Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Introduction
Today
▪ What is artificial intelligence?
▪ What can AI do?
▪ What is this course?
Sci-Fi AI?
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence vs. humans
What is AI?
The science of making machines that:
Think like people Think rationally
Act like people Act rationally
What is artificial intelligence?
Thinking Humanly
Thinking Rationally: laws of thought
Acting Humanly: Turing’s Test
Acting Humanly
Acting rationally
Acting → Thinking?
Rational Decisions
We’ll use the term rational in a very specific, technical way:
▪ Rational: maximally achieving pre-defined goals
▪ Rationality only concerns what decisions are made
(not the thought process behind them)
▪ Goals are expressed in terms of the utility of outcomes
▪ Being rational means maximizing your expected utility
A better title for this course would be:
Computational Rationality
Maximize Your
Expected Utility
What About the Brain?
▪ Brains (human minds) are very good
at making rational decisions, but not
perfect
▪ Brains aren’t as modular as software,
so hard to reverse engineer!
▪ “Brains are to intelligence as wings
are to flight”
▪ Lessons learned from the brain:
memory and simulation are key to
decision making
A (Short) History of AI
Demo: HISTORY – MT1950.wmv
1950: Turing asks the question….
1956: A new field is born
1956-1966
AI Winters
1997: Deep Blue ends Human
Supremacy in Chess
I
What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?
▪ Play a decent game of table tennis?
▪ Play a decent game of Jeopardy?
▪ Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
▪ Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue?
▪ Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
▪ Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl?
▪ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
▪ Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
▪ Perform a surgical operation?
▪ Put away the dishes and fold the laundry?
▪ Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
▪ Write an intentionally funny story?
Natural Language
▪ Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
▪ Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
▪ Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
▪ Dialog systems
Demo: NLP – ASR tvsample.avi
Natural Language
▪ Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
IBM Watson, stomping the opposition at Jeopardy
▪ Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
▪ Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
▪ Dialog systems
▪ Language processing technologies
▪ Question answering
▪ Machine translation
▪ Web search
▪ Text classification, spam filtering, etc…
Vision (Perception)
File:Kinect2-ir-image.png
▪ Object and face recognition
File:Xbox-360-Kinect-Standalone.png
▪ Scene segmentation
▪ Image classification
File:Kinect2-deepmap.png
Demo1: VISION – lec_1_t2_video.flv
Images from Erik Sudderth (left), wikipedia (right)
Demo2: VISION – lec_1_obj_rec_0.mpg
Demo 1: ROBOTICS – soccer.avi Demo 4: ROBOTICS – laundry.avi
Robotics Demo 2: ROBOTICS – soccer2.avi
Demo 3: ROBOTICS – gcar.avi
Demo 5: ROBOTICS – petman.avi
▪ Robotics
▪ Part mech. eng.
▪ Part AI
▪ Reality much
harder than
simulations!
▪ Technologies
▪ Vehicles
▪ Rescue
▪ Soccer!
▪ Lots of automation…
▪ In this class:
▪ We ignore mechanical aspects
▪ Methods for planning
▪ Methods for control
Images from UC Berkeley, Boston Dynamics, RoboCup, Google
Logic
▪ Logical systems
▪ Theorem provers
▪ NASA fault diagnosis
▪ Question answering
▪ Methods:
▪ Deduction systems
▪ Constraint satisfaction
▪ Satisfiability solvers (huge advances!)
Image from Bart Selman
Game Playing
▪ Classic Moment: May, '97: Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
▪ First match won against world champion
▪ “Intelligent creative” play
▪ 200 million board positions per second
▪ Humans understood 99.9 of Deep Blue's moves
▪ Can do about the same now with a PC cluster
▪ Open question:
▪ How does human cognition deal with the
search space explosion of chess?
▪ Or: how can humans compete with computers at all??
▪ 1996: Kasparov Beats Deep Blue
“I could feel --- I could smell --- a new kind of intelligence across the table.”
▪ 1997: Deep Blue Beats Kasparov
“Deep Blue hasn't proven anything.”
▪ Huge game-playing advances recently, e.g. in Go!
Text from Bart Selman, image from IBM’s Deep Blue pages
Decision Making
▪ Applied AI involves many kinds of automation
▪ Scheduling, e.g. airline routing, military
▪ Route planning, e.g. Google maps
▪ Medical diagnosis
▪ Web search engines
▪ Spam classifiers
▪ Automated help desks
▪ Fraud detection
▪ Product recommendations
▪ … Lots more!
