Introduction to Biochemistry - Animal cell = cell membrane
- Plant = cell wall
Chemistry - Bacteria = peptidoglycan (antibiotic -
- Study of the structure, properties, broken down by inhibiting the enzymes
change and composition that creates peptidoglycan)
- Focuses on atoms - Fungi = chitin
- Virus is not a cell = attaches itself to a
Biology cell (needs a host cell, then takeovers
- Study of life, living organisms and the machinery of the cell)
processes
- Bio = Life Composition of the cell membrane:
- Logy = Study
- Focuses on cells 1. Phospholipid - main chemical
composition of a cell membrane
Biochemistry
- Chemical basis of life / Chemistry of 2. Glycoprotein (protein w carbs
Life attached) and Glycolipid (lipids w
carbs attached)
Cell - responsible for cell to cell recognition
- Basic unit of life process
Atom 3. Cholesterol - main precursor of all
- Basic unit of matter steroids in the body
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 4. Arachidonic Acid (20:4) C=C=C=C
- Main energy - 20 carbon atoms 4 double bonds
- Enzyme acts as a catalyst
cells>tissue>organ>organ system>organisms (most enzymes end in -ase)
- Catalyst increases or decreases
3 major parts of a cell: metabolic processes
1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus - control center of the cell and
is where DNA and chromosome is
located
3. Organelles - provides the needs of a cell,
main source of energy, where ATP is
produced
Cell Membrane:
- separates the inside and outside of the
cell / protects the cell
- Semipermeable membrane (head and
tail) controls substances that goes in and
out of the cell
- (water fearing / hydrophobic)
Nonpolar head - protects cell COX:
from water *yellow circles* Aspirin - Prevents blood clots e.g., stroke
- (water loving / hydrophilic) Indomethacin - Painkiller
Polar tail - *looks like a Ibuprofen - Anti-pain
chromosome pair* Anti-inflammatory - Reduces
- Channeling proteins - *red big pain/inflammation
oblong*
- Gated channel - where LOX:
substances go in and out Antihistamine - treat allergic rhinitis
of the cell and hydrates Cetirizine - treat allergies
the cell
● Veins - Passageway of the blood
5. Golgi bodies
Organelles: - Flattened sacs, responsible for storage and
transport of substances found in the cell
1. Mitochondrion ● Discovered by: Camillo Golgi
- powerhouse of the cell
- site where energy (ATP) is produced 6. Microtubules
- Krebs cycle - happens at the - small tubes inside the cell and is responsible
mitochondrial matrix for mitosis (cell division) and meiosis
- Mitochondrial matrix - inner / blue - contain important information of spindle of
part of the mitochondria fibers or mitotic spindle
- Intermediate reaction - happens at the
intermembrane space 7. Nucleus
- Intermembrane space - space between - control center of the cell and is where DNA
inner and outer membrane and chromosome is located
- Cristae - Electron Transport Chain or ● Nucleolus - site of ribosome assembly
ETC enclosed by a nuclear membrane
● Chromosomes - 46 with 23 pairs
● XY male ; XX female
○ Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
- 1 extra chromosome in
the 21st pair
○ Trisomy 18 (edward’s
syndrome)
- 1 extra chromosome in
the 18th pair
- Affected growth and
development
- Severe intellectual
● 1,200 kcal = okay na tim body disability
- Most die after a year
2. Lysosomes ● Appearance:
- suicide bag of the cell (contains enzyme) 1. Low birth weight
● RBC - shaped as a biconcave disk, life 2. Prominent occiput -
span is 120 days occipital lobe is
- Apoptosis - programmed cell death prominent
● No apoptosis = tumor (mass of 3. Micrognathia - small
abnormal cells) upper jaw (breathing
difficulties
3. Ribosome 4. Microcephaly - small
- Site of protein synthesis (RNA) head
5. Low set ears
● Eukaryotes:
6. Clenched overlapping
- 2 subunits: 40s and 60s / 80s - only if
fingers
condensed during happens protein
7. Rocker bottom feet
synthesis
8. Digestive abnormalities;
● Prokaryotes:
cardiac and renal
- 2 subunits: 30s and 50s / 70s only if
malformations
condensed happens during protein
synthesis
○ Trisomy 13 (Bartholin-Patau
- S = Svedberg - unit for density
syndrome)
- 1 extra chromosome in
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
the 13th pair
- a membrane responsible for lipid and protein
- Multiple congenital
synthesis
malformation
● Rough ER - aids in protein synthesis
- Reduced life
(hard)
expectancy
● Smooth ER - aids in lipid synthesis
(soft)
-Severe intellectual
disability and most are
females
● Appearance:
- Holoprosencephaly -
failure of division of
lobes
- Scalp defects
- Microphthalmia -
baby’s eyes are small
- Cleft and lip palate -
opening or split in the
roof of the mouth
○ Hemophilia
- Bleeder's disease
○ Y-Linked genetic disorder
- No clotting factors
Biomolecules:
