law, Page No. 144 dipole, Page No. 161
13. (a) Magnetic field due to a current 27. (a) The moving coil galvanometer, Page No. 164
element, Biot-Savart law, Page No. 144 28. (c) The moving coil galvanometer, Page No. 164
14. (a) Magnetic field on the axis of a 29. (c) The moving coil galvanometer, Page No. 165
circular current loop, Page No. 145
30. (b) The moving coil galvanometer, Page No. 166

39
1 Electric current It is defined as the time rate of
flow of electric charge through a cross-section of
the conductor. Instantaneous value of current at
any instant is given by
9 Non-Ohmic conductors Conductors which do
not obey Ohm’s law which may represent the
following points
• The straight line of V-I graph does not pass
CONCEP
 ∆q  dq
I = lim   =
∆t→ 0  ∆t  dt
The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
2 Drift velocity It is defined as the average velocity
through the origin.
• V-I relationship is non-linear.
• V-I relationship depends on the sign of V for the
same absolute value of V.
your Revi
• V-I relationship is non-unique.
with which free electrons get drifted towards the
10 Superconductors The certain metals and alloys
positive end of the conductor under the influence
of an external electric field,
i.e. vd = − τ
eE
substances which completely loose their
resistivity when they are supercooled below a
certain temperature e.g. mercury at temperature
CURRENT EL
m 4.2K lead at 7.25K becomes superconductors.
where, e is the charge on electron, m is the mass, E 11 Meissner effect The exclusion of the magnetic
is the electric field applied and τ is the average flux from a superconducting material when it is
time of relaxation. cooled to a temperature below the critical
3 Mobility It is defined as the drift velocity ( v d ) per temperature in a magnetic field is called as
unit electric field applied Meissner effect.
i.e. µ e = v d / E. 12 Series grouping of resistances
4 Relation between current and drift velocity/ • In series, same current I flows through all the
mobility I = nAev d = Ane µ e E, where n is the resistances.
electron density or number of electrons per unit • The potential difference across the combination
volume of the conductor and A is the area of is distributed across various resistors in the
cross-section of the conductor. direct ratio of their resistance i.e.
5 Ohm’s law It states that the current ( I ) flowing V = V1 + V2 + V3 +…
through a conductor is directly proportional to the • Total equivalent resistance in series grouping of
potential difference (V ) across the end of the resistance is equal to the sum of individual
conductor, provided physical conditions of the resistance.
conductor such as temperature, mechanical R5 = R1 + R2 + R3 +…
strain, etc., are kept constant, i.e. V ∝ I or V = IR 13 Parallel grouping of resistances
where, R is known as the resistance of the (a) In parallel grouping of resistances, same
conductor. potential difference V appears across each
Specific resistance or electrical resistivity It is resistance.
defined as the resistance of unit length and unit (b) The current is distributed among various
area of cross-section of the conductor i.e. resistor in the inverse ratio of their
m resistances.
ρ= 2 . Thus, I = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 +…
ne τ
The SI unit of resistivity is Ω -m. (c) Total equivalent resistance in parallel
6 Current density ( J ) At a point is defined as the grouping of resistance RP is given by
amount of current flowing per unit area of 1 1 1
= + +…
cross-section of the conductor, provided the area RP R1 R2
is held in a direction normal to the current. 14 Colour code for carbon resistors The number
I attached from 0 to 9, 10 −1 and 10 −2 to the various
J = nev d
A colours can be recollected by the sentence
The SI unit of current density is Am −2 . B.B.ROY Great Britain Very Good Wife wearing
7 Electrical conductivity ( σ ) of a conductor is the Gold, Silver necklace.
• Black-0, Brown-1, Red-2, Orange-3, Yellow-4,
inverse of its resistivity (ρ ) i.e. σ =1/ ρ. The SI unit
Green-5, Blue-6, Violet-7, Grey-8, White-9, The current reaching a junction if taken positive,
of σ is Ω −1 m −1 or Sm −1 .
Gold-10 −1 , Silver-10 −2 . then the current leaving the junction is taken
8 Effect of temperature on resistance • The separate strip of gold, silver and no colour negative. This law supports the concept that
• The resistance of a metal conductor at a
shows the accuracy of ± 5%, ± 10%,± 20% of moving charges are not accumulated at a
temperature t °C is given by Rt = R0 (1 + α t ) the given carbon resistor. junction i.e. the law of conservation of charges.
where, R0 is the resistance of a conductor at 0°C 15 Internal resistance of a cell It is defined as the • Second rule In a closed loop, the algebraic, sum
andα is the temperature coefficient of resistance. resistance offered by the electrolyte and electrode of all the potential difference is zero, i.e.
• For metals, α is the positive, i.e. resistance
of a cell when electric current flows through it. Σ∆V = 0. This rule supports the law of
increases with rise in temperature. • Internal resistance of a cell depends upon conservation of energy.
• For semiconductor and insulators, α is
(i) distance between the electrodes, (ii) the nature 17 Wheatstone bridge principle It states that if four
negative, i.e. resistance decreases with rise in
temperature.
of electrodes (iii) nature of electrolyte and area of resistances P, Q, R, S are arranged to form a bridge
• For alloys like manganin, eureka and
the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte. as shown in figure, on pressing battery key K 1 ,
constantan, the value of α is very small as 16 Kirchhoff’s law Kirchhoff gave two laws which first and then galvanometer key K 2 , if the
compared to that of conductors. are as follows: galvanometer shows no deflection, then the bridge
• If Rt and Rt are the resistances of the same First rule The algebraic sum of the current P R
1 2
meeting at a junction is zero, is balanced. i.e. =
conductor at temperatures t 1 °C and t 2 °C, then Q S
i.e. ∑ I = 0.
Rt 2 = Rt 1 [1 + α (t 2 − t 1 )]
PT MAP 18 Potentiometer It is based on the fact that the fall of
potential across any portion of the wire is directly
proportional to the length of that portion provided
the wire is of uniform across of cross-section and a
constant current is flowing through it i.e. V ∝ l or
Let R1 , R2 , R3 …… be resistance of given bulbs
meant to operate at same voltage V to consume
powers P1 , P2 …P3 … .
(i) When bulbs are connected in parallel, then
power consumed, P = P1 + P2 + P3 +…

ision Tool V = Kl , where K is called potential gradient.

• Applications of Potentiometer
a Measurement of potential drop across a
resistor (R) Let potential drop across a
resistor R is V.
(ii) When bulbs are connected in series, then
1 1 1 1
power consumed, = + + +…
P P1 P2 P3
20 Electric energy Total work done (or energy
LECTRICITY P
i
V

Q
G
supplied) by the source of emf in maintaining the
electric current in the circuit for a given time is
called electric energy consumed in the circuit.
R
The electric energy consumed in kWh is given by
V ( in volt ) × i ( in amp ) × t ( in hour )
W=
A
l X
B 1000
21 Heating effect of current The phenomenon in
which heat energy is produced in a conductor due
+ – to the flow of electric current is known as heating
effect of current.
 V0  Heat energy produced is given by
V = L ( l ) = Kl H = W = I 2 RT
  (in joule)
where, K = V / L = potential drop per unit I 2 RT
length of potentiometer wire. ⇒ H= (in calories)
118
.
b Comparision of emf’s of two batteries
where, I = current flowing, R = resistance and
E1
1 t = time taken.
P 3
2
22 First law of electrolysis According to this law, the
mass of a substance deposited or liberated at an
G
E2 electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of
electricity i.e. charge through the electrolyte.
A
X2 X1
B m ∝ q or m = Zq
where, Z is called electrochemical equivalent.
23 Second law of electrolysis According to this law,
+ – when same charge is passed through different
electrolytes, then mass substances deposited or
E1 l1 liberated directly proportional to their chemical
=
E2 l2 equivalent
where, E 1 and E 2 = emfs of batteries 1 and 2 M1 E1
= if q 1 = q 2 .
respectively, l 1 = balancing length ( AX 1 ) M2 E2
when switches 1 and 2 are connected. l 2 = 24 Relation between E, Z and Faraday’s constant
balancing length ( AX 2 ) when switches 2 and 3 Relation between thermoelectromotive force (E),
are connected. electrochemical equivalent ( Z ) and Faraday's
c Measurement of internal resistance of the constant is given by
battery Internal resistance (r) is given as m1 Z 1
K
=
R m2 Z 2
m1 E 1
G and =
i m2 E 2
• The practical application of Wheatstone bridge E1 E2 E
principle is in meter bridge or slide wire bridge or = = = constant.
A B Z1 Z2 Z
and post office box which are used to find the X2 X1
unknown resistance or specific resistance of the E E
Therefore, = F , where is called Faraday’s
given metallic wire. 2 2
B + – constant F.
25 Applications of thermoelectric effect
P Ig Q l 
r = R  1 − 1 • To detect heat radiation A thermo pile is a
2 
l sensitive instrument used for detection of heat
A
G where, l1 = balancing length ( AX 1 ) when (K) radiation and measurement of their intensity. It
C
I
is open, l2 = balancing length ( AX 2 ) when key is based upon Seeback effect.
K2 (K) is closed. • Thermoelectric refrigerator The working of
I R S 19 Power The rate at which work is done by the thermoelectric refrigerator is based on Peltier
source of emf in maintaining the effect of current effect.
D in a circuit is called electric power on the circuit. • Thermoelectric generator Thermocouple can
V2 be used to generate electric power using
i.e. P = VI = I 2 R = watt. Seeback effect in remote areas.
