OVERALL RECALLS

o How not to transfer HIV?

▪ For (+) antiretroviral therapy

& MUST KNOW

(100%)
▪ For (-) prophylaxis (99%)
▪ Condom is only 80%
10/2/2024 • Biosafety disinfectant is UV,
• QA – total testing process decontaminant is alcohol
• QC – analytical test • Greiss reaction = Nitrite
o Needs a lot of green veggies (source
• Quality systems – comprehensive
of nitrite)
program
o 4-hour urine (gives time for nitrite
• Main cause of shift: improper calibration
conversion) or early morning urine
• Main cause of trend: deterioration of
• Transitional epithelial cell (urothelial cell)
reagents
– centrally located
• Trend and shift – systematic error
• RTE – eccentrically located
• Tangier disease – HDL deficiency
o PCT – rectangle, columnar largest
• Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome – LDL
o DCT – round/oval
deficiency
o Collecting duct – cuboidal
• Anderson’s disease – chylomicron
• Squamous epithelial cell – biggest cell in
retention
urine sediment
• Prealbumin aka transthyretin
• Cystitis – inflammation of the bladder, no
• Lean six sigma cast, lower UTI
o DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze,
• Hyaline in Sternheimer-Malbin: pale pink/
Improve and Control)
pale purple
o White belt – yellow – green – black –
• CSF has no IgM
master black belt
o CSF tube 3 – for cell count
• Translation – ribosomes
o Total cell count – NSS
• Transcription – nucleus o WBC cell count – acetic acid
• Chlamydia • Albumin is prone to bacterial contam
o Media: McCoy’s
• Meconium – dark green
o Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
• Cytocentrifugation
(NAAT) - Sensitive test for chlamydia
o monolayer of cells
o Elementary bodies are infectious
o 1200-1000 rpm for 5-10 mins
• Refrigerated stool specimens, no
• Pituitary – aka master gland, housed by
preservatives are only for antigen testing
the sphenoid bone
• Refrigerated stool - sample for antigen
• Grave’s Disease – primary
testing
hyperthyroidism
• Fasciolopsis buski – ingestion of water
• TRH administration is intramuscular
chestnut
• T3 - most potent
o Vitamin B12 malabsorption in flukes
• T4 – main or predominant (97%)
• Fasciola hepatica – from water crest
• ppm – carbon monoxide unit
• Thick blood film – dehemoglobinization
• % - carboxyhemoglobin unit
• Flocked swab – nylon strands
• Micral test – microalbumin
• Man – often the dead-end host, infections
o Principle: enzymatic
are not transmitted further
o Positive: red
• Serodiscordant (HIV-discordant) couple
• May Hegglin – large platelet
• Bernard Soulier – giant platelet • B. parapertussis: Oxidase (-), urease (+)
• Wiskott Aldrich – tiny platelet
• Perl’s Prussian blue
o 1% potassium ferricyanide
o 2% hydrochloric acid
• NBF (10%)
o pH: 7.2 – 7.4
• Automatic tissue processor: first station
is hot formalin
• Methemoglobin: pigment responsible for
alpha hemolysis resulting in a green zone
in BAP
• Trisomy 18: Edward’s syndrome 10/3/2024
• Lead – tan tube, not acquired from • Paragonimus westermani – Chinese
animal bite vase appearance
• Immunoassay for thyroxine • Gas chromatography-mass
o Chemiluminescence – similar to spectrometry (GC-MS): reference
ELISA, substrate reacts to enzyme method for Cholesterol and
label to form fluorescent product Triglycerides
o Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay • Cholesterol and HDL-C: non-fasting is
(MEIA) – double antibody system that considered
sandwich the hormone • Triglycerides and LDL-C: px should be
fasting, can drink water
• Freshly voided urine has faint aromatic
odor or fragrant
• Starch crystals: Common artifact in urine
and other body fluid due to gloves
o round or oval element that are highly
refractive
o Maltese cross formation
• Lycopodium: dusting power, similar to
starch appearance
• Pear shaped elementary body – unique
• In pregnancy test, if a very faint band
characteristic of Chlamydia pneumoniae
appear, recollect & repeat after 48 hrs
• Four glass method for prostatitis
• Entamoeba histolytica – ground glass
o VB1 – urethral infection
with ingested RBC
o VB2 – urinary bladder infection
• Entamoeba dispar – ground glass, no
o EPS
RBC
o VB3
o should be reported as (E.
• 3% sulfosalicylic acid - SSA in the cold
histolytica/E. dispar)
precipitation method
o How to differentiate the two?
• 1% sulfuric acid and 1.175% barium
molecular (PCR) or immunologic test
chloride – McFarland
• Malaria reporting
• Tube 1 - CSF for VDRL
• B. pertussis: Oxidase (+), urease (-)
• B. bronchiseptica: Oxidase and urease
(+)
• % parasitemia: to report malarial
parasites against RBC
• parasites/microliter blood: To quantify
malarial parasites against WBC
• Differential media or indicator media:
Media used to differentiate colonial and
biochemical characteristic
• Kreb’s (Citric acid) cycle aka
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle - occurs in
the mitochondria
• Dioxin – environmental pollutant, from
industrial incineration/practices
• Gross error - detected by delta check
• Pre analytical phase – most errors
• Remove tourniquet before withdrawing
the needle (WHO)
• AccuVein – 7 inches above the site,
infrared light is used
• 21 gauge with 1-inch length - common
adult venipuncture needle
• 19 gauge, slowly inject through tube • Dehydration – decreased ESR
closure – transfer of blood from syringe • 3 degree tilt = 30% error
to tube • Embden Meyerhof: anaerobic - pyruvate
• Hematoma - leakage of large amount of kinase
blood • Hexose monophosphate shunt: aerobic –
• Ecchymosis (bruise) – leakage of small G6PD
amount of blood, most common • Dense Tubular System: control center for
complication of phlebotomy platelet activation
 PT EXTRINSIC, COMMON
APTT INTRINSIC, COMMON
TT/TCT FIBRINOGEN DEF.,
FDP/FSP, PRESENCE OF
THROMBOLYTIC
AGENTS, PRESENCE OF
HEPARIN

