NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PATNA 13

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BASIC SURVEYING (3RD SEM)

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1 Measure distance between two survey stations using chain, tape and ranging rods when two
stations are inter visible.
2 Perform reciprocal ranging and measure the distance between two stations.
3 Determine area of open field using chain and cross staff survey.
4 Measure Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of survey lines of open traverse using Prismatic Compass.
5 Measure Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of a closed traverse of 5 or 6 sides and correct the
bearings and included angles for the local attraction
6 Undertake simple levelling using dumpy level/ Auto level and levelling staff.
7 Undertake differential levelling and determine Reduced Levels by Height of instrument method
and Rise and fall method using dumpy level/Auto Level and levelling staff.
8 Measure area of irregular figure using Digital planimeter

 PRACTICAL OUTCOMES

Sl. No. Cos

CO1 Measure distance by different methods like chain, reciprocal ranging.
CO2 Measure level and contour
CO3 Determine area by help of help of chain, cross staff survey and digital planimeter
CO4 Determine bearing by open traverse method

 MAPPING

s.no. PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PSO1 PSO2
1. 3 3 3 3 3 AP
2. 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 AP
3. 3 3 3 3 3 3 AP
4. 3 3 3 3 3 0 AP
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Experiment no :- 01
Aim :-
Measure distance between two survey stations using chain, tape and ranging rods when two
stations are inter visible.
Instruments required:
1. Ranging rods
2. Chains (Engineering, Metric and Gunter's)
3. Fiberglass tope
4. Arrow
Theory :-
In case of large distance or measurement of distance on uneven ground, due to natural
factors like sage produced in chaining due to wind or unevenness of ground which may
result in inaccurate horizontal distance, the survey line is then required to be divided in
different parts and needs to be ranged in order to get accurate distance.

o Ranging Rods :- A ranging rod (or range rod) is a surveying instrument used for
marking the position of stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for ranging
straight lines. Initially these were made of light, thin and straight bamboo, or of well
seasoned wood such as teak, pine or deodar.

o Chains :- A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain
may consist of two or more links. Chains can be classified in many different ways. From
a theoretical viewpoint, a chain is a continuous flexible rack engaging the teeth on a pair
of gears.

o Tape :- Tapes are used in surveying for measuring horizontal, vertical or slope distances.
Tapes are issued in various lengths and widths and graduated in a variety of ways.

o Arrow :- Arrows in surveying are the marking pins that are mostly used in chain surveying.
They are used to mark the end of the chain length; if the length of the line to be measured
is more than a chain length.

Procedure:-
1. Locate the polygon that is to be measured.
2. The follower places tape at first terminal station, then the surveyor stretches it to the
intermediate ranged station measures distance dl and notes it in the field book.
3. The follower then shifts to first ranged station and places tape there, the surveyor
4. Then stretches tape to next ranged station and measures d2.

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(Note: If the survey line is greater than the length of tape, arrow is used to fix the intermediate
point where the tape ends, and then the measurement is taken from arrow to the other intermediate
ranged station.)

5. In this way repeat the procedure upto last terminal station and measure all broken
distances.
6. Record all small distances in field book and calculate the total distance by adding all small
distances.
 The above mentioned procedure is also carried out with different chains.
 Perambulator counts the steps and calculates the horizontal distance in meters.

Result :-

Tape reading (ft) Metric chain reading Engineering chain

(m) reading (ft)

AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

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Experiment no : 02

Aim :-
Perform reciprocal ranging and measure the distance between two stations.

Instrument required:- Ranging rods

Theory :-
The process of establishing intermediate point on a straight line between two end points is
known as ranging. Ranging must be done before a survey line is chained. It may be necessary
to establish a number of intermediate points prior to chaining when chain line is much longer.
Ranging may be done by direct observation by the naked eye or by line ranger or by theodolite.
Generally, ranging is done by naked eye with the help of three ranging rods.
Ranging is of two kinds:
1. Direct Ranging
2. Indirect or Reciprocal, Ranging
Indirect ranging is used when the end stations are not intervisible due to high ground or
a hill or if the ends are too long. In such cases, intermediate points can be fixed the survey
line by a process known as reciprocal ranging.

Procedure:
1. Let A and B be the two stations with a rising ground or hill.
2. Let two chainmen with ranging rods take up positions at M1 and N1, such that, chainmen
at M1 can see both rods at N1 and B and the chainmen at N1 can see the ranging rods at
M1 and A.
3. The chainman at N1 directs the chainmen at M1 to shift the ranging rod at M2 in line with
A.
4. Then chainman at M2 directs the chainmen at N1 to shift the ranging rod to N2 in line with
B.
5. The positions of ranging rods will be changed until finally they are both in line with A &
B exactly on line AB.

