CHAPTER 1

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

· The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation
· The Making of Nationalism in Europe
· The Age of Revolution : 1830-1848
· The Making of Germany and Italy
· Visualizing the Nation
· Nationalism and Imperialism
· Summary

KEY WORDS AND TERMS

1. Nationalism. A sense of belonging to one nation. Feeling or pride and patriotism towards
the country one belongs.
2. Absolutist. Unrestricted, despotic and authoritarian often refers to a centralized
repressive monarchical government.
3. Utopian. An ideal situation, a vision too good to be realised in practice.
4. Nation-state. A state having a common and contiguous boundary with inhabitants/people
sharing common language, race and religion. Majority of its citizens develop a sense of
common identity and share a common history ruled by a strong government.
5. Plebiscite. A direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves decide to accept or
reject a proposal.
6. Sovereignty. Supreme power.
7. Monarchy. Form of government headed by a monarch or a hereditary or dynastic ruler.
8. The Estates General. Referred to the French parliament- an elected body which was
renamed as the National Assembly after the Revolution of 1789.
9. Civil Code. A systematic set of laws for the citizens.
10. Habsburg Empire. The empire that ruled Austria-Hungary including the Alpine region
of Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland Bohemia. It also included Italian provinces of Lombardy
and Venetia.
11. Liberalism. Derived from the Latin word 'liber' meaning free. The idea of liberalism
stands for freedom of individual and equality of all before law. Politically it refers to
representative government.
12. Suffrage. The right to vote.
13. Elle. Elle was used to measure cloth, prevalent in German states.
14. Zollverein. A customs union, formed in 1834 in Prussia to remove barriers of trade.
15. Conservatism. A spirit or philosophy which believes in maintaining and preserving
traditional values and institutions. It prefers gradual change to quick and drastic change.
16. Carbonari. A secret society of Italy-consisting of young revolutionaries.
17. Young Italy. A secret society founded by Mazzini at Marselles for organizing
revolutionary activities.

18. Romanticism. A cultural movement which aimed at developing a particular form of

national sentiment and promote a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of nation.


 19. Das Volk. A German word meaning common people.
20. Republic. A state where the head of the state is elected and does not hold a hereditary
position.
21. Feminist. People who advocate women's rights on the basis of equality of sexes.
22. Ideology. System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
23. Allegory. Symbol representing an abstract idea; an idea identified through a person or a
thing.
24. Balkan region. A region in Europe with geographical and ethnic variation. The region
covers the states of modem day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,
Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro. The inhabitants of the
region are known as the Slavs.
25. Jacobins. A French political group who contested election after the French Revolution.
26. Junkers. Large landowners of Prussia.

IMPORTANT YEARS

Date Happenings

1688 British parliament seizes power from the monarchy

1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England

1785
& Grimm Brothers Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm were born
1786

1789 The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution

1797 Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin

Civil Code or Napoleonic Code removed all privileges based on birth & established
1804
equality

1807 Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born

1812 Grimm brothers published their first collection of tales

1813 Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig

1814-
Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement
1815


1815 The defeat of Napoleon by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria

1821 Greek struggle for independence begins

1821 Nationalism sparked off amongst the Greeks

1824 English poet Lord Byron died of fever

1824 Massacre at Chios, Eugene Delacroix

July
The first upheaval took place in France
1830

1831 Giuseppe Mazzini was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria

1831 An armed rebellion took place against Russian rule

1832 Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation

1833 The founding of Young Europe in Berne

1834 A Customs Union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia

1845 Weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors

French artist named Frédéric Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualising
1848
                  

Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against

1848 economic hardships; middle classes demand constitutions and representative
governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation-states

18
831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the
May
Frankfurt parliament
1848

Tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont

1859
succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces

1859-
Unification of Italy
1870


1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy

1866-
Unification of Germany
1871

1867 Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians

Januar Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at
y 1871 Versailles

Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires

FLOWCHARTS







IMPORTANT EVENTS
1789- The French Revolution occurred
1797-Napoleon invades Italy, Napoleonic wars begins
1804-Napoleonic Code or the civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth.
Upheld equality before law and secured right to property.
1814-1815-Defeat of Napoleon by European powers-Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria
1815- Conservative regimes were set up.
1821- Greek struggle for independence begins.
1830-The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels


In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four print visualizing his dream
                                         

1. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure.
2. utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct
             

nations, identified through their flags and national costume.

3. This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualized by Sorrieu.
4. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about
sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.
5. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in the place of the
multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.
6. A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly
defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.
7. But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers,
came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
8. This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and
nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.