• Monitors heparin therapy: APTT

o Therapeutic range: 60-100 seconds

INTRINSIC FACTOR XII, XI, IX and VIII

EXTRINSIC FACTOR VII
• Factor VI – no coag factor, only activated
COMMON FACTOR X, V, II, I and XIII
factor V
• All factors are protein except Factor IV • Chloroma: AML (M1, M2), color green
(calcium) is a mineral because of myeloperoxidase
• Factor XI deficiency • Flower cell: adult T cell
o Hemophilia C lymphoma/leukemia
o Rosenthal syndrome • Histogram
o Common in Ashkenazi Jews o X axis – cell size
o Y axis (vertical) – number of cells
• Sizes:
o RBC: 35-360fL
o Lymphocytes: 35-90 fL
o mononuclear cells: 90-160 fL
o granulocytes: 160-450 fL
o leftmost part: lymphocytes
o platelets: 2 – 20 fL
• region code flags, R means region
• RBC histogram
o curve to the right → larger than
normal
• Karyotyping: analysis of chromosome o curve to the left → smaller than
morphology normal
• Erythropoietin is a cytokine • CRP are produced by the liver
• During early stage, fetal liver is producing o Normal value: 0.5 mg/dL
erythropoietin • Serum amyloid: APR for removal of
• 1-2 days of age • cholesterol
o 14.5 – 22.5 g/dL – hemoglobin • Classical pathway: activated by Ag Ab
o 9 – 30 x 109/L – WBC complex
• Secondary (specific) granules – • Alternative pathway: activated by
myelocyte, meta bacterial and fungal cell wall
• Tertiary: meta, band • Anti-phospholipid antibodies: found in
• Secretory granules (vesicles) band: Lupus
segmenter • Cardiolipin: antigen for RPR and VDRL
• Well stained blood film: pink to purple (Looking for reagin)
• Reagin: antibody to cardiolipin
• Charcoal: aids for visualization, it is in
RPR
• Serum VDRL: rotated at 180 rpm for 4
mins
• CSF VDRL: rotated at 180 rpm for 8 mins
• RPR: rotated at 100 rpm for 8 minutes
• Weil-Felix: Rickettsia
• Singer and Plotz: rheumatoid factor
• Widal: typhoid
• HBV DNA: first marker to appear,
detected in PCR, first to appear than
HBsAg
• TTV: Torque Teno Virus or Transfusion • Feldene: anti platelet, feldene free for 2
Transmitted Virus days before plateletpheresis
• Western blot • Modified whole blood: no cryoprecipitate
o No band: Western Blot negative or platelet
o Positive: atleast 2 of the following • Kaposi Sarcoma - Blue or purple spots in
three bands: p24, gp41 and mouth or skin of patient with HIV/AIDs
gp120/160 • Babesiosis
o Indeterminate: Positive in at least one o Tick
bands o Maltese cross
• Nucleic Acid Test (NAAT): standard rapid o preferred stain is Giemsa (for blood
test to differentiate HIV1 and 2 antibodies parasite)
• Viral Load Test: monitors HIV RNA of • Rhogam is passive immunity, IgG anti- D,
patient with treatment for HIV, monitors 2 years shelf life
effectivity of therapy • Metaplasia: smoker’s lung
• Hustin: recommended sodium citrate • Hyperplasia: ill-fitting dentures
• Lewisohn: recommended minimum • 34 - 45%: commercially available
amount of citrate formaldehyde
• Braxton Hicks: recommended Sodium o 10% NBF: 9 parts water 1 part 40%
phosphate formalin
• Segregation: first law of genetics • 10% formalin contains 4% formaldehyde
• Assortment: second law of genetics • 5-10x volume of tissue: osmium tetroxide
• 20 seconds: Serofuge for ABO test tube • 10-20x volume of tissue to fixative
• Bombay: rarest phenotype • Tissue size: 2 cm square and 3-4mm
• Immunogenicity of Rh: D > c > E > C > e thick
• Goal of LISS: Decreasing zeta potential • Fick law – rate of diffusion
and incubation time
• Cancer patients or history of leukemia
cannot donate blood
• Patients taking antibiotics: temporarily
deferred