E K1 R
Cylindrical Surface Step III The linear charge density of considered strip is
dq s lR cos f d f
l= = 0
Problem No. 3.23 l l
= s 0 / 2 cos f d f
An infinitely long cylindrical surface of a circular
The electric field at point O due to considered long strip is
cross-section is uniformly charged lengthwise with the
l
surface density s = s 0 cos f, where f is the polar angle of dE =
2 p e 0R
the cylindrical coordinates system whose Z-axis coincides
with the axis of the given surface. Find the magnitude and s 0R cos f d f
=
direction of the electric field strength vector on the Z-axis. 2 p e 0R
s0
= cos f d f
PHYSIKS FUNDA 2 p e0
Since, surface charge density is given, i.e. s = s 0 cos f, where,
d E = - dE cos f $i - dE sin f $j
f is the polar angle of cylindrical coordinates system.
Step IV The component of electric field along X-axis due to whole
Sol. Step I The given cylinder behaves as a long bamboo. So the
cylinder is
strip of the cylinder along length of the cylinder as long thread. f= 2p - s0 2p
The top view of cylinder is like a circular ring as shown in Ex = ò - dE cos f = = ò cos 2 f d f
figure.
f= 0 2 p e0 0

- s 2p. æ 1 + cos 2 f ö
2 p e 0 ò0 è
= ç ÷df
to ∞ to ∞ 2 ø
- s 0 2p - s0
4 p e 0 ò0
= (1 + cos 2 f) d f =
2 e0
Step II We consider a long strip of width dt = Rdf as shown in figure.
If length of cylinder is l ( l ® ¥) . The area of strip is Step V The component of electric field due to whole cylinder along
dA = ldt = lRd f. The charge on the strip is Y-axis is
dq = sdA = s 0 cos f l R d f = s 0 l / 2 cos f d f
f = 2p - s 2p
Ey = ò
2 p e 0 ò0
- dE sin f = cos f sin f d f
f= 0
Y
- s 2p
4 p e 0 ò0
= sin2 f d f = 0

dφ \ Net electric field at point O is E = E x $i + E y $j

φ - s0 $
X′ X = i
φ O
2 e0
dE s
i.e. E= (along the direction f = p)
2 e0

Y′

PHYSICS SPECTRUM AUGUST 2016 53

Spherical Charge Distribution Step IV Discuss the condition of problem, we have
r a r3 r0 r 3
E= 0 = [a r 3 < < 1 Þ e - a r 1 - a r 3]
Problem No. 3.27 3 e 0a r 2 3 e 0
3
\ e- ar = 0 [when a r 3 > > > 1]
A space is filled up with a charge with volume density
3 The magnitude of the electric field strength vector as a
r = r0 e - a r , where r0 and a are positive constants, r is the
function of r,
distance from the centre of this system. Find the r0
E=
magnitude of the electric field strength vector as a 3 e0ar 2
function of r. Investigate the obtained expression for the
small and large values of r, i.e. at a r 3 < < 1 and a r 3 > > 1.
Thin Circular Ring
PHYSIKS FUNDA
The electric field on the surface of spherical distribution of Problem No. 3.30
q There are two thin wire rings, each of radius R, whose axes
charge is E =
4 p e0 r 2 coincide. The charges of the rings are + q and - q. Find the
This result is applicable for uniform as well as non-uniform potential difference between the centres of the rings
distribution of charge. Thus, it does not depend upon charge separated by a distance a.
outside the surface. PHYSIKS FUNDA
Sol. Step I Draw a sphere of radius r as shown in figure below. Electric potential at point P (on the axis) due to ring is
q q
f= =
r 4 p e0 r 4 p e R 2 + a 2
0
O M
r=√R2+a2
R

a P
Step II Calculate the net charge enclosed by the sphere as shown in O
figure.