The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation

1. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
2. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution
led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
3. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion
of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
4. The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly..Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform
system of weights and measures was adopted.

5. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French
nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism.
6. Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin club.
7. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into

                              ! " #  


 8. The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
9. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France,
but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to
make the whole system more rational and efficient.
10. The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code did away with all
$ $

privileges based on birth, established equality before the Law and secured the right to
property.
11. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
12. Transport and communication systems were improved.
13. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realize that
uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency
would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to
another.
14. In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, Brussels, Mainz, Milan, Warsaw, the
French armies were welcomed as harbingers of Liberty.
15. It became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with
political freedom.
16. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to
conquer the rest of the Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the
administrative changes.

The Making of Nationalism in Europe

1. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose
rulers had their autonomous territories.
2. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
3. The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria Hungary.
4. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half of the spoke a
variety of dialects.
5. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the
empire.
6. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the
emperor.

The Aristocracy and the new middle class

1. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
2. The members of this class were by a common way of life that cut across regional
divisions.
3. Their families were often connected by ties if marriages.
4. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The growth of towns
and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for
the market.
5. Industrialization began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in
France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.
6. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle
classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professional.


 7. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following
the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

1. In early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.

              &         '      

2. % liber, meaning free.

3. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
4. It emphasized the concept of government by consent.
5. A constitution and representative government through parliament.
6. The right to vote and to get elected was generated exclusively to property-owning men.
7. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
8. Women and non-propertied men and women organised opposition movements
demanding equal political rights.
9. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
10. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have
to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each one of
them.
11. Obstacles to economics exchanges and growth by the new commercial classes, who
argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered
movement of goods, people and capital.
12. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty
to two.

A New Conservation after 1815

1. Following the defect of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit
of conservatism.
2. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary
days.
3. That modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.
4. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism
and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
5. In 1815, representatives of the European powers Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria ( (

who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for
Europe.
6. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was
restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
7. German confederation of 39 states that has been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
8. Autocratic did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that
questioned the legitimacy of autocratic government.

The Revolutionaries

1. Revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms and to fight
for liberty and freedom.
2. Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of
the Carbonari.


 3. He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
4. Mazzini believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
5. Secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
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The Age of Revolution: 1830 @

1848

1. As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism

came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the
Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.
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3. An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was
the Greek war of independence.
4. Greece had been the part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
5. Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans who had sympathies for
ancient Greek culture.

The Romantic Imagination and national Feeling

1. The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial
expansions.
2. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories
and music helped to express and shape nationalist feeling.
3. A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
4. Romantic artists and poet generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and
focused instead on emotions, institution and mystical feelings.
5. Other romantics were through folk song, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of
the nation.
6. National feelings were kept alive through music and languages.
7. Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggles through his operas and music, turning
folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
8. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.

.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

1. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

2. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population.
3. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
4. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slum.
5. Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the
roads.
6. National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21,
and guaranteed the right to work.
7. Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had lead a revolt against contractors who supplied
them raw material and gave them orders for finished textile.


 8. On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in
pairs up to the mansion of their contractors demanding higher wages.
9. The contractors fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to
shelter such a person.

1848: The Revolution of the Liberals

1. The poor, unemployment and starving peasants and workers in many European countries
in the years 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
2. Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism with national unification.
3. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a
parliament.
4. Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected
assembly.
5. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of
parliament eroded.
6. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal
movement.
7. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part in
political meeting and demonstrations.
.
8. Monarchs were beginning to realize that the cycles if revolution and repression could be
ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
The Making of German and Italy
Germany can the Army be the Architect of a National
F

1. After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and
revolution.
2. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as
nation-states.
3. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans.
4. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces
of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.
5. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement.
6. Three wars overseen years-with Austria, Denmark, and France-ended in Prussian victory
and completed the process of unification.
7. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian
state power.
8. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and
judicial systems in Germany.

Italy Unified

1. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.

2. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg
Empire.
3. Italy was divided into seven states.


 4. Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local
variations.
5. Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian
Republic.
6. Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
7. The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now
fell on Sadinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian
states through war.
8. Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
9. Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
10. Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were high, remained blissfully
unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.

The strange case of Britain

1. The model of the nation or the nation-state, some scholars have argued, is Great Britain.
2. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
3. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
4. G H I J K L d was able to impose its
M N J I O M P Q P R O S L T K U S J K T J I V Q L T I K W J I L R R L X K W K Y T K Z I O [ T I

influence on Scotland.
5. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
6. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
7. British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted and the F

older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.

