METAL DETECTOR
A Mini Project Report Submitted
In Partial Fulfilment of the requirements
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Submitted By
Naman Khajuria 23BEC035
Prachi Verma 23BEC039
Uday Pratap Singh Jamwal 23BEC063
Under the supervision of
Dr. Vikram Singh
(Asst. professor)
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI UNIVERSITY
KATRA – 182320, JAMMU AND KASHMIR(INDIA)
INTRODUCTION
In our daily life, we have got used to witness many detectors that detect metallic devices
like guns, bombs, etc. To prevent any unlawful entry of guns and bombs in public
places, a security system is developed by designing various electronics projects by using a
proximity sensor. So, a metal detector is used to sense any existing metal which is
nearby. A Metal detector is an electronic device which is used in many places like
theatres, shopping malls, hotels, etc., to detect any metallic objects like knives, guns or
any other explosives kept hidden within the baggages of person carrying them with bad
intentions; such metal detectors are especially useful to detect the presence of hidden
items within objects. A metal detector is an electronic device that includes an oscillator
which produces AC current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic
field. If a part of the metal is near to the coil, eddy current will be induced in the metal
and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the
magnetic field, the change in the magnetic field, the change in the magnetic field due to
the metallic object can be detected.
COMPONENTS:
• 555 IC
• 47KΩ resistor
• 10 µF capacitor
• 2.2µF capacitor (2 pieces)
• Speaker
• Small wires
• 160 Turns of 5cm diameter coil (27 Swg Bare Copper Wire)
• Breadboard
• +9 supply voltage/ Function Generator
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS:
• IC-555: The 555 IC timer here acts as a square wave generator, and it generate pulses
with frequencies audible to human.
• Coil and Capacitor (LC): In these inductors there will be no solid core. They are basically
coils left in air. The medium of flow of magnetic field generated by inductor is nothing or air.
These inductors have inductances of very less value (few micro-Henry).
• Resistors: Resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltage bias active elements and terminate
transmission lines among other uses.
• Speaker: The output is detected using the Speaker. Whenever a metal is detected
frequency of the speaker changes.
• 9V Battery: The power supply is provided by a 9V battery.
The 555 timer IC is an integral part of electronics projects. Be it a simple project involving a
single 8-bit micro-controller and some peripherals or a complex one involving system on
chips (SoCs), 555 timer working is involved. These provide time delays, as an oscillator and
as a flip-flop element among other applications.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A metal detector works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where a transmitting
coil generates a magnetic field, and when a metal object enters this field, it induces eddy currents
within the metal, creating a secondary magnetic field that is detected by a receiving coil, thus
signaling the presence of metal.
Key points about how a metal detector works:
♦ Transmitting coil:
This coil generates a varying magnetic field by sending an alternating current through it,
creating an electromagnetic field that extends into the surrounding area.
♦ Eddy currents:
When a metal object enters the magnetic field, it experiences induced electrical currents
called "eddy currents" which flow in circular patterns within the metal.
♦ Secondary magnetic field:
These eddy currents generate their own magnetic field, which opposes the original
transmitting field, causing a change in the magnetic field strength detected by the
receiving coil.
♦ Receiving coil:
This coil picks up the altered magnetic field caused by the presence of a metal object,
converting it into an electrical signal that is amplified and processed by the detector's
circuitry.
Important aspects of metal detector design:
♦ Frequency:
The frequency of the alternating current in the transmitting coil affects the depth of
penetration and the types of metals that can be detected.
♦ Coil design:
The size and shape of the search coil influence the detection area and sensitivity.
♦ Discrimination:
Advanced metal detectors can differentiate between different types of metals by
analyzing the characteristics of the induced signal
CONCLUSION:
Thus, to conclude we have designed the metal detector using IC-555 which is very useful in
daily life, we have successfully completed the project, also we got to learn and experience
new topic.
REFERENCES
Wikipedia
Google
YouTube
YouTube link - [Link]