Sol. Step I Determine the net potential at the centre of first ring.
The electric potential on the centre of first ring is
r
f1 = f¢1 + f1¢¢
where, f¢1 = Electric potential due to first ring on its centre
q
=
4 p e 0R
For this, we consider a hollow concentric sphere of radius r
and thickness dr. The volume of considered element is f 1¢¢ = Electric potential due to second ring at the centre of first
-q
dV = 4pr 2dr. ring =
4 p e0 R 2 + a 2
The electric charge in the considered element is
dq = rdV Step II Determine the net potential at the centre of second ring,
= r0e - a r3
. 4pr dr 2 f 2 = f¢ 2 + f ¢¢2
2 - ar 3
where, f¢ 2 = Electric potential due to second ring as its
= 4pr 0 r e dr centre
+q –q
\ Total charge enclosed by the sphere is
√R2+a2
r 3
q = ò0 4pr 0 r 2e - a r dr R R

4pr0 3
q = (1 - e - a r ) O1 P O2
3 e 0a
Step III Apply the concept of the problem, electric field on the surface √R2+a2
of spherical distribution of charge, -q
=
q 4 p e0 R
E= [radially outwards]
4 p e0 r 2 and f ¢¢2 = Electric potential due to first ring on the centre of
r0 q
= (1 - e - a r3
) second ring =
3 e0 a r 2 4 p e0 R 2 + a 2

54
Step III Determine potential difference.
Df = f1 - f 2
Worked Out Problem
On putting the values of f1 and f 2, we get
Problem No. 3.46
é ù
ê ú
Df =
q ê1 - 1 ú Electric Dipole Moment along a Long Thread
2 p e0 R ê a ú
2
ê 1 + ú A dipole with an electric moment P is located at a distance
ë R2 û r from a long thread charged uniformly with a linear
density l. Find the force F acting on the dipole, if the
Hemispherical Surface vector P is oriented
(a) along the thread
Problem No. 3.32 (b) along the radius vector r
Find the electric field potential and strength at the centre (c) at right angles to the thread and the radius vector r.
of a hemisphere of radius R charged uniformly with the
surface density s. PHYSIKS FUNDA
l
PHYSIKS FUNDA Electric field due to a long thread is E =
2 p e0 r
The hemisphere can be divided into the number of ring elements.
along increasing r .
The electric field at the point O is vector sum of the field due to
each such rings. Sol. Step I (a) The arrangement is shown in figure, the net force on
the dipole is F = qE - qE = 0
Sol. Step I Let us consider a ring element located at an angle q to ∞ +q
qE
with the reference line ON as shown in figure and subtending
an angle dq at the centre O. The area of considered element is
dA = 2 p rdS . λ
E= O
r = R sin q r P 2πε0 r r
dS = Rd q
OC = x = R cos q
to ∞ qE
dA = 2 pR 2 sin q dq –q
Step II (b) The electric field at the site of charge ( - q ) is
l
N E1 =
r 2 p e0 ( r - a)
C
As shown in figure, the net force on the dipoles is
θ
dθ F = qE1 - qE 2 = q ( E1 - E 2 )
R
to ∞ 2a
O
E1 E2
E qE1 – q1 +q1 qE2
Step II The charge on considered element is dq = s 2 p R 2 sin q dq r P
xdq r a
dE = 2 2 3/ 2
4 p e0( l + x )
to ∞
2 p s sin q cos q dq s sin2 q dq
dE = =
4 p e0 4 p e0 ql é 1 1 ù
= ê r - a - r + aú
p/ 2 2 p e0 ë û
s sin2 q dq
E = ò dE = ò ql (2 a )
0
4 p e0 =
s 2 p e0 ( r 2 - a 2 )
E= along NO (q ´ 2 a ) l
4 e0 =
2 p e0( r 2 - a 2 )
Step III Similarly, electric potential due to considered ring element at
point O is But r > > a, so a 2 can be neglected with respect to r 2.
dq s R sin q dq pl
df = = \ F =
4 p e0 R 2 e0 2 p e0 r 2
p/ 2
sR
f = ò df = ò sin q dq Since, resultant force on the electric dipole is in the opposite
2 e0 0 of dipole moment, therefore
sR - lp
f= F= [In vector form]
2 e0 2 p e0 r 2

55
Step III (c) In the figure, the long thread is placed perpendicular to the Step IV In force diagram as shown in figure, we have
plane of paper F = 2 F0 cos q
E1
+q F0 cos θ
F1
√r2+a2 F1=F0
θ
a θ
r
O F0 sin θ
F2 a θ F cos θ
Thread 0
θ
√r2+a2
–q θ
E2 F0=F2
F0 sin θ
l
Here, E1 =
2 p e0 r 2 + a 2 On putting the values of F0 and cos q in Eq. (i), we get
2ql a
l F = ´
and E2 = 2 p e0 r 2 + a 2 r 2 + a2
2 p e0 r 2 + a 2
ql l (q ´ 2 a ) pl
Also, F1 = qE1 = = =
2 p e0 ( r 2 + a 2 ) 2 p e0 ( r 2 + a 2 )
2 p e0 r 2 + a 2
ql But r > > a, a 2 may be neglected with respect to r 2, we get
and F2 = qE 2 =
pl
2 p e0 r 2 + a 2 \ Net force, F =
ql 2 p e0 r 2
\ F1 = F2 = F0 = …(i)
2 p e0 r 2 + a 2 (along the direction of dipole moment)

56
 Arjun Sharma

• When helium is cooled to almost absolute zero (–460°F or • A research works proved magnesium phosphide (MnP) as an
–273°C), the lowest temperature possible, it becomes a liquid unexpected superconductor. Do you know?
with surprising properties, it flows against gravity and will start Researchers have discovered the first manganese based
running up, why? superconductor, a compound whose strong magnetism was thought
When helium is just a few degrees below its boiling point of to prevent superconductivity Researchers in China have now
−452 degrees Fahrenheit (−269 degrees Celsius) it will suddenly be discovered that manganese phosphide (MnP) can be made
able to do things that other fluids can’t, like dribble through molecule superconducting by application of a large pressure. Superconductivity
thin cracks, climb up and over the sides of a dish and remain in MnP seems to be related to its exotic magnetic structure, based on
motionless when its container is spun. No longer a mere liquid, the a ‘‘helical’’ arrangement of spins. The material is superconducting
helium has become a super fluid—a liquid that flows without friction. only at very low temperatures and under pressure, but its discovery
Atoms in the liquid will collide with one another and slow down. But if suggest higher temperature superconductivity could be found in
we did that with helium at low temperature and came back a million other helical magnets.
years later, it would still be moving.
• Do you know, antimatter is a composition of antiparticles that
• Do you know, Venus is the only planet to spin clockwise? Explain. have same mass but with opposite charge and spin?
Our solar system started off as a swirling cloud of dust and gas which All matter in the universe is built up from a relatively small number of
eventually collapsed into a spinning disc with the Sun at its centre elementary particles, which include quarks (the constituents of
because of this common origin, all the planets move around the Sun protons and neutrons) and electrons (which together with protons and
in the same direction and on roughly the same plane. They also all neutrons, make up atoms). Associated with each elementary particle
spin in the same direction (counter clockwise if observed from above) is an ‘antiparticle’ which also occurs in nature. The antiparticle has the
— except Uranus and Venus. Uranus spins on its side, while Venus same mass as the particle but with opposite charge. A particle and an
defiantly spins in the complete opposite direction. The most likely antiparticle can combine (or ‘‘annihilate’’) to produce a photon or a
cause of these planetary oddballs are gigantic asteroids which particle of light. Conversely, a particle-antiparticle pair can be
knocked them off course in the distant past. produced from a photon. So there is a type of symmetry between
particles and antiparticles in these processes. More specifically, the
• Have you ever heard about the technology behind ‘‘Underwater subatomic particles of antimatter have properties opposite those of
Wireless Communication’’. Do you know? normal matter. The electrical charge of those particles is reversed.
Underwater wireless communication is a flourishing research area in
the field of wireless communications. It represents the overall • Do you know, on an average a human body carries ten times
framework of the necessity of underwater wireless systems, more bacterial cells than human cells?
characteristics of an acoustic channel, hardware and working of For one thing, bacteria produce chemicals that help us harness
acoustic modems, sensor networks and different communication energy and nutrients from our food. Germ free rodents have to
architectures involved in the sensor networks. Applications till date, consume nearly a third more calories than normal rodents to maintain
like oceanographic data collection, AUVs (Autonomous Underwater their body weight and when the same animals were later given a dose
Vehicles), underwater radio, etc., future challenges like effective of bacteria, their body fat levels spiked, even if they didn’t eat any
transmission of video and audio signals by real time monitoring have more than they had before. The gut bacteria is also very important to
been emphasised with a view to overcome the present limitations. maintaining immunity.

• Neutron stars are the fastest spinning objects known in the • Do you know the fact, an individual blood cell takes about
universe. Do you know? 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body? Explain.
Neutron stars are thought to be the fastest spinning objects in the We have about 5 litres of blood in your body and the average heart
universe. Pulsars are a particular type of neutron star that emits a pumps about 70 mL of blood out with each beat. Also, a healthy heart
beam of radiation which can be observed as a pulse of light as the beats around 70 times a minute. So, if we multiply the amount of blood
star spins. The rate of this pulse allows astronomers to measure the that the heart can pump by the number of beats in a minute, we
rotation. The fastest spinning known pulsar is the catchily-titled actually get about 4.9 litres of blood, which is almost our whole body’s
PSR J1748-2446ad, which has an equator spinning at 24% the speed worth of blood. In just a minute, the hearts pumps the entire blood
of light, which translates to over 70000 kilometres per second. volume around our body.

PHYSICS SPECTRUM AUGUST 2016 73

 1. A uniform ball of radius r rolls without slipping from 5. A class XIth student designed a system to determine
the top of a sphere of radius (R > r ). Find the angular coefficient of friction.
velocity of the ball at the moment it breaks off the
It consists of 3 blocks A, B and C connected by the
sphere. The initial velocity of the ball is negligible.
help of ideal pulleys and ideal strings as shown in
2. A smooth sphere is supported in contact with a figure below:
smooth vertical wall by a string fastened to a point B A
on its surface, the other end being attached to a µ
point in the wall; if the length of the string be equal
µ
to the radius of the sphere. Find the inclination of
the string to the vertical, the tension of the string
and the reaction of the wall.
3. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 connected by an
C
undeformed massless spring rests on a horizontal
plane. Mass of block C = mass of block B = m and mass of
F
m1 m2
block A = 3m.
When he release block C from rest, it is found that
Find the minimum constant force F, that has to be
blocks A and B does not moves. If all surfaces are
applied in the horizontal direction to the block of
made up of same material having same surface
mass m2 so that the other block gets shifted. Let m be
finish, find range of coefficient of friction.
the coefficient of friction between blocks and
surface. 6. A boy dropped a ‘bouncy’ ball over an incline plane
4. Consider the system of blocks shown below: from a height H. Ball strikes the incline plane
elastically and bounces as shown in figure below:
Block 2 m

Block 1 M
Inclined
plane h

Determine the apparent weight of block 2.

Assume that friction between block 1 and block 2 is
high enough so that the block 2 remains stationary θ
at rest with respect to block 1.
Find the distance covered by ball along the incline
Also assume that the inclined plane does not move. plane from first hit to 4th bounce.

76 AUGUST 2016 PHYSICS SPECTRUM

 Answers with Explanation
1. From the figure, let the ball break off when the radius vector 2. LM is the wall and O is the centre of the sphere.
makes an angle q with the vertical.
L
From the free body diagram,
T
θ
mv 2
mg cos q - N = N
(R + r )

90°–θ
M
O 90° R
θ

(i) Its weight W acting vertically downwards at O.