Visualising the Nation

1. While it was easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue.

2. In other words they represented a country as if it were a person.
3. Nations were then portrayed as a female figure.
4. The female figures became an allegory of the nation.
5. \ Y S J ] K L I L M ^ T S J T I I L W T _ P _ ` [ T S \ Y S J ] K J T I I T Q L W a Y J X Y ` I M L S [ J I L M K Y L J M L T P R _ L P _ [ L V ]

nation.

Nationalism and Imperialism

1. By the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic
liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed
with limited ends.
2. b Y L Q P ] K ] L S J P ` ] ] P ` S X L P R I T K J P I T [ J ] K V ] K L I ] J P I J I Z ` S P _ L T R K L S c d e c a T ] K Y L T S L T X T [ [ L M

the Balkans.
3. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
4. One by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence.
5. The Balkan area became an era of intense conflict.


 6. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of each other.
7. U ` K K Y L J M L T K Y T K ]
- P X J L K J L ] ] Y P ` [ M f L P S O T I J g L M J I K P G I T K J P I ] K T K L ] V X T Q L K P f L T X X L _ K L M T ]

natural and universal.



 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

h
1. Identify and mark the incorrect response. The Napoleonic Code
T i M J M T a T j a J K Y T [ [ K Y L _ S J k J [ L O L ] f T ] L M P I G f J S K Y T I M L ] K T f [ J ] Y L M L l ` T [ J K j m

(b) destroyed feudalism in France.

(c) Formulated codes for the army.
(d) ensured right to property for the privileged class.

2. For the middle class of Europe, the most important feature of Liberalism was
(a) abolition of conservatism.
(b) Right to be liberal and educated.
(c) Individual freedom and equality before law
(d) Representative government.

3. Romanticism refers to
(a) cultural movement
(b) religious movement
(c) political movement
(d) literary movement


n

m o I p S ` ] ] J T W a Y P a T ] S L R L S S L M K P T ] G q ` I r L S ] V s

(a) Military officials

(b) Large landowners
(c) Factory owners
(d) Aristocratic nobles

5. Who among the following was proclaimed the first King of United Italy?
(a) Nicholas II
(b) King George II
(c) Wilhelm IV
(d) Victor Emmanuel II

6. A large number of people were hostile to the Napoleonic code because

(a) it was not suitable for all.
(b) it destroyed the special privileges of the rulers.
(c) administrative changes did not go hand-in-hand with political freedom.
(d) none of the above.

7. Who, among the following, hosted the Congress at Vienna in 1815.

(a) King of the Netherlands
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Duke Metternich
(d) Otto von Bismarck

d m t Y P T Q P I O K Y L R P [ [ P a J I O R P S Q L M K Y L ] L X S L K ] P X J L K j X T [ [ L M G u P ` I O o K T [ j V m

(a) Otto von Bismarck

(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Metternich
(d) Johann Gottfried Herder

9. Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the
revolution of 1789?
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Military
(c) Body of French Citizen
(d) Monarchy

10. t Y P T Q P I O K Y L R P [ [ P a J I O a T ] r I P a I T ] G \ P [ P I ] V

(a) French citizens living in Vietnam

(b) French citizens living in France
(c) Educated people of Vietnam
(d) Elites of Vietnam

11. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union 1707?
(a) It was an agreement between England and Scotland.


 (b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland.
(c) It resulted in the formation of K Y L G H I J K L M N J I O M P Q P R v S L T K U S J K T J I V m

(d) It gave England control over Scotland.

12. Which one of the following states was ruled by an Italian princely house before the
unification of Italy?
(a) Kingdom of Two Sicilies
(b) Lombardy
(c) Venetia
(d) Sardinia-Piedmont

13. Which one of the following statements is not true about Giuseppe Mazzini?
h
(a) He wanted the united Italian Republic.
f i w L R P ` I M L M T I ` I M L S O S P ` I M ] P X J L K j X T [ [ L M G u P ` I O o K T [ j V m

(c) He wanted Italy to be a monarchy.

(d) He was exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

c m t Y P ] T J M W x a Y L I y S T I X L ] I L L g L ] K Y L S L ] K P R Z ` S P _ L X T K X Y L ] X P [ M z s

(a) Garibaldi
(b) Mazzini
(c) Metternich
(d) Bismarck

15. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?