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Conclusion:
1. Direct ranging is possible when the end stations are intervisible.
2. Direct ranging can be done by Eye ranging or by Line Ranger.
3. Most of the ranging operation in surveying is done by eye ranging.
4. But for more accurate ranging, instruments like line rangers are used.
5. Indirect ranging is used when the end stations are not intervisible due to high ground or
a hill or if the ends are too long.

Results & Discussions:

The distance between two points using direct ranging has been measured successfully.

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Experiment no : 03
Aim :-
Determine area of open field using chain and cross staff survey.
Equipments required:-
1. Two chains 20m or 30m
2. Arrows
3. Ranging rods
4. Cross staff or optical square
5. Plumb bob
Theory :-
The object of cross staff survey is to located the boundaries of field or plot and to find out
its area.
o In this method a base line in the centre of the area is selected. Chaining along this line is
done and the offsets of the points lying on the boundaries of the plot are taken at different
chainages by using a cross staff and tape on either side of the chain line and recorded
against the chainages in the field note book as already discussed. The offsets length are
written on the left hand side or right hand side of the line as per position until whole of
the area is surveyed.
o The plot is then divided into triangles and trapezoids because it it easy to find out the area
of triangle and a trapezoids.
The area of the field is computed by the following formulae.

1. The area of a right angle triangle is equal to the base multiplied by half the Perpendicular
2. The area of a trapezoid is equal to the base multiplied by half the sum of the Perpendicular.

Procedure :-

To start the cross staff survey a chain line is run through the center of the area to be
surveyed it is divided into, right angled triangles and trapezoids The perpendicular to the
boundary are taken in order of their chainages.
A cross staff or optical square is used to set out perpendicular offsets which are usually
more than 15m Care should be taken that no offset is overlooked before the chain is
removed The chainages of the points of intersection of the chain line and the boundaries
should be recorded The length of the boundary line may be measured by direct
measurement to check the accuracy of field work. After the field work is over, the survey
is plotted to some convenient scale. The figure thus formed by the boundary lines is divided
in the tabular from as given below

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Observation Table:-

Area in m²
Sr. Figure Chainage Base in Offset in Mean +ve -ve Remarks
No In m. (meter) (meter) offset

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RESULT: Area of polygon by chain & staff method is found to be square meter.

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Experiment no: 04
Aim :-
Measure Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of survey lines of open traverse using Prismatic

APPARATUS:
 Prismatic compass
 Ranging rod
 Chain
 Tape
 Peg
 Tripod stand
 Small Pieces of stones.

Theory:-
The important parts of compass are
1) A box with graduated circle
2) A magnetic needle
3) A line of sight
When the line of sight is pointed to point the magnetic needle of compass points towards north
(Magnetic meridian). The angle which this line of sight makes with the magnetic meridian is
read on graduated circle.it is known as magnetic bearing of the line.

o There are two types of compasses

1) Prismatic compass
2) Surveyor's compass

o Prismatic Compass:
Prismatic compass is very valuable instrument. It is usually used for rough survey for
measuring bearing and survey lines. The least count of prismatic compass is 30 min. It
consists of circular box of 10cm-12 cm dia. of non-magnetic material, pivot is fixed at the
center of box and is made up of hard steel with a Sharp pivot, graduated aluminum is
attached to the needle. It is graduated in clockwise direction from 00 to 3600.the figures
are written in inverted. Zero is written at south end and 180 at north end and 270 at the east
Diametrically opposite are fixed to the box. The sighting vane consists of a hinged metal
frame in the center of which is stretched a vertical Horse hair fine silk thread of which is
stretched a vertical hair, presses against a lifting pin which lift the needle of the pivot and
holds it against the glass lid Thus are venting the wear of the pivot point to damp the
oscillations of the needle when about to take.

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Whole Circle Bearing: In whole circle bearing system, the bearing of a line is always measured
clockwise from the north point of the reference meridian towards the line right round the circle.
The angle thus measured between the reference meridian and the line is called Whole circle bearing
of the line. Angles measured will have value between 0 to 360 Degrees.
Conversion of W.C.B. In R.B:-
Case WCB quadrant R. B Quadrant
1
2
3
4

Reduced bearing (R.B): In this system of bearing of a line is measured clockwise or anticlockwise
From north or south direction whichever is nearer to the line towards east or west. The concept of
reduced bearing facilitates computations in traverse surveying.
Conversion of R.B In W.C.B.:-
Case Rule of quadrant Rule of WCB WCB between
1
2
3
4

Adjustment of the Prismatic Compass

The compass may be held in hand but for better results it should be fitted at the top of tripod having
ball and socket Arrangement. The adjustment of a compass is done in the following Three steps.

