FIRST GENERATION ARCHITECTS

A. Tomas Mapua

- Tomas Mapúa was the first Filipino to earn a degree in architecture.

- Graduated from the University of the Philippines and furthered studies at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.
- Established Tomas Mapúa & Company, the first Filipino-owned architectural
practice.
- Designed significant buildings like Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT) and
several government and private structures.
- Established MIT, a leading institution for engineering and technology in the
Philippines.
- Combined Western architectural styles with Filipino traditions, contributing to
modern Filipino architecture.

1. Post Office Building

a.Location: Liwasang Bonifacio, Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1926
c. Significance:
-The Post Office Building is one of the most iconic and historic government
buildings in the Philippines.
-The neoclassical design features monumental columns, a grand facade, and a dome,
reflecting Western influences of the time but with distinct Filipino touches.
-It became a landmark in the city and housed the national postal system, becoming
an important part of Manila's architectural heritage.
d. Architectural Style: It features neoclassical elements, with a strong emphasis
on symmetry, columns, and classical detailing.

2. Philippine General Hospital (PGH)

a. Location: Ermita, Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1910
c. Significance:
-The Philippine General Hospital (PGH) is the largest and oldest government-run
hospital in the Philippines, playing a key role in healthcare and education for
medical professionals.
-Tomas Mapúa contributed to the design and planning of the hospital during the
American colonial period, which was part of the U.S. government's effort to
modernize the country’s infrastructure.
-The hospital’s design incorporated modern architecture at the time, with a focus
on functionality and space, while also considering the tropical climate.
d. Architectural Style: The building’s style is a blend of neo-colonial and
modernist elements, aimed at efficiency and cleanliness, necessary for a healthcare
facility.

B. Arcadio Arellano

-Studied architecture at the University of Santo Tomas (UST) in Manila.

-Known for blending neoclassical, art deco, and Filipino architectural elements,
adapting designs to the tropical climate.
-Contributed to the design of other important public and government structures
during the American colonial period.
-Played a key role in the professionalization of architecture in the Philippines
and helped shape the country’s architectural identity.

1. Manila Metropolitan Theater

a. Location: Padre Burgos Street, Manila, Philippines
b. Architectural Style: Art Deco with Filipino influences
c. Significance:
-One of Arellano's most famous works, the Manila Metropolitan Theater is an iconic
structure representing the Art Deco style in the Philippines.
-It was built to house cultural performances and was initially designed as a venue
for theater and other artistic events.
d. Design Features:
-The building features elaborate details such as ornate motifs, floral and
geometric patterns, and bright color schemes, which are characteristic of Art Deco.
-Incorporates traditional Filipino designs such as local motifs and tropical-
inspired features, making it a blend of Western modernism and Filipino culture.

2.National Art Gallery (Former Legislative Building)

a. Location: Agrifina Circle, Manila, Philippines
b. Architectural Style: Neoclassical
c. Significance:
-The National Art Gallery, formerly the Legislative Building, was designed by
Arellano and completed in 1926. It was originally constructed to house the
Philippine Legislature during the American colonial period.
-It served as the seat of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives before
becoming a museum.
d. Design Features: The building’s neoclassical design features a large central
dome, symmetrical layout, and columns, which are all hallmarks of the neoclassical
style.

C. Juan Arellano

-Recognized as one of the first prominent Filipino architects in the early 20th
century.
-Studied at the University of the Philippines and University of Barcelona in Spain;
trained in the Beaux-Arts tradition.
-Influenced by neoclassical, art nouveau, and modernist styles; adapted these
styles to the tropical climate and cultural context of the Philippines.
-Notable works include National Museum of Fine Art, Manila Metropolitan Theater and
Philippine Postal Savings Bank Building
-Helped professionalize architecture in the Philippines.
-First Dean of the University of the Philippines College of Architecture, mentoring
future Filipino architects.

1. The Manila Hotel

a. Location: Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1912
c. Architectural Style: Beaux-Arts
d. Significance:
-The Manila Hotel is one of the most iconic and historic hotels in the Philippines,
serving as a symbol of luxury and grandeur during the early 20th century.
-It has hosted notable figures, including U.S. presidents, dignitaries, and
celebrities, making it a significant landmark in Philippine history and culture.
e. Design Features:
-It features a Beaux-Arts style, characterized by its monumental facade, grand
entrance, and classical detailing.
-The hotel’s design reflects Western influences combined with Filipino elements,
making it an important example of early 20th-century architecture in the
Philippines.