(a) Treaty of Versailles
(b) Treaty of Vienna
(c) Treaty of Constantinople
(d) Treaty of Lausanne

16. Who was responsible *for the Unification of Germany?

(a) Bismarck
(b) Cavour
(c) Mazzini
(d) Garibaldi

17. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure

(a) cloth
(b) thread
(c) land
(d) height

18. Zolleverin started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a

(a) Trade Union
(b) Customs Union


h
(c) Labour Union
M i y T S Q L S V ] H I J P I

19. The Ottoman Empire was ruled by the emperor of

(a) Turkey
(b) Russia
(c) Britain
(d) Prussia

20. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt Assembly convened
(a) at the church of St. Paul.
(b) at the church of St. Peters.
(c) at the palace of Prussia.
(d) at the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.

21. What did the crown of oak leaves symbolise?

(a) Courage
(b) Heroism
(c) Peace
(d) Tolerance

22. Which of the following best explain Utopian society?

(a) A society where everybody is equal.
(b) A democratic society.
(c) An idealist society that can never be achieved.
(d) A society with a comprehensive Constitution.

23. The main function of the Prussian Zollverein was to

(a) impose a custom duty on imported goods.
(b) abolish the tariff barrier.
(c) reduce custom duties.
(d) impose new rules for trade.

24. Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon?

(a) England, France, Italy, Russia.
(b) England, Austria, Spain, Russia.
(c) Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain.
(d) Britain, Prussia, Russia, Italy.

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(a) England
(b) France
(c) Greece
(d) Russia


 26. The Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815
(a) brought the conservative regimes back to power.
(b) destroyed the conservative powers of Europe.
(c) introduced democracy in Austria and Prussia.
(d) set up a new Parliament in Austria.

e m t Y J X Y P R K Y L R P [ [ P a J I O J ] T I T [ [ L O P S j } T K K S J f ` K L R P S G [ J f L S K j V s

(a) Crown of Oak

(b) Red Cap
(c) Olive Branch
(d) Sword

28. What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolize?
(a) Peace
(b) Equality
(c) Justice
(d) Liberty

29 A nation-state is a state where

(a) people of all groups enjoy equal rights.
(b) where the nation has its own emblem and flag.
(c) a state which has a contiguous territory.
(d) a state where people live in a common territory, develop a sense of identity and share a
common history.

30. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail to achieve its goal?
(a) Women were excluded from the membership.
(b) Did not have the support of the peasants.
(c) Kaiser William refused to accept the crown and opposed the assembly.
(d) None of the above

[Link] is represented as a post man in the given image?

a) Giuseppe Mazzine c) Otto Von Bismark

b) Nepolean Bonaparte d) Guiseppe Garibaldi


Q.32..Which of the following best describe his image by Julius Hubner?
a)Defeat of Otto Von Bismark
b) The fallen Germania
c) Sleeping Lady
d) None of the above

Q.33 Which of the following aspects best signifies this images?

a) Wo Q T I V ] ] K S L I O K Y

b) t P Q T I V ] ] ` R R L S J I O

c) Woman is fighting for rights d) Burden on women


Q.34 b Y L _ T J I K J I O G b Y L ~ S L T Q P R a P S [ M a J M L ~ L Q P X S T K J X T I M  P X J T [ € L _ ` f [ J X V

Was prepared by whom?

a) Giusseppe Mazzini
b) Frederic Sorrieu
c) Hentry Patullo
d) Duke Metternich

[Link] of the following best signifies this image?

a) War at Zweibrucken, German c) Planting of tree of Liberty

b) People celebrating Christmaa d) None of the above


Q 36. Which of the following event is described in the following image?
a) Signing of Treaty of Vienna
b) Founding of Young Europe in Berne 1833
c) Giuseppe Mazzini Unifying Italy
d) None of the above


 SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

[Link] the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate
option:

v S J Q Q ] V y T J S j b T [ L ] J ] T R T Q J [ J T S I T Q L J I v L S Q T I j m b Y L f S P K Y L S ] q T X P f T I M t J [ Y L [ Q v S J Q Q

were born in the German city of Hanau. While both of them studied law, they soon developed an
interest in collecting old folktales. They spent six years travelling from village to village, talking
to people and writing down fairy tales, which were handed down through the generations. These
were popular both among children and adults.

In 1812, they published their first collection of tales. Subsequently, both the brothers became
active in liberal politics, especially the movement for freedom of the press. In the meantime, they
also published a 33-volume dictionary of the German language.
The Grimm brothers also saw French domination as a threat to German culture and believed that
the folktales they had collected were expressions of a pure and authentic German spirit. They
considered their projects of collecting folktales and developing the German language as part of
the wider effort to oppose French domination and create a German national identity.

