THE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
THE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Is responsible for
transporting blood, oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, and
waste products throughout
the body. Its main
components are the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
THE HEART
Is a muscular organ that
pumps blood throughout the
body. It is surrounded by a
double-layered sac called the
pericardium.
HEART WALL
Consists of three layers:
Endocardium is the inner layer,
made up of endothelial cells that line
the chambers and valves.
Myocardium is the middle layer,
composed of cardiac muscle tissue
responsible for pumping blood.
Epicardium is the outer layer,
consisting of connective tissue and
blood vessels.
SEPTUM
The heart is divided into two halves by a muscular wall called the septum.
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
1. Right Atrium – receives oxygen-
poor blood from the body and
pumps into the right ventricle.
2. Right Ventricle – pumps the
oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
3. Left atrium – receives oxygen
rich blood from the lungs and
pumps it to the left ventricle.
4. Left ventricle – pumps the
oxygen-rich blood to the body.
VALVES
Atrioventricular Valves: These valves Semilunar Valves: These valves are
separate the atria from the ventricles located at the exit of each ventricle
and prevent backflow of blood.There and prevent backflow into the heart.
are two types: There are two types:
1.The tricuspid valve is located 1. The pulmonary valve is at the base
between the right atrium and right of the pulmonary artery, preventing
ventricle. backflow into the right ventricle.
2. The bicuspid (mitral) valve is 2. The aortic valve is at the base of the
located between the left atrium and aorta, preventing backflow into the
left ventricle. left ventricle.
CORONARY ARTERIES
AND VEINS
•The left and right
•Coronary veins return
coronary arteries supply
deoxygenated blood to
oxygenated blood to the
the right atrium.
heart muscle.
1. Atrial systole – the atria contract and
pump blood into the ventricles.
THE CARDIAC CYCLE 2. Isovolumetric contraction – the
ventricles contract, but the valves are
closed, so the volume of blood does not
change.
Is the sequence of events that 3. Ventricular ejection – the ventricles
occurs when the heart beats. continue to contract and push blood into
the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
It can be divided into four or
five stages. 4. Isovolumetric relaxation – the ventricles
relax, but the valves are still closed, so the
volume of blood remains constant.
5. Ventricular filling – the ventricles and
the atria relax and fill with blood. This stage
can be combined with atrial systole
First Heart Sound (S1): Occurs during
ventricular systole. It is caused by the
closure of the atrioventricular valves
HEART SOUNDS (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves).
"Lub" sound.
Second Heart Sound (S2): Occurs
during ventricular diastole. It is caused
Heart sounds are the noises by the closure of the semilunar valves
(aortic and pulmonary valves). "Dub"
produced by the closing of sound.
heart valves during the
cardiac cycle. There are two Third Heart Sound (S3): Occurs in early
diastole, during rapid ventricular filling.
primary heart sounds: Often indicative of heart failure in adults.
Fourth Heart Sound (S4): Occurs late in
diastole, just before atrial contraction.
May be indicative of pathological
conditions.
BLOOD VESSELS
Are the tubes that carry blood
throughout the body. It has three
main types: arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
BLOOD VESSELS
Three main types:
These are thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated
Arteries
blood away from the heart and into various parts of the
body.
Carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary
Veins veins, which carry oxygenated blood) back to the heart.
They have thinner walls than arteries.
These are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect
Capillaries
arteries and veins.
BLOOD
Blood transports oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, and
removes waste. It has plasma
and formed elements.
PLASMA
It is the liquid part of blood that
carries cells and proteins. Makes
up about 55% of blood volume.
FORMED ELEMENTS
Make up 45% of volume.
Red Blood Cells
Platelets
(Erythrocytes)
(Thrombocytes)
transport oxygen with
assist in clothing
hemoglobin
White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes )
fight infections
BLOOD GROUPS
Blood groups indicate specific
antigens on red blood cells. They're
crucial for transfusions and
transplants. The two most well-
known blood group systems are the
ABO system and the Rh system.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
RH BLOOD GROUP
SYSTEM
Rh Factor (Rhesus Factor) Rh Positive (+) and Rh
– refers to the presence or Negative (-): If the Rh
absence of a specific antigen is present, the blood
antigen called the Rh type is Rh-positive (+). If the
antigen (also known as the D Rh antigen is absent, the
antigen) on the surface of blood type is Rh-negative
red blood cells. (-).
WHAT IS PULSE?
A pulse is the rhythmic artery
movement driven by the heart's
blood ejection.
WHAT ARE PULSE POINTS?
Pulse points are specific locations
on the body where arteries are close
to the skin's surface, making it easy
to detect the pulsations. Here are
some of the most commonly used
pulse points:
TEMPORAL CAROTID
Found in front of the tragus and Found below the jawline, between
above the zygomatic arch trachea and sternomastoid muscle.
(cheekbone). Commonly used during CPR.
APICAL BRACHIAL
Is found at the apex of the heart. It is The pulse point is found near the top of the
located on the left side of the chest at cubital fossa, which is a triangular area that
the 5th intercostal space midclavicular is in front of the elbow. This site is used to
line. Typically measured by placing a measure blood pressure and as a pulse
check site on an infant during CPR.
stethoscope at the left side of the chest.
RADIAL FEMORAL
It is found below the thumb in the wrist This is a major artery found in the
area along the radial bone. It is most groin and it provides circulation
commonly used as the site to count a to the legs.
heart rate in an adult.
POPLITEAL POSTERIOR TIBIAL
The posterior tibial pulse point is found on
It is located near the middle of the the inside of the ankle between the medial
popliteal fossa, which is a diamond- malleolus (bony part of the ankle bone) and
shaped pitted area behind the knee. Achilles tendon.
DORSALIS PEDIS
Located on the top of the foot, just below the
joint of the big toe.
A RECAP
Cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting blood,
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products
throughout the body. Its main components are the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
Heart Blood Blood Vessels
The heart is an organ that pumps blood Blood, composed of plasma and Blood Vessels are the
throughout our body. Has 3 layers: The formed elements, transports
inner endocardium, the middle
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
tubes that carry blood
myocardium, and the outer epicardium.
removes waste. throughout the body.
Divided into two halves by the septum,
and has four chambers (2 atria and 2
ventricles) and
Red blood cells transporting It has three main types:
hemoglobin, white blood cells arteries, veins, and
Valves: Atrioventricular Valves (tricuspid fighting infections, and platelets
and bicuspid) and Semilunar Valves;
capillaries.
aiding in clotting.
Pulmonary (right) and Aortic (left).
RECAP
1 Cardiac cycle - is the sequence of events that
occurs when the heart beats. It can be divided
into four or five stages.
2 Primary Heart Sound - S1: "Lub" sound,
happens in ventricular systole, from AV valve
closure. S2: "Dub" sound, occurs in
ventricular diastole, from semilunar valve
closure.
RECAP
1 The two most well-known blood group systems
are the ABO system and the Rh system.
2 A pulse is the rhythmic artery movement
driven by the heart's blood ejection.
Blood supply- The left and right coronary arteries supply
3
oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, while coronary
veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
THANK YOU!
MEMBERS
Sorilla, Nory Lou
Tambasen, Avriejl Kerc
Villanueva, Cleia