2. University of the Philippines College of Architecture (UPCA) Building

Location: University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Completed: 1953
Architectural Style: Modernist
Significance:
The UP College of Architecture building was designed by Arellano, serving as the
home for the country’s premier architecture school.
The building features a modernist design with an emphasis on functional space,
clean lines, and minimal ornamentation, in line with the growing trend of modernist
architecture at the time.
This structure played a key role in the development of architectural education in
the Philippines and continues to serve as a hub for aspiring architects.
Legacy: Arellano's work on the UP College of Architecture building contributed to
shaping the future of architecture education in the country and remains a
significant part of the University of the Philippines’ academic and architectural
landscape.
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SECOND GENERATION ARCHITECTS

A. Juan Nakpil

-Known as the "Father of Philippine Architecture" for his contributions to

modernizing and nationalizing Philippine architecture.
-Graduated with a degree in architecture from the University of the Philippines
(1918); further studies at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
-Blended traditional Filipino elements with modern Western styles (e.g., Art Deco,
Art Nouveau).
-First Filipino National Artist for Architecture in 1973.
-Helped establish the University of the Philippines College of Architecture,
shaping future Filipino architects.
-Advocate for Filipino identity in architecture, promoting the use of local
materials and traditional forms.
-Founding member of the Philippine Institute of Architects and the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts.

1. The Goldenberg Mansion

a. Location: Escolta, Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1930s
c. Architectural Style: Neoclassical with Filipino Influences
d. Significance:
-Designed as a residential and commercial building, the structure is an example of
neoclassical architecture infused with Filipino design elements.
-The building became a prominent landmark in Escolta Street, which was once the
commercial hub of Manila.
e. Design Features: The mansion features a grand façade with columns, balustrades,
and ornate detailing typical of the neoclassical style but is also designed to
accommodate the tropical climate, with spacious interiors and ventilation in mind.

2. Natividad Building
a. Location: Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1930s
c. Architectural Style: Art Deco
d. Significance:
-The Natividad Building is one of the earliest examples of Art Deco architecture in
the Philippines, designed by Juan Nakpil in the 1930s.
-It became a key structure in the Escolta area, which was the center of commerce
and culture in pre-war Manila.
e. Design Features: The building’s design incorporates the sleek lines, geometric
shapes, and decorative patterns that are characteristic of the Art Deco style, but
it also includes Filipino motifs and materials, demonstrating Nakpil’s unique
ability to merge modernism with local identity.
B. Andres Luna

-Son of Antonio Luna, a general in the Philippine-American War, and María de la Paz
Pardo de Tavera, from an influential family of intellectuals and nationalists; his
brother, José Pardo de Tavera, was a renowned historian and nationalist.
-Studied architecture at the Escuela de Bellas Artes (School of Fine Arts) in
Madrid, Spain; gained further architectural experience in Europe, influenced by
neoclassical, romantic, and Baroque styles.
-Known for blending Spanish colonial, neoclassical, and romantic elements in his
designs; focused on elegant detailing, structural integrity, and functional design.
-Recognized as a pioneer architect in the Philippines for introducing neoclassical
style and incorporating European influences into Filipino architecture.
-His works symbolized the growing Filipino identity and pride during the transition
from Spanish rule to American colonization.

1. University of Santo Tomas (UST) Main Building

a. Location: Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1927
c. Architectural Style: Neo-Gothic with Neoclassical Influences
d. Significance:
-It is the central structure of University of Santo Tomas, which was founded in
1611 and is the oldest university in Asia.
-The UST Main Building is a prominent landmark and one of the oldest university
buildings in the Philippines, reflecting the importance of the institution as a
major center for education.
-It stands as a symbol of academic excellence and historical continuity for the
country’s oldest educational institution.
e. Design Features: Designed with neo-Gothic architecture, it features tall spires,
arched windows, and decorative detailing, with elements of neoclassical style
visible in its symmetry and classical motifs.