[Link] did the Grimm brothers give the tales a readable form without changing their folkloric
character? Choose the correct option from the following:
A. The collection enjoyed wide distribution in Germany.
B. It became a model for the collecting of fantasy tales.
C. It formed the basis for the science of the language.
D. People easily accepted their written adventurous tales.

[Link] impact of literary contributions of Grimm brothers was widespread. Identify the best
suitable option depicting the same from the following:
A. Development of cities and towns
B. Setting up of new political parties
C. Promotion of ethnic belonging
D. Emergence of socialist ideology

[Link] in the blank from the given options

The work of the Grimm Brothers influenced and inspired people to collect tales. They believed
in a spirit of ____________ and considered it essential for the reflection of national identity.
A. Culturalism
B. Conservatism
C. Extremism
D. Liberalism


 [Link] the foreign domination was considered a threat to nation building? Select the best
suitable option from the following in reference to the context.

A. Exploitation of natural resources

B. Erosion of native values and ethos
C. Violence and mass killing of people
D. Spread of new diseases in the country

2 .Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of
conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society
F

like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be
F

preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-
revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that
modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make
state power more effective and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of
Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated
Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the
Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with
the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic
wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored
to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed
under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

2.1 Which of the following statements correctly describes about European conservative
ideology?

A. Preservation of believes introduced by Napoleon

B. Preservation of two sects of Christianity
C. Preservation of socialist ideology in economic sphere
D. Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society

2.2 Identify the purpose to convene the Vienna of Congress in 1815 from the following options?

A. To declare competition of German unification

B. To restore conservative regime in Europe
C. To declare war against France
D. To start the process of Italian Unification


 2. 3. What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? Select the appropriate option.
A. To re-establish peace and stability in Europe
B. To establish socialism in Europe
C. To introduce democracy in France
D. To set up a new Parliament in Austria

2.4 How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the appropriate option
A. With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty
B. Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy
C. Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe
D. By giving power to the German confederation

3. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
option:
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the
Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia
and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans
was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in
the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very
explosive. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself
through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European
subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples
based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove
that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.
Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win
back their long-lost independence
.
3.1 Who were the Slavs?
A. Inhabitants of Balkans
B. Inhabitants of Bulgaria, Albania and Macedonia
C. Inhabitants of Slovenia
D. None of the Above

3.2 What made the region of the Balkans to be described as explosive?

A. Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

B. Spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism

C. The diversification of identities


D. Both A and B


m t Y T K a L S L K Y L S L T ] P I ] R P S K Y L U T [ r T I ] V S L f L [ [ J P ` ] I T K ` S L s


A. Their struggle for freedom from foreign power
B. Their notions on once being independent in the past
C. Big power rivalry amongst themselves
D. Both A and B

3.4 How had the Ottoman Empire sought to strengthen its power?
A. Through internal reforms
B. Through modernization and internal reforms
C. Through addressing conflicted issues
D. All of the above

[Link] the source given below and answer the questions that follows

Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
liberalism. The term liberalism' derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new
middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution,
liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and
representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the
inviolability of private property
Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. You will recall that
in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the
right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men
4.1. Which of the following is not true with respect to 19th century spirit of nationalism in
Europe?
(a) Universal suffrage
(b) End of autocracy
a) Only (a)
b) Only (b)
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these
4.2. Which of the following did not stand for liberalism?

a) Equality before the law

b) Government by consent
c) Freedom for the individual
d) The citizen should not have right to private property.
4.3. Which of the following feature of liberalism is not true for the French Revolution?

a) End of autocracy
b) Representative government
c) Unified economy
d) End of Clergy privileges


 4.4. Which country is considered as pioneer of liberal democracy?

a) Italy
b) France
c) Germany
d) England

ASSERTION AND REASON BASES QUESTIONS

DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

1: Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read
the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion (A): The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and
territorial expansion.
Reason(R): Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation: art and poetry, stories
and music helped to express and shape nationalism.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct Explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False
d) A is False but R is True

2. Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read
the statements and choose the appropriate option.
‚ ƒ ƒ „ † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‚ ‹ Œ  Ž „   ‘ ’ “ ƒ ” „ „ † Ž „ • „ – ƒ ˆ — ˜ „ – † „ ™ ˆ ‰ ˆ š ‡ ™ Ž – › ƒ Ž ‡ œ ‡ ‰  ž ˆ œ „ ˜ ‡ Ÿ „ „ – ƒ ˆ ‰

Reason(R): National assembly of 1848 proclaimed France as a republic


a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct Explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct Explanation of A.
c)A is True but R is False.
d) A is False but R is True.
3. Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning ). Read the
statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A): The French revolution was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions
in Europe.
Reason (R): The French revolution transferred the sovereignty from the people to the monarch
a) Both A and R are true, but R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
4. Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read
the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons
whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
Reason. They were closely bound to each other in spite of their autonomous rule
a) Both A and R are true, but R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true


VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS [1 MARK]
Question 1.
Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognized Greece as an independent nation.
Answer:
Treaty of 1832: Constantinople

Question 2.
Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel-II

Question 3
What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer:
The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchial forms of government.