1) Centering: - The compass fitted over the tripod is lifted bodily and placed approximately
on the station peg by spreading the leg of a tripod equally. The center of the compass is
checked by dropping a wall piece of stone from the center of the bottom of the compass so
that it falls on the top of the station peg. A plumb bob may be used to judge the centering
either attaching it with a hook providing at the bottom or otherwise by holding it by hand,

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2) Levelling-After the compass is centered, it is levelled by means of ball and sockets

arrangement so that the graduated circle may swing freely. It can be checked roughly by
placing a round pencil on the top of the compass, when the penal does not move, that is
roughly the horizontal position

3) Focusing the prism: - The prism attached is moved up and down so that graduation on the
graduated circle should become sharp and clear.

Procedure:-

1) Establish a chain line AB.

2) To measure F.B put a ranging rod at B and set the prismatic compass on the tripod stand
At A and centering and leveling is then properly done.
3) The ranging rod at B is ranged though sighting slits and objective vane attached with cross
hair and reading on prismatic compass is noted down. This is F.B.
4) To measure B.B. A.B put a ranging rod at A and set prismatic compass at B. Then sight
ranging rod at A and takes the reading which is B.B of line AB.

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Experiment no:- 05
Aim:-
Measure Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of a closed traverse of 5 or 6 sides and correct the
bearings and included angles for the local attraction.
Theory:-
LOCAL ATTRACTION
Sometimes the magnetic needle does not point towards magnetic North or South. The reason being
that the needle may be under the influence of external attractive forces which are produced due to
magnetic substances Thus the deflection of the needle from its original position, due to the
presence of some magnetic substances is known as local attraction. To detect local attraction at a
particular place, fore and back bearing of each line are taken. Then difference comes out to be 180°
there is no local attraction at either station. On the other hand of the difference is other than 180°,
the bearing may be rechecked to find out the discrepancy may not be due to the presence of iron
substance near to the compass. If the difference still remains the local attraction exists at on or both
the stations.
Imitation of Local attraction
1st Method:- In this method, the bearing of the other lines are corrected and calculated on the
basis of the a line which has the difference between its fore bearing and back bearing equal to
180”.
The magnetic of the error is formed due to local attraction by drawing a sketch of observed and
correct bearing of the line at each station. The error will be negative when the observed bearing is
less than the corrected one and the correction will be positive and vice versa
If however, there is no such line in which the difference of fore bearing and back bearing is equal
to 180”, the correction should be made from the mean value of the bearing of that line in which
the difference between the fore and the back bearing is the least. If the bearings are observed in
quadrantal system, the correction should be applied in proper direction by drawing a neat sketch
roughly
2nd Method:- This method is more general as the bearing at a station locally affected may be
incorrect but include angles calculated from these bearing will be correct since the amount of the
error will be the same for all the bearing observed from that station. Thus starting from the
unaffected line and using these included angles the correct bearing of all other lines can be
calculated.
Note: The sum of the internal included angles must be equal to (2n-4) right angles where n number
of sides of a closed traverse.

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• PROCEDURE:

1) Four ranging rods are fixed at different points Le. A, B, C, D, E etc. such that it
should be Mutually visible and may be measured easily
2) Measure the distance between them.
3) At point A the prismatic compass is set on the tripod Stand, centering and levelling
is then Properly done.
4) The ranging rod at B is ranged through sighting slits and objective vane attached
with horse hair and reading on prismatic compass is noted down
5) It is fore bearing of line AB. Then the prismatic compass is fixed at B and ranging
rod at C. AND A are sighted. And reading is taken as forbearing of BC and back
bearing of AB
6) Repeat the same procedure at the stations C, D etc.
• Observation table:-

Line Observed Local Error Correction Corrected Include

bearing Attraction bearing angle
AB
AD
BC
BA
CD
CB
DE
DC
EA
ED

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-

Error observed bearing-corrected bearing

Check =(2n-4)x90°

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RESULT: The prismatic compass is studied and bearing of lines of traverse are Observed, the
correction due to local attraction at affected station is done and corrected bearings are written in
tabular form.

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Experiment no. :- 06
Aim :-
Undertake simple levelling using dumpy level/ Auto level and levelling Staff.
Theory :-

What is Dumpy Level?

Dumpy level is commonly used levelling instrument to locate the points in same horizontal
plane. It is also called as automatic level or builder’s level. Elevations of different points and
distance between the points of same elevation can be determined by dumpy level.The telescope
is fixed to its supports in dumpy level and hence it cannot be rotated in vertical axis. It is
invented by William Gravatt in 1832.
Dumpy Level Surveying

 Components of Dumpy Level

Dumpy level consists the following
parts or components
 Telescope
 Bubble tubes
 Compass
 Vertical spindle
 Tribrach screws
 Foot screws
 Levelling head Tripod

Parts of Telescope in Dumpy Level

The important parts of telescope are as follows

• Eye piece
• Objective lens
• Diaphragm
• Focusing screw
• Ray shade

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Procedure of Dumpy Level Surveying

The procedure of dumpy level surveying starts with some temporary adjustments
which are :-
 Setting up of instrument
 Levelling up
 Focusing
Setting up of Dumpy Level
The instrument is fixed to the tripod stand using clamp screws. Spread the tripod legs and
position the instrument at convenient height. Firstly fix the two legs in the ground at a point
and centering of bubble in the bubble tubes is done by adjusting third leg.

Levelling up
The levelling up of an instrument is done using foot screws or levelling screws. In this case,
the telescope is arranged parallel to the any two levelling screws and the bubble in the tube is
centered by turning both the screws either inwards or outwards.
When it is centered, then the telescope is turned 90o and the third screw is turned until the
bubble come to center. Repeat the process until the bubble in the tube always stays at the
middle in any position of telescope.
Focusing
Focusing is done by adjusting eye piece and focusing screw. Eye piece is adjusted until the
cross hairs of diaphragm are clearly visible. To eliminate the parallax error, a white paper is
used to obtain sharp vision of cross hairs. Focusing screw is adjusted to view the clear image
of the objective or staff. Focusing is said to be done when the cross hairs bisect the objective
or staff with clear vision.

 Benefits of Dumpy Level Surveying

• Dumpy level is easy to use.

• Adjustments can be made as per the requirement on any type of ground.
• Level readings are very accurate in case of dumpy level.
• Optical power is high for dumpy level.
• Price of dumpy level is cheap when compared to other instruments.

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 Drawbacks of Dumpy Level Surveying

• It is limited to only horizontal angle measurement.

• The angles obtained by dumpy are not that accurate.

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Experiment no :- 07

Aim :-
Undertake differential levelling and determine Reduced Levels by Height of instrument
method and Rise and fall method using dumpy level/Auto Level and levelling staff.

7(A) Height of instrument method

• APPARATUS:
1. Dumpy level
2. levelling level
3. Tripod stand
4. Arrows pegs
• THEORY :-
The operation of levelling to determine the elevation of points at some distance apart is
called differential level in and is usually accomplished by direct levelling. When two points
are at such a distance from each other they cannot both be within range of level at the same
time, the difference in level is not found by single setting out the distance between the
points is divided in wo stages by training points on which the staff is held and the difference
of elevation of each of succeeding pair of such training points is found by separate setting
up of the level.
• Procedure:
1. The height of Instrument (HI) is adding back sight (plus sight) to the elevation of the BM
(first point).
2. The elevation of reduced level of the turning point is then calculated by subtracting from
Hi the far sight (minus sight).
3. For the next setting of the instrument, the Hi is obtained by adding the BS taken on TP 1 to
its RL.
4. The process continues till the RL of the last point (a fare sight) is obtained by subtracting
the staff reading from height of the last setting of the instrument.
5. If there are some intermediate points, the RL of those points is calculated by subtracting
the intermediate sight (minus sight) from height of the instrument for that setting.

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• Observation table

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remarks

• Arithmetic Check:

Total BS – Total FS = Last RL – First RL

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7 (B) Rise and fall method

• Apparatus:-
1. Dumpy level
2. levelling staff
3. Tripod stand
4. Arrows
5. Pegs.
• Theory:-
The operation of levelling to determine the elevation of points at some distance apart is
called differential level in and is usually accomplished by direct levelling. When two points
are at such a distance from each other they can not both be within range of level at the same
time, the difference in level is not found by single setting out the distance between the
points is divided in wo stages by training points on which the staff is held and the difference
of elevation of each of succeeding pair of such training points is found by separate setting
up of the level.