2. Gov. Natalio Enriquez Heritage House

a. Location: Tagbilaran City, Bohol
b. Completed: 1921
c. Architectural Style: Spanish Colonial Revival style blended with traditional
Filipino elements
d. Significance:
-Represents Filipino architectural history, showcasing the fusion of Filipino and
Spanish colonial design elements.
-Originally the residence of Gov. Natalio Enriquez, highlighting the importance of
local leadership in Bohol’s history.
-Now managed as a heritage site by the National Historical Institute (NHI), helping
preserve Bohol’s cultural and architectural legacy.
e. Design Features: a two-storey Spanish Colonial Revival structure, characterized
by its stone ground floor, wooden upper floor, hipped clay-tile roof, arched
windows, and decorative wooden elements.

C. Fernando Ocampo

-Graduated from University of the Philippines College of Architecture in 1925;

further studies in the United States, gaining exposure to international
architectural movements.
-Known for introducing Art Deco and Streamline Moderne styles in the Philippines.
-Designs blended modernist principles with Filipino traditions, using local
materials and focusing on tropical climate adaptations (ventilation, natural
lighting).
-Awarded National Artist for Architecture in 1976 for his contributions to
Philippine architecture.
-Pioneered the introduction of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne in the Philippines.
-Created functional, modern buildings while considering Filipino cultural values
and climate.
-Contributed to the creation of the modern Philippine skyline.

1. Far Eastern University (FEU) Campus

a. Location: Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1940
c. Architectural Style: Art Deco
d. Significance:
-The campus is known for its Art Deco design, a style that was emerging in the
Philippines during the early 20th century.
-The FEU building became a key landmark in Manila, symbolizing the rise of modern
architecture in the Philippines and the country's growing focus on higher
education.
e. Design Features:
-The FEU Main Building is particularly notable for its sweeping arches, symmetrical
design, and use of local materials such as hollow blocks, which reflect the blend
of modernity and Filipino practicality.
-It features bold geometric forms, stylized ornamentation, and streamlined shapes,
which were innovative for its time.
-The campus layout incorporated open spaces and gardens, promoting a healthy and
conducive learning environment.

2. Philippine International Convention Center (PICC)

a. Location: Pasay City, Metro Manila, Philippines
b. Completed: 1976
c. Architectural Style: Modernist/International Style
d. Significance:
-The PICC is a monumental example of modern architecture and one of Antonio’s later
works.
-Designed as a conference and exhibition venue, it is known for its functional
design, large open spaces, and innovative use of concrete.
-The PICC was part of the Philippine government's efforts to boost international
diplomacy and trade by hosting high-profile events.
-It is a significant venue for international conferences and exhibitions,
contributing to the growth of Manila as a hub for global business and diplomacy.
e. Design Features: The building features bold geometric lines, flat roofs, and
rectangular forms, which are characteristics of the International Style.
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THIRD GENERATION ARCHITECTS

A. Francisco Manosa

-Known for blending modern architecture with Filipino cultural elements; utilized
indigenous materials like bamboo, nipa palm, and clay.
-Emphasized simplicity, functionality, and harmony with the natural environment.
-Advocated for environmentally conscious design; incorporated natural ventilation,
passive cooling, and locally sourced materials.
-Promoted Filipino identity through architecture.
-Awarded National Artist for Architecture in 2018.

1. EDSA Shrine
a. Location: Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
b. Significance: The EDSA Shrine commemorates the People Power Revolution of 1986,
which led to the peaceful overthrow of dictator Ferdinand Marcos. The shrine is a
symbol of Filipino unity, democracy, and non-violent resistance.
c. Design Details:
-The structure features a circular, open-air design, symbolizing the unity of the
Filipino people during the revolution.
-The central part of the shrine includes a large statue of the Virgin Mary,
representing peace and spiritual strength.
-The design incorporates traditional Filipino elements such as nipa palm roofs,
which tie the structure to Filipino heritage and nature.
-The open space is meant to allow for large public gatherings, reflecting the
essence of the People Power movement—grassroots participation and unity.