Question 4.
Name the event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in
1830-1848?
Answer:
The Greek War of Independence in 1821.

Question5.
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the
French Revolution in Europe?
Answer:
It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The
revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and
shape its destiny.

Question 6
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?
Answer:
The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst
the French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and
shape its decisions.

Question 7
What is the meaning of concentration camps?
Answer:
Concentration camps are prisons where people are detained and tortured without due process of
law.


¡
Question 8. Ž ˆ „ š – ¢ „ › £ ” Ž „ ‰ ¤ – ‰ ™ „ ƒ ‰ „ „ ¥ „ ƒ † Ž „ „ ƒ † ˆ —  ž ˆ œ „ ™ – † ™ Ž „ ƒ ™ ˆ ¦ › §

Answer:
Duke Metternich

Question 9.

Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
January 1871.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS [ SA ¨

3 MARKS]

Question [Link] any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Answer:
Three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815 were:
Established and traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, the Church, property
and family should be preserved.
They believed in the modernization of the traditional institution to strengthen them, rather than
returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
Also they believed that abolition of feudalism and serfdom and replacing it with a modern army,
an efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy could strengthen autocratic monarchies of
Europe.
Question [Link] the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in
Europe.
Answer:
The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were
committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom
© ‰ „ ƒ ž ™ Ž œ ˆ š ‡ ‰ „ ‰ † „ Ÿ ˆ ¦ ž † ‡ ˆ ‰ – • ” – ƒ £ ª ‡ ž ƒ „ œ œ „ « – ¥ ¥ ‡ ‰ ‡ § ¬ – ‰ ­ † – ¦ ‡ – ‰ „ Ÿ ˆ ¦ ž † ‡ ˆ ‰ – • « – ¥ ¥ ‡ ‰ ‡

also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part in the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly
believed in the unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian
liberty.
« – ¥ ¥ ‡ ‰ ‡ “ ƒ „ ¦ „ ‰ † ¦ „ ƒ ƒ ˆ œ œ ˆ ƒ ‡ † ‡ ˆ ‰ † ˆ š ˆ ‰ – ™ Ž • – ‰ › Ž ‡ ƒ Ÿ ‡ ƒ ‡ ˆ ‰ ˆ — – › „ š ˆ ™ – † ‡ ™ „ œ ž ® ¦ ‡ ™ — ‡ ˜ Ž † „ ‰ „ ›

the Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland
and Poland.


Question [Link] did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
OR
Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the
end of 19th century.
Answer:
Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Culture. Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music
etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural
movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets
criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focused on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Language. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After
Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was
imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was
ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language
as a weapon of national resistance.

(iii) Music and Dance. Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true
German culture was to be discovered among the common people das volk. It was through folk
¯

songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized.
Question [Link] had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth
century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer:
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female
form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure
became the allegory of the nation.
In France, she was named Marianne a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania.
¯

Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics
of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic the red cap, the tricolour and
¯

cockade.
Question [Link] any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer:
The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789,
France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense
of unity and nationhood for this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La
Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were
given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.
French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:


The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
Question 6 :How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth
century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer:
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female
form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure
became the allegory of the nation.

In France, she was named Marianne a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania.
¯

Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics
of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic the red cap, the tricolour and
¯

cockade.

Question 7 :.Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer:

· The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In
1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
· When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new
sense of unity and nationhood For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the
father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens
(citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty,
equality and fraternity.

French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:

1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of
the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris,
became the common language of the nation.


 6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to
liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

Question 8 :Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.
Answer:
Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s:

1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries
there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Cities had become overcrowded and
slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities.
2. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap
machine- made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially
in the field of textile production.
3. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under
the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added
to the hardships of the peasants.

Question [Link] a note on:

(a) Guiseppe Mazzini

(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek war of independence
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
Answer:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of
the secret society of the Carbonari.
As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
He subsequently founded two more underground societies - Young Italy in Marseilles and
Young Europe in Berne.
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

(b) Count Camillo de Cavour

He was the chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state. He led the movement to unify the
regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much
better than he did Italian.
He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France with the help of which Sardinia-
Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. This, consequently helped to
free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.