• Before age 11 usually it is Hepa A, not

blood transmitted

• Close contact with HIV: no deferral

• Close contact with hepatitis: 12 months
• Teratogenic: cause
deformity/abnormality in unborn child
• Tegison: treatment for psoriasis, it is • Ceramic: good material for lab bench top
teratogenic • 60 sqm- tertiary lab
• 20 sqm – secondary lab • POCT – most common is glucose,
• 15 sqm – primary lab capillary blood is used.
• Permit to construct (PTC) – first permit to o Troponin, Pro-BNP, Creatinine,
acquire from DOH when building a electrolytes, blood gases, ionized
laboratory calcium, lactate also have POCT
• RA 7719 – Voluntary blood donation • 30 mins – minimum precentrifugation in
• RA 8749 – clean air act SST
• Hemovigilance – performed in blood • 2hrs from time of collection – maximum
bank, surveillance that covers the whole time for serum or plasma to separate
transfusion chain from cells
• Motor vehicles – major cause of air • Tolbutamide – stimulates normal
pollution (DENR) pancreas to produce insulin for
• Carbon dioxide - type of gas that traps investigation of fasting hypoglycemia, it is
the heat of the sunlight through intravenous injection
• Red waste container – sharps and empty • Patient should sit 15-20 mins before
aerosol cans collection
• Green waste container - biodegradable • Patients should sit for 5 minutes before
wastes like leftover food blood draw for cholesterol to prevent
• Black waste container – non- hemoconcentration
biodegradable waste like paper or • Potentiometry – electrolytes
Styrofoam • Buffer for ALP: 2-amino-2-methyl-1-
• Orange waste container – radioactive propanol (AMP)
wastes • Metanephrines – uses 24hr urine, best
• Yellow waste container – infectious like screening test for pheochromocytoma
used mask, used swab o Least sensitive – homovanillic acid
• Yellow with black wand waste container o Urinary VMA – poor sensitivity and
– pharmaceutical and chemical waste specificity
• PRC is a three-man commission • Renin – hormone and enzyme
o Chairperson: Atty. Charito Zamora o Increase renin: hypertension
• Philippine Genome Center • Sodium: electrolyte most affected by
• FDA: approves COVID Test kit RAAS
• RITM: evaluates COVID test kit
• ALP: Best indicator of hepatobiliary
damage

