BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Abhijit prasad Mohanty of class XII-B in

the session 2024-25, has completed his Biology Investigatory
Project successfully on the topic “Biodiversity and
conservation practice in India”.

I would like to express my special thanks to the members of

my school's Biology Department for supporting me.

Signature of subject teacher Signature of Head of institution

Signature of External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my biology

teacher Mrs. Mita Das to give me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents &
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my supporters who
have motivated me to fulfil this project within the
timeline.

Abhijit Prasad Mohanty

 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the project "Biodiversity and

conservation practice on Indian culture" submitted to Mrs.
Mita Das is a record of original work done by me gaining
the knowledge related to the project from certain sources.

Signature of student
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing my
project file, I have taken help from
the following website links
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

BOOKS -
Biology Textbook published by
NCERT
 INDEX
SL Page No.
Topics
No.
1 Introduction 1

2 Types of 2-3
biodiversity
3 Global biodiversity 4
4 Greater biological 5
diversity in tropics
5 Reason for 6-7
biodiversity
conservation
6 Conservation of 8
biodiversity
7 Biodiversity in 9-11
India
8 Conclusion 12
 INTRODUCTION
The term Biodiversity (from “biological diversity”) refers to the
variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems,
and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural
processes that sustain life. Biodiversity includes not only species
we consider rare, threatened, or endangered but also every
living thing—from humans to organisms we know little about,
such as microbes, fungi, and [Link] term
‘Biodiversity’ was introduced by an American Biologist ‘Edward
wilson’ Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms and habitats

found in a defined area. It represents the totality of genes, species and

ecosystem of a given region.

 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

1) Ecosystem Diversity

2)Species Diversity

3)Genetic Diversity

 Ecosystem Diversity :- All the plants and animals in an area are

interdependent and interrelated in an area forming an Ecosystem is an area

called Ecosystem [Link] Diversity deals with the different

ecosystem in a certain location and their overall effects on human the

environment.
 Species Diversity :- It refers to having variety of species (plants and animals)

in an area with different physical and biological characteristics. The number

of species that live in a certain location is called species richness.

 Genetic Diversity :-It refers to having variation in genes in species (plants and

animals) in an [Link] type of diversity belongs to healthy base to the

population. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to

changing environments.
 GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
According to the IUCN(2004) report, the total number of plants and animals

species is more than 1.5 million.

 Robert May estimated that the global species diversity is at about 7 million.

 More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded are animals and plants

including fungi, algae, bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms

compromise about 22 per cent of the total.

 Amongst animals, insects compromise more than 70% that means, out of

every 10 animals the face of the planet, 7 are insects

 GREATER BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN TROPICS

Various hypothesis for higher diversity in tropics proposed

by ecologists and evolutionary biologists are :-

1) Temperate regions have under gone frequent glaciations in the past. It killed

most of the species. Tropical latitudes have remained relatively

undistributed for millions of years.

2) Tropical environments are less seasonal which promotes niche specialization

and lead to a greater species diversity.

3) More solar energy is available in the topics which contributes to higher

productivity and turn might contribute indirectly to greater diversity

 REASON FOR BIODIVERSITY CONVERSATION
 Narrowly Utilitarian

 Broadly Utilitarian

 Ethical Argument

1) Narrowly Utilitarian :- The narrowly utilitarian arguments for conserving

biodiversity as they provide direct economic benefits from nature like food,

firewood, fiber, construction material,industrial products and products of

medicinal importance.

2) Broadly Utilitarian :- The broadly utilitarian argument for conserving

biodiversity is the oxygen supplement, 20 per cent of the total oxygen in the

earth atmosphere are released through photosynthesis by the rich biodiversity

of the Amazon forest.

3) Ethical Argument :- The ethical argument is that we share biodiversity with

millions of plant, animal and microbe species. Every species has an intrinsic

value, even if it may not be of any economic value to us. We also have a moral

duty to care for their well-being and pass on our biological legacy in good

order to future generations.

 RECENTLY EXTINTED ANIMALS

.What are Extinct Animals?

Extinct Animals are those animals species that have stopped breeding, died and

no longer exist. The moment the last living species dies is understood as the

time of extinction.

Examples :-

1) Dinosaur

2) Dodo

3) Mammoth

4) Saber toothed tiger

5) Glyptodon

6) Tasmanian tiger
 CONVERSATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity can be conserved by protecting its whole ecosystem.

The Earth summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

The World summit on sustainable development held in Johannesburg, South

Africa in 2002.

The World summit on sustainable development held in Johannesburg, South

Africa in

2002
 BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
India is home to a vast and diverse range of biodiversity, thanks to its unique

geography, climate, and geological history. Here are some fascinating facts

about biodiversity in India:

 India's Biodiversity Hotspots:

1. Western Ghats: A mountain range along the western coast of India,

known for its unique flora and fauna.

2. Eastern Himalayas: A region of high biodiversity, with many endemic

species found nowhere else in the world.

3. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: An archipelago in the Bay of Bengal, home to a

unique set of flora and fauna.

 India's Biodiversity Statistics:

1. Species richness: India is home to over 91,000 species of animals and plants,

which is about 8% of the world's total biodiversity.

2. Endemic species: India has over 33,000 endemic species, which are found

nowhere else in the world.

3. Protected areas: India has over 700 protected areas, covering about 5% of the

country's land area.

 India's Biodiversity Conservation Efforts:

1. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries: India has established over 100

national parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries to protect its biodiversity.

2. Biosphere Reserves: India has established 12 biosphere reserves, which aim

to conserve biodiversity while promoting sustainable development.

3. Community-led Conservation: Many community-led conservation initiatives

are underway in India, which involve local communities in biodiversity

conservation efforts.

 Threats to India's Biodiversity:

1. Habitat destruction: Human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and

infrastructure development leading to habitat destruction and fragmentation.

2. Climate change: Climate change is altering ecosystems, disrupting species

interactions, and affecting biodiversity.

3. Overexploitation: Overhunting, overfishing, and the unsustainable harvesting

of resources are threatening many species in India.

 Government Initiatives:

1. National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP): A framework for conserving and

sustainably using India's biodiversity.

2. Biological Diversity Act (2002): Legislation aimed at conserving and

sustainably using India's biodiversity.

3. Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Legislation aimed at protecting and conserving

India's wildlife and their habitat

s
 CONCLUSION

Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate

then near in future, the survival of human being will be
threatened. So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as
well as our Environment, Long-term maintenance of species and
their management requires co-operative efforts acrossentire
landscape. Biodiversity should be dealt with a scale of habitats
or ecosystems rather than at species level.