• Procedure:-
In this system there is no need to determine height of instrument. The difference of level
between consecutive points tire obtained as described below.
1. Determine the difference in staff readings between the consecutive point
Comparing each point after the first with that immediately proceeding it.
2. Obtain the rise or fall from the difference of their staff reading accordingly to the
staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of proceeding point.
3. Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting fall
From the RL of a proceeding point.

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• Observation table:-
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks

• Arithmetic check :-
Total BS – Total FS = Total rise – Total fall = Last RL – First RL

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Experiment no:- 08

Objective:

To measure the area of an irregular figure using a digital planimeter

Apparatus:

1. Digital Planimeter
2. Irregular-shaped figure (on a sheet of paper)
3. Graph paper (for comparison)
4. Pen/Pencil

Theory:

A planimeter is an instrument used to measure the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape. The digital
planimeter is an advanced version of the mechanical planimeter, providing more accuracy and ease of use. The
area is calculated based on the movement of the tracing arm along the boundary of the figure.

Procedure:

1. Place the sheet of paper with the irregular-shaped figure on a flat surface.
2. Calibrate the digital planimeter according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
3. Place the tracing point of the planimeter at a starting point on the boundary of the figure.
4. Trace the entire boundary of the figure once, making sure to return to the starting point.
5. Record the area displayed by the digital planimeter.
6. Repeat steps 3-5 five times to ensure accuracy and record each measurement.
7. Compare the measured area with the area determined using a graph paper method for verification (if necessary).

Observations:

Record the area measurements in the table below.

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Calculations:

1. Calculate the average area.

2. Calculate the standard deviation to understand the variation in measurements.

where xi is each individual measurement, x is the average area, and N is the number of trials.

Conclusion:

Based on the average area calculated, the area of the irregular figure is approximately 35.88 cm². The standard
deviation provides an understanding of the consistency of the measurements.

Precautions:

1. Ensure the digital planimeter is calibrated correctly before use.

2. Trace the boundary of the figure accurately to avoid errors.
3. Repeat the measurement multiple times for better accuracy.

Discussion:

The digital planimeter offers a quick and efficient way to measure the area of irregular figures, providing
reasonably accurate results. Any discrepancies in measurements can be due to user error or device calibration,
which should be minimized through careful handling and repeated trials.

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Experiment no. :- 09
Aim :-
Undertake fly levelling with double check using dumpy level/ Auto level and levelling staff.
Apparatus:-
1. Dumpy level
2. levelling staff
3. Tripod stand
4. Arrows
5. Pegs
Theory :-
Levelling: - It is a very approximate from of levelling in which distances are not measured and
sights are taken as large as possible. In this method a line of levels is run to determine
approximately reduced levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision,
Check levelling: - The main purpose of this type of levelling is to check the values of the
reducedlevels of the bench marks already fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are
taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting
the change points and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of levelling
depends upon these.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Let A and B the two points as shown in figure They are too for spart. The position of
each Up of level should be so selected that the staff kept on the two points is visible
through the telescope
2. Let 01, 02, 03 be the positions of the level to be setup. Choose the change points 1,2
etc. On a stable ground so that the position of the level should be midway between the
two staff Reading to avoid error due to imperfect adjustment of the level.
3. Now setup the level at O1 take the reading on the staff kept vertically on A with bubble
central. This will be a back sight and RL of the A is to assumed or say known.
Record these values in the same line in the level book
4. Now select the position of CP (1) so that the distance of it from O1 is approximately
equal to that 01A
5. With the bubble in the center take the reading of the staff held vertically over the
change Point. This will be a fore sight and book this value in the level book on the next
line in the Column provided
6. Now shift the level to 02 and set up it there carefully, with the bubble in the center take
reading on the staff kept vertically as the fore sight over CP(1). This will be a back
sight, book it in the same line as the fore sight already recorded in the column provided.
7. Select another C.P(2) on the stable ground as before so that station 02 is
approximatelymidway between C.P (1) and C.P(2)

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8. With the bubble central, take the reading on the staff kept vertically over the CP2. This
will be fore sight and book it in the level book page in next line.
9. Repeat the process until the point B.M reached. The last reading will be a foresight
10. Now find out the reduced levels by height of instrument method or by rise and fall
method
11. Complete the remakes column also. Apply the arithmetical check.

Observation table:-

Station Reading Height of Reduced Remarks

B.S. F.S instrument level
A
B
C
D
E

Result:-
The difference of level between the point be equal to R.L of the last point minus the R.L at the
B.M is found to be ………

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