(c) The Greek war of independence
It was an event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many
Western Europeans who had sympathies for the ancient Greek culture
.
(d) Frankfurt parliament
All those political associations existing in the German region whose members were middle-
class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans, formed an all-German National
Assembly.
On Its first meeting was held on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt where
831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places. They drafted
a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of
Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]

Question 1. Write a note on Giuseppe Mazzini.

Answers

Giuseppe Mazzini (1807-1872) was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification
of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the
independent and unified Italy in place of several separate states, many dominated by foreign
powers.

1. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a
republican state.
2. Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and
independent Italy.
3. Unlike his contemporary Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini never
compromised his republican ideas and refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House
of Savoy.
4. Mazzini was the spiritual force of the Italian resurrection. He joined the Carbonating, a
revolutionary organization and was arrested in 1830. He was sent into exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground
societies, first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne, whose
°

members were like- minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.


 [Link] believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy
could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a
single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the
basis of Italian liberty.

[Link] was in favour of a republic because he thought sovereignty resides essentially in

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opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
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objects because he himself lacked some of the qualities of practical leadership. He

underestimated the strength of the opposition. But in spite of these drawbacks he is one of the
chief makers of Italy. He was responsible for the growth of patriotism for a country that
existed as yet only in the imagination.

[Link] did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal
Nationalists in the economic sphere.
Answer:
Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before
the law. Lour ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are:

1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For
ach of these
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possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as
obstacles to economic exchange.
2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the
unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. Ê Ó Ô

3.
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and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.

4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic
interest to national unification.

Question 3
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field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
¾ · ± À µ ¸ · ¶ · ¸ ¹ ³ Á Á À º À ³ ¸ ± Â Õ Ú É ´ ´ µ ¾ ± ± ² ³ ¿ ± · ± ³ ¼ ³ ¸ ± Â

OR

Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napolean in regions under his
control.
Answer:
Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to make the
whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic
Code.


 1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing
equality before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues
(abuse of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found freedom.
7. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods in particular began to realize that
uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would
facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Question 4.
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Explain with examples.

Answer:
Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(1) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped
in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led
to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the
glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.

(2) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The
female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in
real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the
female figure became the allegory of the nation.
In France, she was named Marianne a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Þ

(3) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian
occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed
everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately
crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a
weapon of national resistance.

(4) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to
be discovered among the common people das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and °

folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized.

Question 5Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.

Ê Ó ß
Or
× ² ³ ¹ ³ º µ ¹ ³ µ Á Ò ² · ¿ Æ ¾ µ É È ² ± È ¾ ³ · ± ³ º µ ¸ µ ¼ À º ² · ¾ ¹ ¿ ² À ´ À ¸ Ü É ¾ µ ´ ³ Õ Â Ú É ´ ´ µ ¾ ± ± ² ³ ¿ ± · ± ³ ¼ ³ ¸ ±

with arguments.
Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s:


 1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries
there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas
migrated to the cities.
3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap
machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially
in the field of textile production.
4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under
the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.

Question [Link] any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to
create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. (2016 D, 2015 OD, 2012 OD)
Answer:

· The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In
1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
· When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new
sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the
father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens
(citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty,
equality and fraternity.

French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:

1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of
the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris,
became the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to
liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

Question [Link] had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815?
Explain with examples.
Answer:

During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists
underground.


 1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their
ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for
liberty and freedom.
2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this
struggle for freedom.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary bom in Geneva in 1807. He was a member
of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into
exile.
4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles
and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from
Poland, France, Italy and Germany.
5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic
Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

Question 8 Describe the process of unification of Germany.

Answer:
Unification of Germany:
In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to
exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in
Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.
(1) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the
different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.

(2) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an All
German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly
proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as
emperor.

(3) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was
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(4) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for
unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and
the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France.
Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result
µ Á â ¾ É ¿ ¿ À · Å ¿ Ö À º ± µ ¾ » µ Ö ³ ¾ Ù ¾ · ¸ º ³ Â

(5) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly comprising of princes of German states,
representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of
Versailes and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor.

Question 9Explain the process of unification of Italy.

Answer:
(1)Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over dynastic
states and the multinationals Hamsburg Empire.


(2)Italy was divided into seven states. Italian language did not have one common form.
Guiseppe Mazzini had played an important role in the unification of Italy.