(ii) The normal reaction R between the sphere and the wall
Z at the point of contact M acting normally to the wall,
passing through the centre O.
mg cos θ (iii) The tension T in the string LN.
Since, two forces R and W are meeting at O, therefore, the
third force T is also passing through O.
Let q be the inclination of the string to the vertical. Also, we
are given that (string LN = radius ON).
i.e. OL = (ON + NL ) = 2ON
æ OM ö OM 1
When the ball breaks \ In D OML, sin q = ç ÷= = …(i)
è OL ø 2 ON 2
N=0
v2 [QOM = ON = radius]
i.e. g × cos q = …(i) Applying Lami’s theorem at O, we get
(R + r )
T R W
Loss of the potential energy of the ball, = =
sin 90° sin[90° + ( 90° - q)] sin[180° - ( 90° - q)]
= mg × ( R + r ) - mg × ( R + r )cos q
T R W
Gain in kinetic energy of the ball, Þ = = …(ii)
1 sin q cos q
1 1
= mv 2 + Iw 2 From Eq. (i), we get
2 2
1
1 1 2 sin q =
= mw 2r 2 + × mr 2w 2 2
2 2 5
3 1
7 cos q = and tan q =
= mw 2r 2 2 3
10
W
Therefore, by laws of conservation of energy, we have Therefore, from Eq. (ii), T =
cos q
7
mg × ( R + r )(1 - cos q) = mw 2r 2 2W W
10 = and R = W tan q =
3 3
7 w 2r 2
Þ g (1 - cos q) = …(ii) 3. As, the force F is applied
10( R + r ) N1
on the block of mass m2 it
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get shifts the block towards
g cos q 10 10 right (if F exceeds the
= Þ cos q = kx0
g (1 - cos q) 7 17 friction force acting on the
From Eq. (i), we get block). This process
elongates the spring. So
10 w 2r 2 é 10 R + rù f =µN1
g = Þ w2 = ê g × 2 ú the restoring force 1
17 R + r ë 17 r û generates in the spring M1g
10( R + r ) and tends to move the
Þ w= g
17 r 2 block of mass m1 . If this restoring force exceeds the limiting
frictional force the block of mass m1 moves.

PHYSICS SPECTRUM AUGUST 2016 77

 For mass m1, N2 N = N1 + 3mg = 4mg
For vertical equilibrium, 1 1
f = f1 + T = mg + mg = mg
m1g = N1 kx0
F0
2 2
and for horizontal motion to As, f1 £ mN1 and f £ mN
impend, 1
mg £ m mg and mg £ m( 4mg )
f2=µ N2
kx0 ³ f1 2
\ f1 = m N1 1 1
M2g Þ M ³ and M ³
Þ kx0 ³ m m1g 2 4
but x0 is minimum elongation, Combining, we have
kx0 = m m1g 1
M ³ …(i)
For mass m2 , 2
The force F does the work in shifting by a distance x0 against Also, mg - 2T = ma
the frictional force. and T - mmg = ma
Besides, it also does work in elongating the spring by a 1 - 2m
\ a= g and
length x0. 5
1 2+m
\ Fx0 = f2 x0 + kx02 T = mg
2 5
1 For A, N = 4mg , f = f1 + T
= (m m2 g ) x0 + kx02 2+m 2 + 6m
2 Þ f = m mg + mg = mg
1 5 5
F = m m2g + kx0
2 Hence, a > 0 when f £ m N
1 - 2m 2 + 6m
1
F = m m2g + (m m1g ) So, g > 0 and £ 4m
2 5 5
1 1
4. Þ m< and m ³
N 2 7
Combining all results, we have
1 1
m³ and m <
a 7 2
(m+M) g
1 1
θ So >m³
2 7
Clearly, 6. In vertical motion of ball ay = g cos q
a = acceleration down the plane y
= g sin q
Also, for block 2, mg - N2 = net force
\ mg - N2 = m a sin q
x
Þ mg - N2 = m (g sin q) sin q
Þ N2 = mg - mg sin2 q Horizontal component of initial velocity of ball is v 0 = g sin q
Þ N2 = Apparent weight = mg cos 2 q t 1 = time in which ball falls through height h.
5. For block C, T T 2 hcos q 2h
\ t1 = =
2T = mg g cos q g
G
For block B, As the ball makes 3 hits and each hit takes a time t = 2t 1, we
N1 have time duration between first and 4th hit is
mg
æ 2h ö 2h
T1
t 4 = ç2 ÷ ´ 3= 6
B è g ø g
f1
mg Total distance covered down the plane is
1
mg s = ut + at 2
N1 = mg , f1 = T = 2
2
g sin q
For block A, Þ s = v0 t 4 + ´ t 42
N 2
2
æ 2h 2 h ö g sin q æ 2 h ö
Þ s = ç g sin q .6 ÷+ ç6 ÷
B T è g g ø 2 è g ø
f
3 mg Þ s = 12 hsin q + 36hsin q = 48hsin q
N1

78