10/10/2024
• Lactobacilli
o Spoilage of unopened, sliced bacon
packed in material resistant to
oxygen
• Estradiol: most potent estrogen,
o Souring of milk (Lactobacillus and
produced by both men and women
Streptococcus)
• Testosterone: most potent androgen
• Xanthelasma (dyslipidemia) – natural
fats, including cholesterol can form
growths around the eyelids
 o Catecholamines
o 17-hydroxysteroids
o Electrolytes
• Creatinine clearance
o Blood and urine are needed
o Blood is collected at about 12 hrs
into the urine period (midway)
• When drawing a blood alcohol specimen • Reflectance photometry – light reflection
(gray top), clean the arm with from the test pads decreases in
benzalkonium chloride proportion to the intensity of the color
• Routine venipuncture – isopropyl produced by the concentration of the
alcohol (not prone to skin drying) test substance (uses LED light)
• Most abused substance – alcohol • Starch: Highly refractile spheres usually
• For Therapeutic drug monitoring, serum with a dimpled center, Maltese cross
or plasma is okay, use heparin formation
• Drug abuse, urine • Numbering of CSF – in case of
• Drug analysis urine preservative – traumatic tap tube 1 has the most blood,
sodium fluoride tube 3 has less blood
o Tube 1 – VDRL
pharmacokinetic o Excess CSF should be frozen, not
thrown

• Black pleural fluid – aspergillus infection

• Bulky or frothy stool – pancreatic
disorder
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – female
pseudohermaphrodite, female with male
or ambiguous external genitalia, due to
excess androgens
o Enzyme deficient: 21- hydroxylase
o Test: 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
assays
• Parts of the lens system: objective,
ocular, fine and coarse adjustment
knobs
o Objective: Initial magnification • Chlorhexidine – antiseptic, skin wound
o Ocular: further magnification cleanser
o Condenser: concentrates or focuses • 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite
light (household bleach)
o Rheostat: reduces or regulates light • Vinegar: Natural disinfectant
• Diurnal variations: lowest in AM, highest
in afternoon. Specimen is 24 hr or timed
urine
 • Gnathostoma spinigerum – incapable of
maturation within human host, migrate
aimlessly causing tissue damage and
inflammation
• Toxoplasma gondii – oocysts survive in
environment for months to more than 1
• Biohazard label is colored fluorescent yr, resistant to disinfectants, freezing
orange and drying but killed by heating to 70C
• Alpha hemolysis: blue or green color for 10 mins.
surrounding the colony • Cyclospora cayetanensis – protozoan
o Methemoglobin is the pigment capable of autofluorescence
responsible (if wala sa choices, pick • The presence of residual chlorine in
biliverdin) water is for water to be protected from
recontamination during storage
• Cardiovascular disease: common cause
of death in Rheumatoid arthritis patients
• Common cause of death in lupus
patients: renal failure, infection and
heart disease
• History of cancer, leukemia or
lymphoma is a cause for indefinite
deferral

• Reflected light: for sensitivity reading

• Transmitted light or light coming from
behind: for hemolytic pattern
identification
• Differential or Enriched medium:
addition of egg yolk to nutritive media
• 7.5-10% sodium chloride: inhibitor of
MSA
• Salmonella-Shigella agar is a
modification of DCA (Desoxycholate
Citrate Agar)
• Direct hybridization – confirmation that a
culture isolate is Group B streptococcus
• B. cereus – beta hemolytic, motile, can
cause serious eye infection
• Human: T. saginata definitive host
• Cows/camels: T. saginata intermediate
host
• Humans are either definitive or
intermediate host of T. solium
• H. nana: frequent in populations living in
conditions of poverty, poor hygiene, day
care centers or prison
 • Highest serum dilution that shows
agglutination: Endpoint for ASO latex
agglutination assay
• smallpox: Old to new world
• syphilis: New world to old
• PCR: sensitive test to detect congenital
syphilis
• Causes of congenital infection:

• Skin pH of 5.6 keeps most

microorganisms from growing
o Moist skin – bacterial colonization
• Dendritic cell
o Most potent phagocytic cell
o Most effective APC
o Derived from common lymphoid
progenitor
• IFN – alpha: Used to treat hepatitis C,
Kaposi’s sarcoma, and certain
leukemias and lymphomas • Most common congenital disease: CMV
• IFN – beta: monitoring of multiple • Ancylostoma duodenale: Nematode
sclerosis associated with congenital infection
• IgA • Different strains of HIV are genetically
o IgA 1 – in serum, monomer diverse that’s why vaccines are hard to
o IgA 2 – in secretions, dimer develop
• IgM • Quantitative HIV RNA (viral load test) –
o In serum, pentamer (joined by a J assay for determining response to anti-
chain) retroviral
o In surface of B cell, IgM is a • Serum ELISA – screening for HIV ab
monomer • CD4 count – staging of HIV
o On B cell surface, IgM (first to • Humans have:
appear) and IgD (second to appear) o 22 pairs of autosomes
are found o 1 pair of sex chromosomes
o Mature B cell has IgM and IgD, o Total of 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
immature B cell has IgM alone • Enzyme technique in identification of
blood group antibodies:
o Papain – papaya
o Bromelin – pineapple
o Ficin – fig plants
o Trypsin – pig stomach
• Enhanced by enzyme: ABO, Rh, Lewis,
Kidd, P1
• ASO tube test: principle is neutralization • inactivated with enzyme treatment: M,
(+) no hemolysis N, Duffy, Xg
• Xg: sex linked antigen, frequent in
females
• Cryoprecipitated AHF has 80 units of • Specimen storage at 1-6OC can cause:
Factor VII o Precipitation of large VWF multimers
• Cryo is only 15mL, no need compatibility o Activation of factor VII & XI (malamig sa
testing 7/11)
• Bands should be included within the o Destroys plt integrity
neutrophil count and not reported as a
• Specimen storage at more than 25OC can
separate category due to difficulty in
cause:
reliably distinguishing bands from
o Factor V and VIII will deteriorate
segmented neutrophil (CLSI)

• Blood smear shape: finger shape

• Well stained smear: pink to purple
• Holes in smear can be due to lipemic
sample
• Fanconi anemia: congenital, autosomal
recessive or x-linked aplastic anemia,
mental retardation, absence of thumb • Blushing – example of hyperemia or
and radius, small stature, hypogonadism increase blood flow
and patchy brown discoloration of skin • Heat – physical agent used in fixation
• Brain – immersed whole in fixative
• Buffer of formalin – sodium phosphate, to • Donning – putting your PPE
avoid formation of formalin pigment o Gown – mask – goggles – gloves
• Prosector – cuts the cadaver, a pathologist • Doffing – removing PPE
• Y shaped – adult and female cadaver o Technique 1: Gloves – goggles – gown –
• Straight cut – children and infants mask
o Technique 2: Gloves – gown – goggles –
mask
• Hand washing – visibly soiled
• Hand sanitizer – not visibly spoiled
• Red flame: Flame not produced by Bunsen
burner
• Blue: hottest flame

• Negligence – lack of due care

• Medical malpractice - Negligence caused
death or injury

• Taq polymerase (Thermus aquaticus) in PCR

– unique characteristic is heat stable

• CSF has no fibrinogen

• Autoclave except: dry heat
• High pressure in autoclave is required to
increase temperature
• Actinomyces spp.: Poor dental hygiene →
osteomyelitis of the jaw
• An elevated urine bilirubin with a normal
urobilinogen is indicative of biliary
obstruction
• Anion gap is increased in Ketoacidosis
• Blood ammonia is usually measured to
evaluate hepatic coma
• Viral specimen storage: 4C
• Viral specimen transport: -70C

10/17/2024
• Fume hoods are required to contain and
expel noxious and hazardous fumes from
• BIAS: percent reflecting the difference
chemical reagents (protects chemicals)
between the measured value and the true
• BCS – remove particles that be harmful to
value
the employee who is working with
• Reagent blank: zeros the spectrophotometer
potentially infectious biologic specimens
BEFORE reading the test sample
(protects worker)
• Sample blank: zeros the instrument DURING
• Endpoint reaction – wait until the reaction is
a test procedure
complete and total amount of analyte is
• If blood is spilled, absorb it with disposable
converted to product (measured once)
towel first
o End up – creation of a product
• Glucoregulatory hormone during fasting:
o End down – disappearance of reactant
glucagon
• Rate reaction – measures rate of change in
• Glucoregulatory hormone during feeding:
product formed over time
insulin
o Rate up – appearance of product
o Rate down – disappearance of a • Marker for nutritional status: pre
substrate albumin>albumin>fibronectin

• Lead poisoning, TAN top, EDTA

• Blood sample is left on a phlebotomy tray for • Egg yolk – an enriched medium that is
4.5 hours, uric acid, BUN and creatinine can differential for the detection of lecithinase
still be performed and lipase production (For clostridia)
• Microscopy – not a typical methodology for o C. perfringens – control for lecithinase
a clinical chemistry test • Petri dish need to be incubated upside-
• Establish a reference interval: 120-700 down: to lessen contamination risk from
people airborne particles landing on them and to
• Verify a reference interval (transference): prevent the accumulation of water
20-40 people condensation that could disturb a culture
• Acceptable limits of control value must fall
within + or – 2SD of the mean
 field gel electrophoresis (determines
epidemiological typing of bacterial strain
• Gemella spp. – gram positive in cluster but
catalase negative (often recovered in
patients with endocarditis and meningitis
• Leuconostoc spp. – looks like S. viridans but
LAP (Leucine aminopeptidase) negative,
vancomycin resistant, often recovered from
positive neonatal blood cultures
BRUCELLA
• SWABS
o CALCIUM ALGINATE – inactivates herpes
simplex virus
o COTTON – toxic to Neisseria gonorrhea
o WOOD – toxic to Chlamydia trachomatis

• NEMATODES IN SMALL INTESTINE (CASHT)

o Capillaria
o Ascaris • S. japonicum – sample is stool or urine but
o Strongyloides stool is preferred
o Hookworms • Operculated cestode that can be recovered
o T.spiralis adult from human feces is Diphyllobothrium latum
• NEMATODES IN LARGE INTESTINE • T. solium - Tapeworm that can be seen in the
o Enterobius eye
o Trichuris • Ketones – products of increased fat
metabolism due to defective metabolism of
carbohydrates
• Boric acid – preserves protein and formed
elements well, does not interfere with
routine analyses other than pH
• Sodium fluoride – good preservative for drug
analyses
• Drug specimen collection
o Chain of custody or chain of evidence –
step by step documentation of handling
• Outbreak of SAU, to determine the
and testing of legal specimens
epidemiological source of outbreak is pulse-
o Donor: individual from whom a
specimen is collected
o Volume: 30-45mL urine (60mL container
capacity)
o Temperature: 32.5 to 37.7C or 90 to
100F

• Urease producer bacteria can cause struvite

• Toluidine blue – A supravital stain, diff.

WBC and RTE
• Clue cells – epithelial cell studded with
coccobacilli
• Transitional epithelial cells are aka
urothelial cells are never convoluted
• Maximum absorbance of amniotic fluid
bilirubin (OD450) is 450nm and common
interference is oxyhemoglobin 410nm
• Most specific marker for T cell is CD3, first
marker is CD2
• Antibodies in syphilis can be detected 1-3
weeks after appearance of the primary
chancre (hard)
• Test to identify HIV falls into three general
classification: Test for Ag, Ab and Nucleic
acid
o (positive first: NA – Ag – Ab)
• Screening for HIV: ELISA (4th gen) and rapid
TRIPLE PHOSPHATE – LARGE BRANCHING antibody test → if (+) repeat ELISA 2-3x
CALCULI before confirmatory test
• Confirmatory test: western blot, HIV-1,2 • Acanthocytes – abetalipoproteinemia
differentiation assays and PCR • Hematocrit and erythrocyte distribution
o Confirmatory test recommended by width are usually calculated and not
CDC: rapid test that will differentiate measured
HIV-1,2 • Thromboplastin and calcium chloride – used
• Confirmation of infection with HIV-1? FDA- in PT test
approved Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) • Thromboplastin in PT is to provide
• Immunoassays – tumor markers in the phospholipoprotein
circulation are measured • A kid ingests rat poison – test the kid for PT
• Tumor markers – used for monitoring o Rat poison has coumarin-containing
• After surgery for prostate, 3-4 weeks after substance
surgery, the patient should be tested and
PSA should be undetectable after a month

• ABO: Serious HTR

• Rh: serious HDFN
• Recombinant HPV – no deferral
• Scott syndrome – platelet functional
disorder

• Stormorken syndrome - changes in

membrane phospholipid distribution
• Delta check – comparing patient result from
previous, post analytical, checks gross error
• Average adult has 3.5 to 5.0g of total iron
• BM aspirate site:
o Adult: posterior iliac crest (preferred),
anterior IC and sternum
o Infants younger than 18 months: Tibia
• lazy leukocyte syndrome – affects
neutrophil series
• 6-8um (7.2): average diameter of normal
erythrocyte
• Sodium iodate is not a bluing agent

• HIV test must be performed by RMTs with

SLH training
• EAMC – proficiency in water testing

POPCORN
• Feta cheese - Pregnant women and
immunocompromised patients should avoid
eating which of the following foods to
prevent Listeria infection?
• Nonhemolytic and nonmotile - A large,
aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod is
isolated from a blood culture. It can be
further confirmed as B. anthracis if it is:
 between gram-positive or gram-negative
organisms
• Chocolate agar – not a differential media
• Combination ABC - Most laboratories use
this type of fire extinguisher