2. San Miguel Corporation (SMC) Building

a. Location: Ortigas Center, Quezon City, Philippines.
b. Significance: Serves as the headquarters of San Miguel Corporation, a major
Filipino company.
c. Design Details:
-Large, sweeping overhangs inspired by the traditional bahay kubo (nipa hut) to
provide shading and reduce heat.
-Organic, flowing design that blends with the environment, emphasizing natural
textures.
-Designed with natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading for energy efficiency.
-Integration of green spaces and native plants around the building.

B. Carlos Arguelles

-Graduate of the University of the Philippines College of Fine Arts

-Promoted modernist architecture in the Philippines; known for incorporating new
materials like steel and reinforced concrete in his designs.
-Influenced by international architectural movements, including the International
Style and Brutalism, adapted to the Filipino context.
-Emphasized functionality, simplicity, and efficiency.
-Integrated features suitable for the tropical climate, such as open spaces and
natural ventilation.
-Posthumously awarded the National Artist Award for Architecture in 2009.

1. Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) Building

a. Location: Ayala Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.
b. Purpose: Served as the headquarters of the Philippine Stock Exchange,
centralizing the country’s stock and securities trading.
c. Design Features:
-Modernist style with a high-rise structure.
-Glass and concrete facade with geometric forms symbolizing transparency.
-Minimalist, professional layout tailored for corporate use.
d. Significance: Symbol of the Philippines’ economic growth in the 1970s and a key
landmark in Makati’s rise as the country’s financial hub.

2. Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)

a. Location: Pasay City, Metro Manila, Philippines
b. Purpose: A cultural hub for the performing arts, housing multiple theaters,
museums, and galleries.
c. Design Features:
-The CCP complex was one of the largest and most ambitious projects of its time,
designed to be the cultural center of the Philippines.
-The main structure is a brutalist-style building, characterized by bold, geometric
shapes and raw concrete surfaces.
-The center houses a variety of facilities, including the Tanghalang Nicanor
Abelardo (Main Theater), Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas (Little Theater), and
various museums and exhibition spaces.
-The design emphasizes open, expansive spaces, which encourage movement and
interaction, making the complex an ideal setting for performances and cultural
events.
d. Significance: The CCP has become the national venue for performing arts in the
Philippines, hosting world-class productions, concerts, and cultural events.

C. Leandro Locsin

-Graduate in architecture from University of Santo Tomas in 1953.

-Known for merging modernist architecture with Filipino cultural elements;
incorporated Filipino heritage, such as local materials and cultural symbolism.
-Focused on minimalism, clean lines, and effective use of space.
-Emphasized designs responsive to the tropical climate of the Philippines.
-Named National Artist for Architecture in 1990; recognized for exceptional
contributions to modern Philippine architecture.

1. The Ateneo de Manila University Church of the Gesù

a. Location: Quezon City, Philippines
b. Purpose: A church and chapel for the Ateneo de Manila University community.
c. Design Features:
-The church is known for its modern, minimalist design that blends spiritual
symbolism with contemporary architecture.
-The roof structure is distinctive, with an upturned, inverted pyramid shape,
symbolizing the "open hands of God" welcoming the faithful.
-Simple, clean lines and raw concrete are used throughout, emphasizing the
building's connection to the modernist tradition.
-The design incorporates natural lighting through large windows, creating an airy
and serene atmosphere.
d. Significance:
-The Church of the Gesù stands as a modern spiritual landmark, showcasing Locsin's
ability to combine architectural modernism with spiritual and cultural symbolism.
-It is considered one of Locsin’s final masterpieces, completed shortly before his
death.

2. The Manila International Airport (NAIA) Terminal 1

a. Location: Pasay City, Metro Manila, Philippines
b. Purpose: Serving as the main terminal for international flights to and from the
Philippines.
c. Design Features:
-The design of the terminal is based on a modernist style with geometric forms,
large open spaces, and sleek, flowing lines.
-Expansive glass walls allow natural light into the terminal, giving it an open,
airy feel.
-The terminal incorporates native materials, such as wood and stone, and local
craftsmanship, making it uniquely Filipino in character while still adhering to a
modern aesthetic.
-The layout is designed to be efficient and functional, with easy passenger
movement and ample space for international arrivals and departures.
d. Significance: The terminal became a gateway to the Philippines and reflects the
growing prominence of modern architecture in the Philippines during the 1980s.