Science Reviewer Guide
1. Introduction to Science
Definition: Science is the systematic study of the natural world based on observation,
experimentation, and reasoning.
Branches of Science:
o Physical Sciences: Physics, chemistry, astronomy.
o Life Sciences: Biology, ecology, genetics.
o Earth Sciences: Geology, meteorology, oceanography.
o Social Sciences: Psychology, sociology, anthropology.
2. Scientific Method
Steps of the Scientific Method:
1. Observation: Identifying a problem or phenomenon.
2. Hypothesis: Formulating a testable prediction.
3. Experimentation: Conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
4. Analysis: Analyzing results and data.
5. Conclusion: Drawing conclusions and revising the hypothesis if necessary.
Importance of Reproducibility and Peer Review in validating scientific findings.
3. Key Concepts in Various Scientific Fields
Physics: Laws of motion (Newton's Laws), thermodynamics, quantum mechanics.
Chemistry: Atomic structure, chemical reactions, periodic table, acids and bases.
Biology: Cells, genetics, evolution, ecosystems, photosynthesis.
Earth Science: Plate tectonics, weather patterns, rock cycles.
Environmental Science: Sustainability, climate change, conservation.
Astronomy: Solar system, stars, galaxies, cosmology.
4. Major Scientific Theories and Laws
Theory of Evolution (Biology): Describes the process of natural selection.
Theory of Relativity (Physics): Einstein’s principles of space, time, and gravity.
Laws of Motion and Gravity (Physics): Explains how objects move and interact.
Cell Theory (Biology): All living organisms are made of cells.
5. The Role of Technology in Science
Innovations in Science: Role of technology in advancing research (microscopes, telescopes,
particle accelerators).
Interdisciplinary Fields: Biotechnology, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence.
Scientific Tools: Data analysis software, laboratory equipment, simulations.
6. Contemporary Issues in Science
Climate Change: Effects, evidence, and the role of human activity.
Genetic Engineering: CRISPR technology, ethical implications.
Space Exploration: Mars missions, space telescopes, space travel.
Health and Medicine: Breakthroughs in treatments, vaccines, and public health.
7. Critical Thinking in Science
Questioning Assumptions: Not all scientific claims are absolute; skepticism leads to progress.
Evaluating Sources: Importance of using peer-reviewed journals and credible sources.
Understanding Bias: How personal or societal biases can influence scientific studies.
8. Practice Questions and Review
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), True/False Statements, and Short Answer Questions
related to each branch of science.
Example:
o MCQ: Which of the following is NOT a part of the cell theory?
a) All living organisms are made of cells.
b) Cells arise from non-living matter.
c) The cell is the basic unit of life.
d) All cells perform the same functions.
o Answer: b) Cells arise from non-living matter.
9. Conclusion
Science is an evolving field that constantly challenges existing knowledge and seeks to improve
our understanding of the universe.
Encouragement to stay curious and engage with scientific discovery.