(3)
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(4)He believed Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and had to be forged
into a single unified republic.
During 1830s, Mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian
Republic.
As uprisings in 1831 and 1848 had failed, the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its
ruler Emmanuel II to unify Italy.

(5)Under Chief Minister Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces
in 1859. He was the chief minister, who led the movement to unify Italy.
He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces. Even
Guiseppe Garibaldi

Question-10Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Answer:
(1)The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the
Balkans.

The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

(2)A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

(3)The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration
of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

(4)All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself
through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success.

One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence.

(5)The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and
used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated
by foreign powers.

Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win
back their long-lost independence.


 Question 11. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the
nineteenth century.
Answer:
The development of the German and Italian nation-states in the nineteenth century.
· Unification of Germany with the help of Army:
· In 1848, an attempt was made to unite different regions of the German Confederation into a
nation-state governed by an elected parliament. However, this liberal initiative was repressed by
the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, who were supported by the large
landowners of Prussia.
· Thereafter, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
· Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and
completed the process of unification.
· In January I 871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed as the German emperor in a
ceremony held at Versailles.
· Unification of Italy by a princely house:
· In the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states. Of these, only Sardinia-
Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
· The north was under the Austrian-Habsburg Empire, the centre was ruled by the Pope while the
southern regions were dominated by the Bourbon kings of France..
· In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini sought to formulate a coherent programme for a unitary Italian
republic and also had established a secret society called Young Italy for the fulfillment of his
goals.
· The revolutionary uprisings in 1831 and 1848 largely failed. Thus, the responsibility of uniting
Italian states was now on King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont.
· The Chief Minister of Italy, Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was able
to conclude a diplomatic alliance with France. Also, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating
the Austrian forces in 1859.
· Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers, under the leadership of Giuseppe
Garibaldi, also joined the movement. In 1860, these troops marched into south Italy and the
kingdom of Two Sicilies.
· These areas were liberated and later joined with Sardinia. In 1870, Rome was vacated by France
and it became a part of Sardinia. Finally, Italy was unified in 1871.


MAP



 ANSWERS

MCQ-ANSWERS

Q1 c) Formulated codes for the army Q19 (a) Turkey

Q2 . (c) Individual freedom and equality Q20. (d) at the Hall of Mirrors in the
before law Palace of Versailles.
Q3. (a) cultural movement Q21. (b) Heroism

Q4. (b) Large landowners Q22. (c) An idealist society that can never
be achieved.

Q5. (d) Victor Emmanuel II Q23. (b) abolish the tariff barrier.

Q6. (c) administrative changes did not go Q24. (c) Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain.
hand-in-hand with political freedom

Q7. (c) Duke Metternich Q25. (c) Greece

Q8. (b) Giuseppe Mazzini Q26. (a) brought the conservative regimes
back to power.

Q9. (d) Monarchy Q27. (b) Red Cap

Q10. (a) French citizens living in Vietnam 28.(c) (c) Justice

Q11. (b) It was an agreement between Q29. (d) a state where people live in a
England and Ireland. common territory, develop a sense of
identity and share a common history.

Q12. (d) Sardinia-Piedmont Q30. (c) Kaiser William refused to accept

the crown and opposed the assembly.
Q13. (c) He wanted Italy to be a monarchy Q31. (b). Napoleon Bonaparte

Q14. (c) Metternich Q32. ( b)The fallen Germania


Q15. (c) Treaty of Constantinople Q33.
Æ ä å µ ¼ · ¸ Å ¿ ¿ É Á Á ³ ¾ À ¸ È

Q16. (a) Bismarck Q34 .( b)Frederic Sorrieu

Q17. (a) cloth Q35. (c)Planting of tree of Liberty

Q 18 (b) Customs Union Q36. ( b)Founding of Young Europe in

Berne 1833

SOURCE BASED QUESTION (ANSWERS) æ

I
1.1 A).The collection enjoyed wide distribution in Germany

1.2 C). Promotion of ethnic belonging

1.3 A). Culturalism

1.4 B). Erosion of native values and ethos

II D.) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society

2.1
2.2 B). To restore conservative regime in Europe.

2.3 A). To re-establish peace and stability in Europe

2.4 C). Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe

III A) Inhabitants of Balkans

3.1
3.2 D) Both A & B
3.3 D) Both A & B
3.4 B) Through modernisation and internal reforms
IV . A) Only (a)
4.1
4.2 D) The citizen should not have right to private property


4.3 C) Unified economy

4.4 . B) France

ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS ç (ANSWERS)

1 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct Explanation of A.

2 . b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct Explanation of A.

3 c) A is true but R is false

4 . c) A is true but R is false

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