HASHBROWN
1. Double embedding: Infiltrated with CELLOIDIN
then embedded with PARAFFIN.
2. Flotation waterbath: 45 to 50 C
3. To remove formalin pigments: Picric acid
4. To remove mercurial deposits: Iodine
5. Explosive when dry: Picric acid
6. Function of alum in hematoxylin: Mordant
7. Primary importance of Frozen Sections: RAPID
DIAGNOSIS
8. Enzyme histochemistry: Frozen section
9. Second best choice for routine cytologic
examination after Papanicolau: Phase contrast
microscopy
10. NOT SUITABLE for kidney structures: Bouin's
11. Cell death due to ischemia (loss of blood
• E. faecalis - able to hydrolyze esculin and is a supply) is known as infarction, and is manifested
serious nosocomial pathogen by characteristic histologic appearance:
• Pharyngitis associated with GAS - Rheumatic COAGULATION NECROSIS
fever is a poststreptococcal sequelae 12. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea:
• Acute glomerulonephritis, characterized by Clostridium difficile
edema, hypertension, hematuria, and 13. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most
proteinuria, can follow respiratory or frequently recovered Corynebacterium species
cutaneous infections and is mediated by from human clinical material. It is part of the
antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in normal skin microbiota.
glomeruli, where they initiate damage. 14. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients:
• Calcium and magnesium - The two cations Candida albicans
known to influence the activity of 15. Double-walled, wrinkled cyst form:
aminoglycosides Acanthamoeba castellanii
• Tetracycline – inhibits protein synthesis 16. Intracellular form of blood and tissue
• 94 °C - temperature is used to achieve DNA flagellates: leishmanial form
denaturation to a single strand 17. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8
• Decolorization using alcohol or acetone - 18. Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: pH
step in the Gram stain distinguishes between 5.5 or less
gram-positive and gram-negative organisms 19. Microhematocrit: 10,000 g for 5 minutes
• Acridine orange stain - binds to the nucleic 20. Standing plasma test: creamy layer
acid of organisms but does not discriminate (chylomicrons); turbid (VLDL)
21. Microanatomical fixatives should never 35. After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-
contain osmic acid/osmium tetroxide because it brown granules may be seen in renal tubular
inhibits hematoxylin. epithelial cells and casts or free-floating in the
22. Nuclear fixatives should contain glacial acetic urine sediment. To confirm that these granules
acid due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin. are hemosiderin, the Prussian blue stain for iron
23. Cytoplasmic fixatives (Flemming's without is used and stains the hemosiderin granules a
HAc, Regaud's, Orth's, Helly's and formalin with blue color. (RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN).
post-chroming). They should never contain 36. Second most prevalent protein in CSF:
Glacial Acetic Acid because it destroys the Prealbumin (transthyretin)
mitochondria and Golgi bodies. 37. MECONIUM, which is usually defined as a
24. Manual paraffin wax infiltration and newborn’s first bowel movement, is formed in
embedding: At least four (4) changes of wax are the intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and
required at 15 minutes interval to ensure swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a dark green,
complete removal of the clearing agent from mucus-like material. It may be present in the
tissue. The specimen is then immersed in amniotic fluid as a result of fetal distress.
another fresh solution of melted paraffin for 38. Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in
approximately 3 hours to ensure complete an arm with a cannula (temporary dialysis access
embedding or casting of tissue. device) or fistula (a permanent surgical fusion of
25. Cambridge/Rocking microtome: invented by a vein and an artery).
Paldwell Treffall 39. Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides:
26. Bond between Best carmine and glycogen: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
Coulombic attraction/electrostatic bonds, 40. TETANY: neuromotor irritability
hydrogen bonds accompanied by muscular twitching and
27. Routine H and E: Regressive staining, it eventual convulsions; generally due to low
involves a differentiation step calcium levels (hypocalcemia)
28. Stains for the glomerular basement
membrane: PAS, Azocarmine stain
29. Postmortem clotting: immediately after
death, rubbery consistency
30. Antemortem thrombi: friable, characterized
by fibrin precipitation
31. Leadership: DIRECTING
32. COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE:
cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen) and topical
thrombin
33. Donor deferral, measles (rubeola)
vaccination: 2 weeks
34. Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella)
vaccination: 4 weeks
35. When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin
stain, GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE as
opposed to the VIOLET COLOR usually seen with
NEUTROPHILS.